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Allelopathy comparison between Castanea mollissima and C. dentata

栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较


以种子发芽率和发芽势为种子萌发参数, 以胚根、胚芽长度和鲜重变化为幼苗生长参数, 研究了栗(Castanea mollissima)叶水提取物对双子叶植物莴苣(Lactuca sativa)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus), 和单子叶植物洋葱(Allium cepa)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)的化感作用; 比较了美国板栗(Castanea dentata)与栗叶水提取物及经X-5大孔树脂分离获得的11个洗脱组分间的化感作用强弱; 利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术结合标准物质的反证实验, 解析了美国板栗与栗化感作用最强分离组分的物质结构。研究结果表明, 栗叶化感效应强于美国板栗; 美国板栗与栗化感作用最强分离组分中(5:5洗脱组分)存在绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸和没食子酸等物质。在利用栗基因恢复美国板栗种群时, 有必要考虑美国板栗与栗植物化学生态特性的差异。

Aims Castanea mollissima and C. dentata are typical chestnut species in Asia and North America, respectively. They play important roles in the ecology and economy in their existing forest ecosystems. Chestnut blight has caused catastrophic losses of C. dentata populations since 1904. It is especially important to understand the differences in chemical ecology characteristics between C. dentata and C. mollissima when scientists try to make use of blight resistance of C. dentata to help the recovery of C. mollissima populations in North America. The objective of this research is to compare the allelopathy effect of C. dentata and C. mollissima by leaf water extract bioassay method.
Methods Using germination rate and vigor as seed germination parameters and radicle, plumule elongation and fresh weight change of seedling as seedling growth parameters, we studied the effect of water extract of C. mollissima leaves on dicotyledons lettuce, radish and cucumber and monocotyledons onion, rice and wheat. We compared the allelopathic intensity of water extract and 11 elution components that were separated by X-5 macroporous resins from water extract of C. dentata and C. mollissima. The strongest allelopathic fraction of C. dentata and C. mollissima was analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer technique and standard substance counterevidence experiment.
Important findings Evidence of inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of test plants indicated that water extract of C. mollissima leaf has allelopathic properties. Data on inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth in lettuce indicated that the allelopathy of C. mollissima leaves was stronger than C. dentata leaves. The allelochemicals of C. dentata and C. mollissima extracts are in 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 elution fractions, as documented by the bioassay data. The strongest allelopathy fraction of C. dentata and C. mollissima extract (5:5 elution fraction) contained chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, etc. Results suggest that the difference of chemical ecology characteristics between C. dentata and C. mollissima should not be ignored by restoration ecologists.


