全 文 ：水稻联合收割机收获紫云英种
子的应用效果研究
廖育林 1，2，鲁艳红 1，2，聂军 1，2*，周兴 1，3，谢坚 1，2，
杨曾平 1，2，吴浩杰 1，4 （1.湖南省农业科学院
土壤肥料研究所，湖南长沙 410125；2.农业部
湖南耕地保育科学观测实验站 ， 湖南长沙
410125；3.湖南农业大学资源环境学院 ，湖南
长沙 410128；4.中南大学研究生院隆平分院，
湖南长沙 410125）
摘 要 为了研究水稻联合收割机收获紫云
英种子的应用效果，对比分析了机械收种和人
工收种两种方法的种子产量、劳动效率、收割
成本和经济效益。 结果表明，与传统人工收种
方法相比，机械收种降低了紫云英种子的损失
率，比人工收种产量增加了 92.7 kg/hm2，增幅
为 16.3%；提高了劳动效率，一台收割机一天
收获的紫云英种子数量相当于 18~20 人一天
的收种量； 节约了紫云英留种生产的劳动成
本，提高了紫云英种子生产的经济效益，采用
机械收获紫云英种子比人工收种直接降低劳
动成本 2 175~3 000 元 /hm2，增加经济收入
3 307~4 099 元/hm2。 该技术的推广应用对缓
解南方稻区紫云英种子的短缺问题以及加快
紫云英绿肥作物的发展具有重要的作用。
关键词 水稻联合收割机；紫云英种子；机械
收获技术；应用效果
基金项目 公益性行业 （农业 ） 科研专项
（201103005）； 国家绿肥种质资源平台（2012-
019）； 作 物 种 质 资 源 保 护 和 利 用 项 目
（NB2013-2130135-34）； 国际植物营养研究所
（IPNI）资助项目（Hunan-16）。
作者简介 廖育林（1975-），男，湖南新化人，
副研究员，主要从事植物营养与施肥原理等研
究。 *通讯作者，E-mail：junnie@foxmail.com。
收稿日期 2015-01-25
修回日期 2015-03-18
Effects of Rice Combine Harvester Application to
Harvest Chinese Milk Vetch Seeds
Yulin LIAO1,2, Yanhong LU1,2, Jun NIE1,2*, Xing ZHOU1,3, Jian XIE1,2*, Zengping YANG1,2, Haojie WU1,4
1. Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
2. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Hunan), Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125,
China;
3. College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
4. Longping Branch of Central South University, Changsha 410125, China
Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest
(201103005); National Green manure Germplasm Resources Platform (2012-019); Crop
Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization Project (NB2013-2130135-34);
International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) Project (Hunan-16).
*Corresponding author. E-mail: Junnie@foxmail.com
Received: January 25, 2015 Accepted: March 18, 2015A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(4): 853-856
Copyright訫 2015, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Machinery
C hinese milk vetch is the maingreen manure crop in southchina rice region [1]. It plays a
role in soil fertility, improves physical
and chemical properties of soil , im-
proves the soil microbial activity ,
promotes insoluble nutrient transfor-
mation of soil, improves crop yields
and so on[2-5]. Cultivated area in Hunan
where has the habit of planting Chi-
nese milk vetch had been rank first in
the whole country [6]. Especially in the
1970s, the cultivated area grew fastest
and the largest acreage nearly
reached to 2 million/hm2, which made
a significant contribution to the
provinces grain production and agri
culture development [ 7 ] . In recent 30
years, the production yield and culti-
vated area of Chinese milk vetch radi-
cally declined in Hunan Province, due
to the structural transformation of agri-
culture, transfer of rural labor, a lot of
fertilizer application and coupled with
the traditional Chinese milk vetch
sowing and harvesting were all rely on
manual work, which were big labour
intensity and lower intuitional econom-
ic benefit[8-9].
In recent years, people pay much
attention to food security and agricul-
tural sustainable development, so the
production and utilization of green
manure draw more attention of the
society. When the production and uti-
lization of green manure crops en-
counter new development opportuni-
ties, inadequate supplies of the seeds
of green manure crops will greatly limit
the recovery and development of
green manure crops. Among them, in-
adequate supplies of Chinese milk
vetch seeds has been become one of
the restraining factors that affect the
Abstract During the test, the seed yield, labor efficiency, harvesting costs and eco-
nomic benefits were compared and analyzed between mechanical harvesting tech-
nology and traditional artificial harvesting technology of Chinese milk vetch seeds to
studied the mechanical harvesting technology and application effects. The results
showed that mechanical harvesting technology increased the yield of 92.7 kg/hm2,
reducing the seeds loss. It improved the labor efficiency and reduced the harvesting
cost. For example, a rice combine harvester was the equal of 18-20 person in the
harvest quantity in one day, which directly reduced the labor cost of 2 175-3 000
yuan/hm2 and increased the economic income of 3 307-4 099 yuan/hm2. So it will
play an important role in solving the shortage of Chinese milk vetch seeds and ac-
celerating the development of Chinese milk vetch green manure crop in south China
rice region.
