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栽培种矮丛越橘果园的建立与田间管理(英文)



全 文 :Cultivated Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium an-
gustifolium)Establishment and Management
YARBOROUGH David E.
Department of Plant , Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Maine , Orono , ME 04469 , USA
Abstract:Cultivated blueberries(Vaccinium corymbosum and V.virgatum)have been propagated and
planted successfully throughout the world.The lowbush blueberry (V.angustifolium)has large areas of
production in the state of Maine in the United States and in the Atlantic and Quebec provinces in Canada
on managed naturally occurring native stands.Except for some small demonstration plantings in Canada
and a few plantings in Northern China , it has not been managed as a cultivated plant.Extensive plantings
of cultivated lowbush blueberries have not been developed because of the slow establishment and lack of
rhizome production from cuttings that limit its productivity compared to the cultivated blueberry.Tissue
culture plants offer a more juvenile growth habit and quicker establishment , but may not yield as well as
cuttings.Lowbush blueberry plants establish from seed quicker but have more genetic variability and a
lower yield.A seed propagated lowbush blueberry family such as “Novablue” will provide both rapid es-
tablishment and high yields.If established on the proper sites and managed in the same manner as the
wild blueberry , this would provide Northern China with cultivated lowbush blueberry fields that are more
productive than their North American wild blueberry counterparts.
Key words:wild blueberry;culture of seedling;establishment;seed propagation of lowbush blueberry
families
CLC number:S663.9   Document code:A   Article ID:1000-5684(2009)05-0556-05
栽培种矮丛越橘果园的建立与田间管理
YARBOROUGH David E.
缅因大学植物土壤与环境科学系 ,Orono , ME04469 ,美国
摘 要:栽培种越橘已经成功地在世界各地繁育和栽培 ,其中矮丛类型越橘在美国缅因州 、加拿大的亚特兰
大和魁北克大规模栽培生产 ,在加拿大和中国北方有少量试验性栽培。相对于其他栽培越橘类型 , 矮丛越橘
未得到大规模快速种植发展的原因在于建园速度慢 、插条形成地下茎数量少。组织培养可以提供大量苗木并
实现快速建园 ,但产量低于扦插繁育的苗木。通过种子可快速繁育苗木并快速建园 , 但后代变异大 、产量低。
矮丛越橘中”Novablue”品种可以通过种子繁殖 ,快速建园并实现高产。如果选择适宜地点建园并采用与野生
越橘相同的管理方式 ,将实现中国北方矮丛越橘大规模种植 ,而且将比美国相应区域的野生越橘更丰产 。
关键词:野生越橘;育苗;建园;矮丛越橘种子繁殖
中图分类号:S663.9   文献标识码:A   文章编号:1000-5684(2009)05-0556-05
  The lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifoli-
um)is also referred to as the wild blueberry where it is
grown commercially in the state of Maine in the USA
and in Canada in the Maritime and Quebec
Biography:YARBOROUGH David E., male , Ph.D , professor in lowbush blueberry breeding and management.
Received date:2008-12-20  Revised date:2009-02-28
吉林农业大学学报 2009 ,31(5):556 ~ 560 http:// xuebao.jlau.edu.cn
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University E-mail:jlndxb@vip.sina.com
provinces[ 1-2] .The wild blueberry is a low growing rhi-
zomatous shrub that is managed from naturally occurring
native populations of plants.It is characterized by large
genetic diversity and variability in yield[ 2-3] .Recent
improvements in management practices have resulted in
a fourfold increase in the production over the last 20
years[ 4] .The lowbush blueberry is intermediate in size
between the larger highbush blueberry (V.corymbo-
sum)and the native bilberry or Chinese blueberry (V.
uliginosum)(Fig.1).There has been interest in es-
tablishing the lowbush blueberry in China because of its
ability to grow in the Northern climate and because the
ORAC value is twice that of the cultivated blueber-
ry[ 5] .The ORAC values , of the native Chinese blue-
berry or the native lingonberry (V.vitis-idea)[ 6] are
even higher.Although domestication of the lowbush
blueberry through selection and breeding have been ad-
vocated for many years[ 7-8] and demonstrated on small
plantings in North America , extensive plantings have
not taken place because of the slow establishment and
lack of rhizome production from cuttings[ 9] .An eco-
nomic study in 1990[ 10] revealed that because of the
higher yields of the cultivated lowbush blueberries the
economic return was higher than the native stands.Al-
though improvements in plant spread may be obtained
by using tissue culture plants this does not always result
in higher yields
[ 9 ,11] .The largest cultivated planting of
cultivated lowbush blueberry is now in Jilin and Hei-
longjang provinces in China[ 12] .