全 文 :植物生态学报 2013, 37 (2): 173–182 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00018
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology http://www.plant-ecology.com
——————————————————
收稿日期Received: 2012-11-26 接受日期Accepted: 2012-12-29
* 共同通讯作者Co-author for correspondence (E-mail: wangqiangsky@263.net; nisui@nbu.edu.cn)
栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较
李晓娟1,2 王 强2* 倪 穗1* 阮 晓2 王永红2 张 焕2 王高峰3
1宁波大学海洋学院, 浙江宁波 315211; 2浙江大学宁波理工学院, 浙江宁波 315100; 3School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Science, Clemson
University, Clemson 29631, USA
摘 要 以种子发芽率和发芽势为种子萌发参数, 以胚根、胚芽长度和鲜重变化为幼苗生长参数, 研究了栗(Castanea mol-
lissima)叶水提取物对双子叶植物莴苣(Lactuca sativa)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus), 和单子叶植物洋葱
(Allium cepa)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)的化感作用; 比较了美国板栗(Castanea dentata)与栗叶水提取物及
经X-5大孔树脂分离获得的11个洗脱组分间的化感作用强弱; 利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术结合标准物质的反证实验, 解析了
美国板栗与栗化感作用最强分离组分的物质结构。研究结果表明, 栗叶化感效应强于美国板栗; 美国板栗与栗化感作用最强
分离组分中(5:5洗脱组分)存在绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸和没食子酸等物质。在利用栗基因恢复美国板栗种群时, 有
必要考虑美国板栗与栗植物化学生态特性的差异。
关键词 化感作用, 栗属, 液相色谱-质谱联用仪, 种子萌发, 实生苗生长
Allelopathy comparison between Castanea mollissima and C. dentata
LI Xiao-Juan1,2, WANG Qiang2*, NI Sui1*, RUAN Xiao2, WANG Yong-Hong2, ZHANG Huan2, and Geoff WANG3
1School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; 2Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang
315100, China; and 3School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson 29631, USA
Abstract
Aims Castanea mollissima and C. dentata are typical chestnut species in Asia and North America, respectively.
They play important roles in the ecology and economy in their existing forest ecosystems. Chestnut blight has
caused catastrophic losses of C. dentata populations since 1904. It is especially important to understand the dif-
ferences in chemical ecology characteristics between C. dentata and C. mollissima when scientists try to make
use of blight resistance of C. dentata to help the recovery of C. mollissima populations in North America. The
objective of this research is to compare the allelopathy effect of C. dentata and C. mollissima by leaf water ex-
tract bioassay method.
Methods Using germination rate and vigor as seed germination parameters and radicle, plumule elongation and
fresh weight change of seedling as seedling growth parameters, we studied the effect of water extract of C. mol-
lissima leaves on dicotyledons lettuce, radish and cucumber and monocotyledons onion, rice and wheat. We com-
pared the allelopathic intensity of water extract and 11 elution components that were separated by X-5 macropor-
ous resins from water extract of C. dentata and C. mollissima. The strongest allelopathic fraction of C. dentata
and C. mollissima was analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer technique and standard substance
counterevidence experiment.
Important findings Evidence of inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of test plants indicated that
water extract of C. mollissima leaf has allelopathic properties. Data on inhibition of seed germination and seedling
growth in lettuce indicated that the allelopathy of C. mollissima leaves was stronger than C. dentata leaves. The
allelochemicals of C. dentata and C. mollissima extracts are in 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 elution fractions, as documented
by the bioassay data. The strongest allelopathy fraction of C. dentata and C. mollissima extract (5:5 elution frac-
tion) contained chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, etc. Results suggest that
the difference of chemical ecology characteristics between C. dentata and C. mollissima should not be ignored by
restoration ecologists.
Key words allelopathy, Castanea, liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer, seed germination, seedling growth
174 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2013, 37 (2): 173–182