Key words Rice combine harvester; Chinese milk vetch seeds; Mechanical harvest-
ing technology; Application effect
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2015.04.053
Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
recovery and development of green
manure in Hunan Province.
Traditional harvesting method for
Chinese milk vetch is artificial harvest
method, which is time-consuming and
strenuous, tedious process, and the
loss rate in seed harvesting process is
higher [10]. In modern agriculture, sim-
plification and mechanization have be-
come the future trend of agricultural
production[11], so the research and ex-
ploration on mechanical harvesting
technology of Chinese milk vetch
seeds have important practical signifi-
cance. In this study, rice combine har-
vester which was universal application
in south China was used as equipment
to explore a mechanical harvesting
technology of Chinese milk vetch
seeds which could replace traditional
artificial technology. In order to reduce
the labor intensity in the production
practice, and make a contribution to
achieve the full mechanization in agri-
cultural production.
Application Examples of
Mechanical Harvesting
Technique of Chinese milk
vetch Seeds
Application situation in double
cropping rice field of Changsha
County
13.3 hm2 of double cropping rice
field in Gaoqiao Town of Changsha
County was selected as test field. In
the fall of 2011, 15 days before late
rice harvesting, Chinese milk vetch
seeds were sowed between the lines
of rice. After the rice was harvested,
trench was ditched around rice field
with a trencher, while ditched a direct
channel every other 10 m which
formed a well-shaped canal system in
rice field, which ensured unrestricted
drainage during the period of Chinese
milk vetch growth. The purpose was to
ensure the field surface without leav-
ing any water in sunny day and without
water logging in rain day. From the
end of April to early of May in 2012, 12
hm2 of Chinese milk vetch field was
harvested by using full feed rice com-
bine harvester in seeds mature period
when black pod rate of Chinese milk
vetch was over 75%. Another 1.3 hm2
of Chinese milk vetch field used tradi-
tional artificial harvesting.
Application situation in single-
cropping rice field of Dongting Lake
District
20 hm2 of single-cropping rice field
in Dongting Lake District of Xiachaishi
village, Nan County was selected as
test field. In the fall of 2012, 1 to 3 days
after single-cropping rice harvesting,
Chinese milk vetch seeds were sowed
in field. After the rice was sowed for 15
days, transverse trench, vertical trench
and side ditch were ditched with a
trencher in sunny day. In the middle of
May 2013, 18 hm2 of Chinese milk
vetch field was harvested by using full
feed rice combine harvester in seeds
mature period when black pod rate of
Chinese milk vetch was over 75% .
Another 2 hm2 of Chinese milk vetch
field was used traditional artificial har-
vesting method.
Harvesting Methods of
Chinese Milk Vetch Seeds
Technical key points of mechanical
harvesting of Chinese milk vetch
seeds
According to the growth charac-
teristics, Chinese milk vetch was all
feed into the rice combine harvester to
harvest the seeds, improve work effi-
ciency, reduce seeds loss rate to
some extent, reduce labor strength,
shorten seeds storage time and im-
prove seeds production benefits by ad-
justing the respective components.
Field ditch cleaning and water
draining 30 to 45 days before Chi-
nese milk vetch seeds harvesting,
drainage ditch in Chinese milk vetch
stay farming field was dredged and
cleaned, in order to satisfy the demand
of field surface without leaving any wa-
ter in sunny day and without water log-
ging in rain day. When the black pod
rate was over 75% , dry Chinese milk
vetch was harvested in sunny day. Be-
fore rice combine harvester was in
field operations, field moisture shoud
reach the standard that sinking depth
was less than 5 cm when human left
single-foot in the field.
Harvester structural adjustment
First, the harvester was unscrewed the
bolts in fan casing, adjusted air input
(output) actuator plate to minimum po-
sition and tightened the bolts. Second,
the tilt angle of double-deck vibrating
sieve was adjusted: opened the large
shields of rice combine harvester, un-
screwed the bolts from thresher frame
wall, rotated actuator plate to horizon-
tal or near horizontal direction. Third,
reel height, speed and other aspects
were adjusted: height adjustment was
to adjust the reel height to lower posi-
tion in order to limite the distance of
reel teeth pitch and cutting table less
than 15 cm. Speed adjustment was to
change the turnover position of small
belt pulley pieces of transitional belt
pulley, in order to properly increase the
belt groove of small belt pulley and re-
duce the speed of reel to 10 r/min.
Forth, tilt angle of monotropic reel in
reel was adjusted and the monotropic
reel teeth was slightly incline to auger.