The objective of this paper is to discuss the best
plant materials and management practices for establish-
ing and managing cultivated lowbush blueberry plant-
ings.
Fig.1.Lowbush, highbush , bilberry fruit
1 Field establishment
1.1 Location
Wild blueberries are commercially grown on
cleared , unplowed forest soils or on abandoned agricul-
tural lands[ 13] ;but they can tolerate a wild range of
climatic conditions in a temperate climate[ 14] .The
plants grow best in a well drained acidic soil (pH
4.0—5.0)with sufficient organic matter (5%—
10%).Previous blueberry plantings in China have
shown the lowbush plants to be the least tolerant to
summer flooding[ 15] .Limiting factors include cold dry
winter temperatures below -30℃without snow cover
causing winter kill and spring frosts that can damage
flowers.The southern limit of lowbush blueberry would
be chilling hours;approximately 1 000 hours below
7℃ are required for plants to break dormancy.
1.2 Plant source
Lowbush blueberry cultivar releases are very limit-
ed compared to highbush varieties.Only six cultivated
lowbush varieties (Augusta , Brunswick , Chignecto ,
Blomidon , Cumberland , and Fundy)have been re-
leased from the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Re-
search Centre , Kentville , Nova Scotia , Canada[ 16] .
Early plantings with stem cuttings were not successful
due to inconsistent rhizome production resulting in slow
establishment
[ 9] .Because lowbush blueberries grow to
less than 0.5 m in height it is important to have much
of the ground covered in order to produce new stems
from the rhizome to produce fruit.Tissue culture prop-
agated plants provide a more seedling like growth habit
and spread more rapidly[ 11] but did not yield as high as
plants from cuttings[ 9] .Plants grown from open polli-
nated seed had higher variability and lower yields than
the cuttings or tissue culture plants but had the advan-
tage of producing rhizomes and establishing more rapid-
ly.When seeds were obtained from crosses of known
high yielding varieties , then both rapid establishment
and high yields were obtained[ 17] .Novablue is a seed-
propagated lowbush blueberry family released by the
Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre ,
Kentville , Nova Scotia , Canada[ 18] and has the advan-
tage of lower cost of plant material with more rapid
557YARBOROUGH David E.et al.:Cultivated Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)Establishment and Management
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University
plant spread while still maintaining the genetic diversity
that gives the wild blueberry its characteristically u-
nique flavor.
1.3 Planting and density
Because the lowbush blueberry is a perennial and
native plantings have been in production for over 100
years , the land should be tilled , have a high organic
matter level and be free of weeds prior to planting.
Land should be tilled a year in advance and perennial
weeds controlled.A green manure crop may also be es-
tablished and plowed under prior to planting.Plants
should be grown at least two years old before planting
into the field.Blueberry plants should be planted as
early in the spring as conditions will permit.Plants
should be spaced at 45 cm in the row with rows 90 cm
to 120 cm apart;this would require 20 000 to 25 000
plants per hectare.Blueberries should be planted so
that 5 cm to 7 cm of the shoot growth will be below the
soil surface so that it reduces frost heaving and encour-
ages early rhizome development Figure 2
[ 19] .Two or
more cultivars are needed to assure adequate fruit set if
cuttings or tissue culture plants are used but Novablue
does not require other varieties
[ 18] .
Fig.2.Planting depths for lowbush blueberry
1.4 Mulching
Mulching lowbush blueberry plants at establish-
ment provides many benefits including;prevention of
frost heaving;suppressing weed growth;moderating
soil temperatures;reducing water loss;reducing soil
erosion and stimulating rhizome growth[ 20] .Bark mulch
produced the best rhizome spread followed by sawdust ,
peat and wood chips[ 21] .This will allow the lowbush
blueberry to fill in the entire field to produce the most
productivity for the land area used.There is no need
for rows in a cultivated lowbush blueberry planting.
2 Field management
2.1 Pruning
To encourage maximum rhizome growth , the low-
bush planting should be allowed to grow without prun-
ing for four years[ 20] .All blueberry plants must be
pruned to reduce older less productive stems and to
stimulate new more productive growth
[ 22] .Cultivated
blueberries are selectively pruned but rabbiteye vari-
eties may also be mowed to reduce excessive growth or
for renovation.Wild blueberries are pruned to the
ground when dormant in late fall or early spring every
other year as this has been shown to produce the maxi-
mum productivity[ 23] .This produces a crop every other
year but also provides some pest management by inter-
rupting disease and insect cycles.