www.plant-ecology.com
栗(Castanea mollissima)属于壳斗科栗属落叶
乔木或灌木。栗属植物有12个种, 主要分布在北半
球(Pereira-Lorenzo & Ramos-Cabrer, 2004; Bounous,
2005), 其中 , 亚洲东部有5个种 (C. crenata、C.
molissima、C. seguinii、C. davidi和C. henryi), 北美
洲有6个种(C. dentata、C. pumila、C. floridana、C.
ashei、C. alnifolia和C. paucispina), 欧洲、非洲和西
亚有1个种(C. sativa) (Bounous, 2005; Barreira et al.,
2009)。美国板栗(C. dentata)和栗分别在北美和亚洲
中部森林生态系统中具有代表性和重要生态与经
济价值(Barakat et al., 2012)。美国板栗曾是美国南
方森林系统中最重要的乔木树种, 蓄积量占森林
系统总量的50% (Delcourt & Delcourt, 1998; Foster
et al., 2002), 可为森林里各种野生动物、家畜和人
提供丰富的食物资源。板栗木材业也成为当地主要
的经济来源(Lutts, 2004; Lord, 2005)。栗多生于低
山丘陵地带, 在陕西、山东、河南、河北、湖北分
布较广, 已有近3500年的引种、驯化和栽培历史,
目前为重要的生态经济林树种, 产量接近世界板
栗总产量的75% (Gounga et al., 2008; Zhang et al.,
2011)。
1904年夏, 在纽约布朗克斯国家公园的美国板
栗树上首次发现壳囊孢霉属真菌Cryphonectria
parasitica引发的板栗疫病, Cryphonectria parasitica
从树的伤口侵染至形成层组织, 最终导致美国板栗
地上部分死亡(Anderson, 1914; Freinkel, 2007)。此
后, 美国南方森林系统中, 板栗疫病以每年80 km
的速度迅速蔓延, 1920年前后有近一半的美国板栗
树被感染, 到1950年美国板栗完全从森林冠层中消
失, 现在主要以灌木形式存在于林下层(Anderson,
1974; McCormick & Platt, 1980; Exum, 1992; Elliott
& Swank, 2008)。研究发现栗对板栗疫病有抗性。
20世纪80年代, Charles Burnham开始从栗与美国板
栗杂交的后代中筛选抗病性强的个体, 再与美国板
栗多次回交, 回交三代-自交二代(B3-F2)板栗树具
有抗病性, 且生理生态和发育特征与纯种美国板栗
相似 , 已经用于美国板栗种群的恢复 (Beattie &
Diller, 1954; Hebard, 2006; Barakat et al., 2012)。杂
交板栗中引入的栗基因所带来的植物化学生态特
性是否会影响美国板栗的种群恢复、重建与演替?
这个问题亟待植物化学生态研究者回答。
Vandermast等(2002)将美国板栗叶与水以1:20
比例浸泡, 水提取物分别对破休眠的红花槭(Acer
rubrum)、加拿大铁杉 (Tsuga canadensis)、黄杨
(Liriodendron tulipifera)、极大杜鹃(Rhododendron
maximum)、糖槭(Acer saccharum)、北美乔松(Pinus
strobus)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa), 以及未破休眠的红
花槭、加拿大铁杉、黄杨、极大杜鹃处理, 研究结
果表明: 美国板栗叶水提取物抑制了莴苣、北美乔
松和未破休眠极大杜鹃种子的萌发, 抑制了莴苣和
未破休眠极大杜鹃幼苗胚根的生长, 说明美国板栗
叶中存在化感物质。关于栗叶化感作用的研究尚未
见报道。本研究利用6种测试植物的种子萌发与幼
苗生长参数, 分析栗叶水提取物的化感效应, 比较
美国板栗与栗叶水提取物和X-5大孔树脂粗分离组
分对莴苣的化感作用强弱。
1 材料和方法
1.1 实验材料
美国板栗叶于2011年9月采自美国克莱姆森大
学林场实习基地(34º24′ N, 82º30′ W); 栗叶于2010
年9月采自浙江宁波城市职业技术学院实习林场
(29º24′ N, 121º9′ E)。生物活性实验中用到的莴苣
(Lactuca sativa ‘绿丰王’)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus ‘圆
白萝卜’)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus ‘蔬春研4号’)、洋葱
(Allium cepa ‘红皮洋葱’), 水稻(Oryza sativa ‘淮优
梗2号’)、小麦(Triticum aestivum ‘浙丰2号’)种子于
2011年8月购自宁波市种子公司。乙腈购于美国天
地公司(Tedia Companic Inc., Fairfield, USA); X-5大
孔树脂购于上海摩索公司。分析鉴定过程中用到的
绿原酸、原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和没食子酸均为
色谱纯, 购于北京的Sigma-Aldrich公司。
1.2 栗叶化感作用
1.2.1 栗叶水提取物对种子萌发的影响实验
将栗叶风干粉碎, 称取0.5 kg叶粉末, 用10 L去
离子水浸泡48 h。浸提物用10层纱布过滤, 4 000
r·min–1离心15 min, 抽滤定容得到栗叶水提取物,
减压浓缩干燥, 称重, 分别溶于去离子水, 配制成
0.5、1.0、2.5和10.0 mg·mL–1的水提取物, 置于冰箱
中备用。
以双子叶植物莴苣、萝卜和黄瓜, 单子叶植物
洋葱、水稻和小麦为测试对象。100粒种子均匀摆
放在铺有两层滤纸、大小为15 cm × 20 cm的发芽盒
中, 加10 mL不同浓度的水提取物(对照组为去离子
李晓娟等: 栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较 175