Fifth, the distance between header
auger and sickle were adjusted in or-
der to limite the distance of sickle and
auger less than 15 cm, and the cutting
speed was adjusted in order to make
the harvested Chinese milk vetch
could bundle-like toward auger.
Field debris clean and harvesting
Cleaned hard or large clods, stones,
iron wires, cans, trees and other debris
before Chinese milk vetch seeds har-
vesting. Before harvesting, the header
height of rice combine harvester was
adjusted to 5 cm from the ground. The
Chinese milk vetch seeds were collect-
ed from the grain outlet port of har-
vester, dried for 1 to 2 days, then re-
moval of impurities and stored.
Artificial planting and harvesting
methods of Chinese milk vetch
seeds
In seeds mature period when
black pod rate of Chinese milk vetch
was over 75%, the seeds were artifi-
cially mowed in early morning or
forenoon, teded after baling. After dry-
ing, the seeds were manually beatted
out with bamboos or sticks, and then
collectted, dried, removal of impurities
and stored.
Application Effects of Me-
chanical Harvesting Tech-
nology of Chinese Milk
vetch Seeds
Comparative analysis of Chinese
milk vetch seeds yield
The results showed that mechan-
ical harvesting technology significantly
increased the yield of Chinese milk
854
Agricultural Science & Technology2015
Table 1 Comparison of yield of two kinds of Chinese milk vetch seeds harvesting methods
Perimental unit Total areahm2
Mechanical harvesting method Artificial harvesting method
Area∥hm2 Total yield∥kg Per unit yieldkg/hm2 Area∥hm
2 Total yield∥kg Per unit yieldkg/hm2
Gaoqiao Town 13.3 12.0 7 425 618.8 1.3 699.2 525.6
Xiachaishi village 20.0 18.0 12 466 692.6 2.0 1 201.8 600.9
vetch seeds compared with traditional
artificial technology (Table 1). By using
mechanical harvesting method, the
yield increased 93.2 kg/hm2 and 91.7
kg/hm2 respectively in Gaoqiao Town
and Xiachaishi village, and the rate of
increase amplitude was 17.7% and
15.3% respectively. Averaged the two
test points datas, the seeds yield was
663.0 kg/hm2 by using mechanical
harvesting method and 570.3 kg/hm2
by using artificial harvesting method.
Compared with traditional artificial
technology, yield was increased by
92.7 kg/hm2 and the rate of increase
amplitude was reached to 16.3% by
mechanical harvesting technology.
Comparative analysis of labor effi-
ciency
The results showed that mechan-
ical harvesting technology improved
labor efficiency of Chinese milk vetch
seeds harvesting (Table 2). Seen from
the harvested area per unit time, a rice
combine harvester could harvest
3.000 hm2/d in the two test points, but
a person with traditional artificial tech-
nology could only harvest 0.017-0.019
hm2/d. It means that a rice combine
harvester was the equal of 16 to 18
persons in the harvested area in one
day. Popular speaking, one mu Chi-
nese milk vetch seeds harvested by a
person needed about 3.5 to 4.0 days,
but only 10 minutes by mechanical
harvesting method.
From the harvested seeds yield
per unit time, a harvester harvested
Chinese milk vetch seeds of 1 856 and
2 078 kg/d in the two test points re-
spectively, but a person used tradi-
tional artificial harvesting method only
could harvest 10 kg/d. The results
showed that a rice combine harvester
was the equal of 18 to 20 person in the
harvest quantity in one day.
Cost comparison
The results showed that mechan-
ical harvesting technology directly re-
duced the cost of Chinese milk vetch
harvesting (Table 3). By using tradi-
tional harvesting method, the cost was
3 675 yuan/hm2 and 4 800 yuan/hm2
respectively in Gaoqiao Town and Xi-
achaishi Town, while the cost of using
mechanical harvesting method only
1 500 yuan/hm2 and 1 800 yuan/hm2.
The cost of artificial method was 2.45
times and 2.67 times than mechanical
method. Averaged the two test points
datas, the cost of artificial method to
harvest per unit area of Chinese milk
vetch seeds was 2.59 times than that
of mechanical method.
The harvesting cost were 7.01
and 7.99 yuan/kg by using artificial
method to harvest Chinese milk vetch
seeds. But only 2.42 and 2.60 yuan/kg
by using mechanical method. The cost
of artificial method were 2.89 and 3.07
times than that of mechanical method.
Averaged the two test points datas,
the cost of artificial method to harvest
per unit area of Chinese milk vetch
seeds was 3.01 times than that of
mechanical method.
Comparison of economic benefits
Compared with traditional artificial
harvesting method, mechanical har-
vesting technology could significantly
increase the economic benefits of
Chinese milk vetch seeds (Table 4).