2.2 Weed control
Weeds have been a major limiting factor to wild
blueberry growth and production and the use of selec-
tive herbicides has allowed for increased fertilizer , pol-
lination and irrigation to increase the crop by four
fold
[ 4] .Although the use of mulch will help suppress
weeds , the addition of sulfur to reduce the pH to 4.0
has been shown to suppress weeds without herbicide
applications[ 24-25] .Current recommendations for wild
blueberry weeds and their control options may be ob-
tained at the web site:http:∥nsac.ca/wildblue/facts/
weeds.asp.
2.3 Fertilizer
No correlation has been found between soil nutri-
ent levels and plant productivity , so except for the use
of soil pH to reduce weed competition , soil samples are
not used to determine fertilizer needs.Leaf samples
taken at the tip dieback stage for N and P have indicat-
ed that the addition of diammonium phosphate fertilizer
can increase yields if the leaf N is below 1.6%and the
leaf P below 0.13%[ 26-27] .In addition , the application
of gypsum has been found to increase nutrient uptake
and crop growth[ 28] .
2.4 Pollination
Blueberry flowers must be insect pollinated and
the more visits the greater number of seeds and increase
558   吉林农业大学学报 2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October
in size of the fruit which results in higher yields[ 22] .
Native bees , bumblebees and honeybees all pollinate
the wild blueberry and it has been shown that addition-
al pollination is necessary to produce the higher yields
obtained on native stands.It would require 2.5 hives
to produce 1 000 kg/hm2[ 4] .
2.5 Irrigation
Wild blueberries require 2.5 cm of rainfall per
week or supplemental irrigation in the growing season
for the best production[ 29] .Excessive moisture that
would flood the fields would reduce yields , and if
flooding exceeds 32 days this could result in plants not
recovering
[ 15] .Overhead irrigation is less efficient than
drip but could provide protection from frost if needed
and would be easier to remove than drip irrigation when
pruning the plants
[ 30] .
2.6 Pest management
There are a few diseases including Mummyberry
(Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi)and a number of insects
such as the fruit fly (Rhagoletis mendax)which cause
reduction in yield and quality of the lowbush blueber-
ry.A more comprehensive source of pests and control
measures may be found at the web site http://nsac.
ca/wildblue/ facts/ .The advantage of introducing low-
bush blueberries into areas where they have not previ-
ously grown is that these pests are usually not a prob-
lem if not introduced;but native pests such as the
Queensland fruit fly , (Bactrocera tryoni)can adapt to
blueberries as it did in Australia.
2.7 Harvesting
Unlike cultivated blueberries that are hand har-
vested for the fresh market , the lowbush blueberry is
not , except for small roadside sales.The low growth
habit and smaller berry size make hand-picking eco-
nomically impractical unless labor costs are very low.
Since lowbush blueberries are best used as an ingredi-
ent product , very little are used for fresh market.A
hand-rake is much more efficient than hand-picking
and provides a once-over harvest (Fig.3).There are
also several types and sizes of mechanical harvesters
available that will reduce the cost of harvest
[ 31] .
Fig.3.Lowbush blueberry hand-rakes from Hubbard
Rakes available at www.hubbardrakes.com.
3 Conclusion
The potential domestication of the lowbush blue-
berry was proposed in 1967 by Kender[ 7] .But because
of the slow establishment and lack of rhizome produc-
tion from cuttings only one large planting has been es-
tablished in China
[ 12] .The Novablue seed-propagated
lowbush blueberry family has the advantage of lower
cost of plant material with more rapid plant spread
while still maintaining the genetic diversity that gives
the wild blueberry its unique flavor.This seed propa-
gated family has the potential to spread more rapidly
and cover the entire field so that a greater productivity
per hectare could be obtained and it could be pruned in
al alternate year cycle to maintain its productivity.If
established on the proper site and managed as the wild
blueberry in North America it has the potential to pro-
vide the basis for a successful domesticated lowbush
blueberry industry in China that would provide a higher
antioxidant levels and could be used in high value
added nutraceutical products.However , the ultimate
success of this industry will depend on the selection of
suitable growing areas and the establishment of demon-
stration plantations to educate farmers to the appropriate
cultural practices as described by He[ 32] .It will also
be important to recognize that some native pests could
adapt to the lowbush blueberry , so monitoring for new
potential pests will be necessary.
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560   吉林农业大学学报 2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October