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00018
水), 每个处理设置3个重复。培养条件为: 光周期25
℃, 12 h; 暗周期15 ℃, 12 h。种子萌发以胚根突破
种皮为标准。培养第4天和第7天时记录莴苣种子发
芽数, 第4天和第10天时记录萝卜种子发芽数, 第4
天和第8天时记录黄瓜种子和小麦种子的发芽数,
第6天和第12天时记录洋葱种子发芽数, 第5天和第
12天时记录水稻种子发芽数。
1.2.2 栗叶水提取物对幼苗生长的影响实验
培养条件和设备与1.2.1相同。取胚根突破种皮
的种子100粒, 均匀摆放在铺有两层滤纸、大小为15
cm × 20 cm的发芽盒中, 加入10 mL不同浓度的水
提取物(对照组为去离子水), 每个处理设置3个重
复, 第10天从发芽盒中随机取5粒种子测其胚根、胚
芽长度及鲜重。
1.3 板栗叶水提取物X-5大孔树脂分离实验
化感物质初分离时, 以X-5大孔树脂为填料,
树脂用96%乙醇浸泡6–8 h, 去离子水冲洗 , 2%
NaOH溶液浸泡6–8 h, 水冲洗至中性。5% HCl溶液
浸泡6–8 h, 水冲洗至中性。湿法装柱, 树脂量为500
mL。用水压实树脂, 用50%乙醇冲洗树脂赶出柱中
的气泡, 水冲洗至无乙醇。
上样量为6 g左右的美国板栗与栗叶水提取物,
依次用水与乙醇的混合溶液(比例为10:0、9:1、8:2、
7:3、6:4、5:5、4:6、3:7、2:8、1:9、0:10)进行梯度
洗脱, 每个梯度洗脱剂体积为5个柱体积, 共收集
11个组分, 减压浓缩干燥, 称重。组分溶于去离子
水配成0.5 mg·mL–1的溶液, 用于莴苣种子萌发和幼
苗生长实验。
1.4 组分生物活性测定
大孔树脂分离得到的11个组分为处理液(对照
组为去离子水), 进行莴苣种子萌发和幼苗生长抑
制实验, 实验设计和培养条件与1.2.1和1.2.2方法
相同。
1.5 液相色谱-质谱联用仪组分物质解析与验证
采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS) (Agilent
6520, Agilent Technologies Ltd., Palo Alto, USA)。色
谱分离条件: 色谱柱ZORBAX Extend C18柱, 2.1
mm × 58 mm, 1.8 µm; 柱温25 ; ℃ 进样体积0.3 µL;
流速0.5 mL·min–1; 流动相A 20%水(含0.1%甲酸),
流动相B 80%乙腈。质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源(ESI),
检测离子正离子; 雾化气压力50 kPa; 干燥气流速
10 L·min–1, 温度350 ; ℃ 毛细管电压4 000 V; 扫描
范围m/z 100–1 000。
根据LC-MS图谱保留时间及分子离子峰质量
数, 并结合对已知化感物质库中物质结构分析, 确
定化感作用最强的5:5洗脱组分中化合物的结构,
用标准物质进行实验反证。
1.6 数据分析
采用发芽势和发芽率2个指标鉴定化感物质对
种子萌发的影响; 用胚根、胚芽和鲜重3个指标鉴定
化感物质对幼苗生长的影响。
发芽率= (发芽数/100) × 100%;
发芽势=(发芽初期第n天发芽粒数/100) × 100%
(莴苣、萝卜、黄瓜、小麦n = 4; 水稻n = 5; 洋葱
n = 6)
采用Excel、SPSS和Sigmaplot软件对数据进行
处理分析。利用单因素方差分析和最小显著差数法
(least significant difference, LSD)多重比较分析种子
发芽势和发芽率的差异。
2 结果
2.1 栗叶化感作用
2.1.1 栗叶水提取物对测试植物种子萌发的影响
栗叶水提取物对莴苣、萝卜、黄瓜、洋葱、水
稻和小麦种子萌发的影响实验结果见图1。栗叶水
提取物浓度≥0.5 mg·mL–1时, 显著抑制莴苣、洋葱
种子萌发 (p < 0.05); 栗叶水提取物浓度为 0.5
mg·mL–1时, 显著抑制萝卜种子萌发(p < 0.05); 栗
叶水提取物浓度为1 mg·mL–1时, 对萝卜种子萌发
的抑制作用不显著。随着栗叶水提取物浓度继续增
加 , 抑制作用增强。栗叶水提取物浓度为 2.5
mg·mL–1时, 对黄瓜种子萌发的促进作用不显著。栗
叶水提取物浓度为10 mg·mL–1时, 对黄瓜种子萌发
的抑制作用不显著(p < 0.05)。栗叶水提取物浓度为
10 mg·mL–1时, 显著抑制水稻和小麦种子萌发(p <
0.05)。
2.1.2 栗叶水提取物对测试植物幼苗生长的影响
栗叶水提取物对测试植物胚根生长的影响结
果见图2。栗叶水提取物浓度为0.5 mg·mL–1时, 显著
抑制莴苣、萝卜、洋葱和小麦胚根的生长, 对黄瓜
和水稻影响不显著(p < 0.05)。栗叶水提取物为
1 mg·mL–1时, 抑制水稻胚根生长, 2.5 mg·mL–1时抑
制黄瓜胚根生长(p < 0.05)。随着栗叶水提取物浓度
升高, 对实生苗胚根的生长抑制作用增强。栗叶水
176 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2013, 37 (2): 173–182