By using mechanical harvesting
method, the per unit yield of Chinese
milk vetch seeds increased 618.7
and 692.6 kg/hm2 respectively in Gao-
qiao Town and Xiachaishi village. The
output value was 7 425 and 8 310
yuan/hm2 respectively, and the net re-
turn was 4 425 yuan/hm2 and 5 010
yuan/hm2 after deducted harvesting
costs and other costs. Due to the
higher harvesting costs and relatively
low seeds yield, the net return was only
1 118 and 911 yuan/hm2 by using arti-
ficial harvesting method. So the eco-
nomic benefits of mechanical har-
vesting method was 4 to 5 times than
that of artificial harvest method.
Summary and Discussion
Mechanical harvesting technology
simplified the harvesting process of
Chinese milk vetch seeds, broke the
dependence of artificial harvesting
Table 2 Comparison of labour efficiency of two kinds of Chinese milk vetch seeds harvesting methods
Perimental unit
Mechanical harvesting method Artificial harvesting method
Harvester working
time∥d
Harvested area per
unit time∥hm2/d
Harvested seeds
yield per unit
time∥kg/d
Harvester working
time∥d
Harvested area per
unit time∥hm2/d
Harvested seeds
yield per unit
time∥kg/d
Gaoqiao Town 4 3.000 1 856 70 0.019 10
Xiachaishi village 6 3.000 2 078 120 0.017 10
Table 3 Comparison of harvesting costs of two kinds of Chinese milk vetch seeds harvesting methods
Perimental unit
Mechanical harvesting method Artificial harvesting method
The price of
harvester
yuan/hm2
Harvesting costs
per unit area
yuan/hm2
Seeds harvesting
costs per unit
weight∥yuan/hm2
The price of
harvester
yuan/hm2
Harvesting costs
per unit area
yuan/hm2
Seeds harvesting
costs per unit
weight∥yuan/hm2
Gaoqiao Town 1 500 1 500 2.42 70 3 675 7.01
Xiachaishi village 1 800 1 800 2.60 80 4 800 7.99
The price of harvester was 1 500 yuan/hm2 in the first half year of 2012 and 1 800 yuan/hm2 in the first half year of 2013; the price of
artificial harvesting was 70 yuan/d in the first half year of 2012 and 80 yuan/d in the first half year of 2013.
855
Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
Responsible editor: Lin FANG Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
technology, and strengthen the degree
of mechanization of agricultural pro-
duction. Mainly reflected in the follow-
ing aspects: First, mechanical harvest-
ing technology reduced the loss rate of
Chinese milk vetch seeds, the yield in-
creased by 92.7 kg/hm2 and the in-
creasing rate was 16.3% compared
with the artificial harvesting technolo-
gy. Second, it improved the labor effi-
ciency. For example, a rice combine
harvester was the equal of 16 to 18
person in the harvest area in one day
and was the equal of 18 to 20 person
in the harvest quantity in one day.
Third, it directly reduced the labor cost
of 2 175 yuan/hm2 to 3 000 yuan/hm2
and increased the economic income of
3 307 yuan/hm2 to 4 099 yuan/hm2.
Meanwhile, mechanical harvest-
ing method of Chinese milk vetch
seeds had the following advantages:
First, it extended the function and fre-
quency of rice combine harvester by
using rice combine harvester to har-
vest Chinese milk vetch seeds, re-
duced its idle time and increased farm-
ers income. Second, the seeds har-
vested by mechanical harvesting
method was less impurity such as
sand and plant stems and leaves than
artificial harvesting method because
they were not beat artificially, so it was
easy to drying and cleaning, and then
shortened the time for seeds storage.
In summary, the popularization
and application of mechanical harvest-
ing technology to Chinese milk vetch
seeds could improve production effi-
ciency of Chinese milk vetch, and en-
hance the enthusiasm of farmers for
reserving seeds for planting. So it will
play an important role in solving the
shortage of Chinese milk vetch seeds
and accelerating the development of
Chinese milk vetch green manure
crops in Hunan Province.
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Table 4 Comparison of economic benefits of two kinds of Chinese milk vetch seeds harvesting methods
Perimental unit
Mechanical harvesting method Artificial harvesting method
Production
value
yuan/hm2
Harvesting
costs
yuan/hm2
Other costs
yuan/hm2
Economic
benefits
yuan/hm2
Production
value
yuan/hm2
Harvesting
costs
yuan/hm2
Other costs
yuan/hm2
Economic
benefits
yuan/hm2
Gaoqiao Town 7 425 1 500 1 500 4 425 6 293 3 675 1 500 1 118
Xiachaishi village 8 310 1 800 1 500 5 010 7 211 4 800 1 500 911
The production value of Chinese milk vetch seeds was calculated by 12 yuan/kg. Other costs include the price of seeds, labor and daily
management costs.
856