www.plant-ecology.com

图1 栗叶水提取物对测试植物种子萌发的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。I, 莴苣。II, 萝卜。III, 黄瓜。IV, 洋葱。V, 水
稻。VI, 小麦。按照最小显著差数法多重比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著差异(p = 0.05)。
Fig. 1 Effect of water extract of Castanea molissima leaf on germination of test plants (mean ± SD, n = 3). I, Lactuca sativa. II,
Raphanus sativus. III, Cucumis sativus. IV, Allium cepa. V, Oryza sativa. VI, Triticum aestivum. Means marked with different let-
ters are significantly different according to least significant difference multiple comparisons (p = 0.05).


提取物对测试植物胚芽生长的影响结果见图2。栗
叶水提取物浓度为0.5 mg·mL–1和1 mg·mL–1时, 促
进双子叶植物莴苣、萝卜和黄瓜胚芽的生长, 抑制
洋葱胚芽生长 , 对水稻和小麦作用不显著 (p <
0.05)。栗叶水提取物浓度为2.5 mg·mL–1时, 抑制水
稻和小麦胚芽生长, 10 mg·mL–1时抑制莴苣、萝卜和
李晓娟等: 栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较 177

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图2 栗叶水提取物对测试植物胚根、胚芽生长的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。I, 莴苣。II, 萝卜。III, 黄瓜。IV, 洋葱。
V, 水稻。VI, 小麦。按照最小显著差数法多重比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著差异(p = 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Effect of water extract of Castanea molissima leaf on radicle and plumule length of test plants (mean ± SD, n = 3). I, Lac-
tuca sativa. II, Raphanus sativus. III, Cucumis sativus. IV, Allium cepa. V, Oryza sativa. VI, Triticum aestivum. Means marked with
different letters are significantly different according to least significant difference multiple comparisons ( p = 0.05).


黄瓜胚芽生长(p < 0.05)。栗叶水提取物对测试植物
鲜重的影响结果见图3, 随着栗叶水提取物浓度升
高, 实生苗鲜重显著减小。
2.2 美国板栗与栗叶分离组分化感作用强弱的比较
2.2.1 美国板栗与栗叶分离组分的定量
美国板栗与栗叶提取物经大孔树脂分离后流
178 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2013, 37 (2): 173–182

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图3 栗叶水提取物对测试植物鲜重的影响(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)。A, 莴苣。B, 萝卜。C, 黄瓜。D, 洋葱。E, 水稻。F,
小麦。按照最小显著差数法多重比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著差异(p = 0.05)。
Fig. 3 Effect of water extract of Castanea molissima leaf on the fresh weight of test plants (mean ± SD, n = 3). A, Lactuca sativa.
B, Raphanus sativus. C, Cucumis sativus. D, Allium cepa. E, Oryza sativa. F, Triticum aestivum. Means marked with different letters
are significantly different according to least significant difference multiple comparisons (p = 0.05).


出组分定量结果见表1。从500 g美国板栗叶可得到
(48.312 ± 0.122) g浸提物, X-5大孔树脂流出组分总
量为(48.215 ± 0.065) g。从500 g栗叶可得到(40.152
± 0.086) g浸提物, 流出组分总量为(40.042 ± 0.054)
g, 美国板栗和栗叶洗脱组分量与上样量差异不显
著(p < 0.05)。
李晓娟等: 栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较 179

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00018
表1 美国板栗与栗分离组分的定量分析(平均值±标准偏差, n = 3)
Table 1 Quantitative analysis of isolated components of Castanea dentata and C. molissima (mean ± SD, n = 3)
干重 Dry weight (g) 组分中水:乙醇
Ratio of water to ethanol in component 美国板栗 Castanea dentata 栗 Castanea molissima
10:0 3.355 ± 0.121 3.331 ± 0.152
9:1 1.145 ± 0.056 0.334 ± 0.020
8:2 0.873 ± 0.022 0.780 ± 0.028
7:3 0.813 ± 0.030 0.925 ± 0.030*
6:4 0.364 ± 0.012 0.422 ± 0.024*
5:5 0.101 ± 0.005 0.109 ± 0.008
4:6 0.043 ± 0.009 0.090 ± 0.012
3:7 0.056 ± 0.018 0.137 ± 0.040
2:8 0.051 ± 0.012 0.051 ± 0.033
1:9 0.054 ± 0.028 0.060 ± 0.045
0:10 0.043 ± 0.022 0.081 ± 0.055
总重量 Total weight 6.025 ± 0.059A 6.021 ± 0.034a
总上样量 Total sample weight 6.089 ± 0.062A 6.052 ± 0.042a
按照t检验, *表示栗与美国板栗相同洗脱组分间的显著性比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著差异(p = 0.05)。
* represents significant different between C. molissima and C. dentate in same elution component and means marked with different letters are signifi-
cantly different according to t-test.


2.2.2 美国板栗与栗叶分离组分对莴苣种子萌发
的影响
美国板栗与栗叶分离组分对莴苣种子萌发的
影响结果见图4。与对照相比, 美国板栗与栗7:3、
6:4和5:5洗脱组分抑制莴苣种子萌发, 其余组分作
用不显著, 5:5洗脱组分对莴苣种子萌发的抑制作用
最强(p < 0.05)。美国板栗叶水提取物及7:3、6:4、
5:5洗脱组分对种子萌发的抑制活性与栗比较, 差
异不显著(p < 0.05)。
2.2.3 美国板栗与栗叶分离组分对莴苣幼苗生长
的影响
美国板栗与栗叶分离组分对莴苣幼苗生长影
响的结果见图5。与对照相比, 美国板栗与栗7:3、
6:4和5:5洗脱组分抑制莴苣胚根和胚芽生长, 降低
鲜重, 其余组分作用不显著(p < 0.05), 5:5洗脱组分
对莴苣实生苗生长的抑制作用最强, 使胚根停止了
生长。美国板栗与栗叶的水提取物对莴苣胚根的抑
制作用差异不显著, 栗的叶水提取物对莴苣胚芽的
抑制作用强于美国板栗(p < 0.05)。 栗叶水提取物及
7:3、6:4、5:5洗脱组分培养的莴苣鲜重低于美国板栗
同一组分。栗7:3、6:4、5:5洗脱组分对胚芽生长的抑
制作用与美国板栗比较, 差异不显著(p < 0.05)。
2.3 LC-MS组分物质解析
用LC-MS解析美国板栗与栗叶洗脱组分5:5,
均出现6个分子离子峰。利用标准物质反证, 确定4
个物质的结构为: 绿原酸(chlorogenic acid)、对羟基
苯甲酸 (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)、原儿茶酸 (proto-
catechuic acid)和没食子酸(gallic acid)。另两个物质
的峰结构验证与解析工作正在进行中。
3 讨论
化感作用广泛存在于农业和森林生态系统
(Mitrovic et al., 2012)。农业生产中利用化感作用控
制杂草、害虫和疾病的发生, 解决连作障碍, 指导
植物遗传育种、合理间作和混种等(de Albuquerque
et al., 2011; Farooq et al., 2011; Bennett et al., 2012)。
化感作用在森林生态系统群落的组成和分布、群落
演替、协同进化和生物入侵中发挥着重要作用
(Pellissier & Souto, 1999; Blanco, 2007)。为了解释植
物化感作用在生物入侵方面发挥的作用, 科学家提
出“novel weapons”假说(Baldwin, 2003; Callaway &
Ridenour, 2004)。种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制实验是
鉴定化感作用存在的最常用的方法(Vandermast et
al., 2002)。研究植物化感作用时, 种子发芽率、发
芽势、发芽速度指数和种子活力指数等常被作为种
子萌发参数, 胚根、胚轴长度和鲜重变化被作为实
生苗生长参数(Leather & Einhelling, 1986; Nowacka
& Oleszek, 1994; Zhang et al., 2007)。
180 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2013, 37 (2): 173–182

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图4 美国板栗与栗分离组分对莴苣种子萌发的影响(平均
值±标准偏差, n = 3)。A, 发芽势。B, 发芽率。按照最小显
著差数法多重比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著差异(p
= 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Effect of isolated components of Castanea dentata and
C. molissima on seed germination of lettuce (mean ± SD, n =
3). A, Germination vigor. B, Germination rate. Means marked
with different letters are significantly different according to
least significant difference multiple comparisons (p = 0.05)



栗叶化感作用的实验证明, 栗的叶中存在化感
物质。栗叶水提取物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长表
现出了明显的“低促高抑”效应 , 这与潘存德等
(2009)针对天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana)自毒作用研
究的结果相似。此外, 双子叶植物莴苣对栗叶水提
取物的化感作用最为敏感, 本研究中选择莴苣作为
比较美国板栗与栗叶水提取物化感作用强弱的测
试植物。曾任森等(1999)也曾指出, 莴苣可作为化感
作用测试的敏感种。
化感物质的分离纯化通常采用萃取、层析、超
滤与超速离心等方法(Li et al., 2010)。本实验中将美
国板栗与栗叶水提取物经X-5大孔树脂分离为11个


图5 美国板栗与栗分离组分对莴苣幼苗生长的影响(平均
值±标准偏差, n = 3)。A, 胚根。B, 胚芽。C, 鲜重。按照最
小显著差数法多重比较, 标记不同字母的均值间存在显著
差异(p = 0.05)。
Fig. 5 Effect of isolated components of Castanea dentata and
C. molissima on lettuce seedlings (mean ± SD, n = 3). A, Radi-
cle. B, Plumule. C, Fresh weight. Means marked with different
letters are significantly different according to least significant
difference multiple comparisons (p = 0.05)


组分, 通过莴苣种子萌发及幼苗生长抑制实验比较
化感作用强弱。由图4和图5可知, 美国板栗与栗叶
水提取物对莴苣种子萌发的抑制作用差异不显著,
栗叶水提取物对莴苣胚芽的抑制作用强于美国板
栗, 对莴苣鲜重的影响强于美国板栗。美国板栗与
栗叶7:3、6:4和5:5洗脱组分能抑制莴苣种子萌发及
幼苗生长, 5:5组分的抑制作用最强。美国板栗7:3、
6:4、5:5洗脱组分干重分别为(13.1 ± 0.48) mg·g
李晓娟等: 栗与美国板栗化感作用的比较 181

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00018
DW–1、(5.1 ± 0.19) mg·g DW–1、(0.16 ± 0.08) mg·g
DW–1; 栗7:3、6:4、5:5洗脱组分干重分别为(14.8 ±
0.48 ) mg·g DW–1、(6.1 ± 0.38) mg·g DW–1、(0.17 ±
0.13) mg·g DW–1。由此推测, 栗7:3、6:4和5:5组分
总量高于美国板栗是导致栗化感作用强于美国板
栗的原因。
化感物质的鉴定方法包括液相色谱法、气相色
谱法、质谱法、紫外光谱法、红外光谱法和核磁共
振法等。随着科技进步, 气相色谱串联四极杆质谱
联用仪(GC-MS-MS)和LC-MS等现代仪器分析技术
的应用, 使化感物质的分离与鉴定变得相对简便
(Seal et al., 2004)。本实验中采用LC-MS仪对美国板
栗与栗叶化感作用最强组分(5:5组分)中的化学成
分进行分析, 发现美国板栗与栗5:5洗脱组分中存
在6个分子离子峰, 利用标准物质反证法确定其中4
种化感物质为: 绿原酸(Husaain et al., 2011)、对羟基
苯甲酸(Djurdjevié et al., 2011)、原儿茶酸(Chou &
Leu, 1992)和没食子酸(Sodaeizadeh et al., 2009)。5:5
洗脱组分中另外两种物质的分离、纯化、结构鉴定
和化感活性分析是我们今后要研究的工作。
本研究中根据实验室控制条件获得的研究结
果说明: 栗叶中存在化感物质, 且其作用强于美国
板栗。利用栗叶直接粉碎提取的化感物质与叶凋落
自然释放产生的化感物质之间是否存在差异, 在今
后的研究中需要考虑这一问题。栗化感作用强于美
国板栗这一结果提示我们, 在利用栗基因恢复美国
板栗种群时, 有必要考虑美国板栗与栗的植物化学
生态特性。此外, 我们的研究结果是在实验室控制
条件下获得的, 对于栗化感作用的揭示仅仅是初步
的, 所得结果尚需在野外进一步验证。
基金项目 国家自然科学基金(30470334)和科技部
星火重大项目(2012GA701002)。
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