全 文 ：CultivatedCharactersofNandinadomestica
LITian＊
JiangnanForestryStationofAnhuaForestryBureau, HunanProvince, Anhua413514
Abstract [Objective] ThisstudywastosystematicalyinvestigatethecultivatedcharactersofNandinadomesticaandtolayafoundationfor
breeding, cultivating, aswelasitsapplicationinlandscape.[ Method] UsingN.domesticapopulationsfrom13 diferentareasofHunanProv-inceastestedsamples, thecultivatedcharactersofN.domesticainboththecultivatedtypeandwildtypeweresystematicalystudiedthrough
fieldexperimentandcomparativeanalysis.[ Resul] ThephenologicalfeaturesofN.domesticafromdifferentareasandgermplasmresources
werebasicalyidentical;thegrowthpaternsofcultivatedtypeandwildtypewerealsobasicalyidentical, butthecultivatedtypegrewfasterthan
thewildtype;boththetwotypesgrewquicklyatyoungstage, andeithertheannualgrowthofnewshootsorthegrowthpatternofleavescon-
firmedthefitingcurveoftheLogisticequation.[ Conclusion] Thisresearchprovidedbasisfortheexploitationandutilizationthegermplasm
resourcesofN.domestica.
Keywords Nandinadomestica;Cultivatedandwildtype;Cultivatedcharacters
Received:December1, 2008 Accepted:February16, 2009
＊Correspondingauthor.E-mail:lily0286rose@163.com
NandinadomesticaThunb., belongingtoNandinaofBer-
beridaceae, isakindofmultipurposetreespecies[1-4] .The
erectgrowthlikeabambooandexpansionofleatherleaves
endowN.domesticawithanelegantoutlook.Enteringintoau-
tumn, N.domesticaturnsred, presentinganextraordinarily
gorgeousscene;andcountlessredfruitlong-timehangson
thepanicleshapedinfructescences, makingN.domestica
classifiedtoafinespeciesforsightseeinginlandscaping.It
playsvitalrolesinvariousaspectsincludinggreeningenviron-
ment, landscapebeautification, airpurification, waterconser-
vation, windbreakandsandfixation, soilandwaterconserva-
tionandeco-environmentalamelioration[ 5-6] .Nowadaysthe
reportsathomeandabroadmainlyconcernthecultivation
technique, ornamentalvalue, ecosystemandmedicinalvalue
ofN.domestica, littlefocusesitsbiologicalcharacteris-
tics[ 7-13] .Inviewofthis, wesystematicalyinvestigatedthe
cultivatedcharactersofN.domestica, aimingatlayingagood
basisforbreeding, cultivatinganditsapplicationinlandscape,
andatprovidingbasisfortheexploitationandutilizationgerm-
plasmresourcesofN.domesticaaswel.
MaterialsandMethods
Materials
ThegermplasmresourcesofNandinadomesticafortest
werelistedinTable1.
Experimentaldesign
ThistrialwascarriedoutintheexperimentalfieldofBo-
tanicalGardenofCentralSouthUniversityofForestryand
TechnologyinApril2005.Respective30individualsofcultivat-
edtypeandwildtypeforeachtestedprovenanceweretested
accordingtorandomblockdesignwiththreereplications.Field
managementsforalprovenancesareidentical.
Experimentalitems
Growthcharacteristics Respective10 individualsofculti-
vatedtypeandwildtypeforeachtestedprovenancewere
chosentomeasurethegrowthcharacteristics.Foreachindi-
vidual, themostvigorousboughwasselectedasreferencefor
determination.Inordertostudythegrowthcharacteristicsvia
dailyaveragegrowth, theheightsofboughsweremeasured
every15d, withthreemeasurementsonceforeachindividu-
al.TorevealthegrowthpatternofN.domesticaleaf, the
length, widthofapicalleavesweremeasuredat6:00 every
day.Andthegrowthprocessofrootsysteminone-year-old
seedlingofN.domesticawasobservedforstudyingthegrowth
paternofitsroot.
Table1 ThegermplasmsourcesofN.domesticausedinthisstudy
No. Provenance Remark No.Provenance Remark
V01 Hongjiang HuaihuaPrefecture V08 Shaoshan XiangtanPrefecture
V02 Baijia LiuyangPrefecture V09 Zhangjiajie XiangxiPrefecture
V03 Yueyang Yueyang
Prefecture
V10 Hengshan Hengyang
Prefecture
V04 Huanghua Changsha
Prefecture
V11 Lusong Zhuzhou
Prefecture
V05 Shaodong ShaoyangPrefecture V12 Yizhang ChenzhouPrefecture
V06 Taojiang YiyangPrefecture V13 Xinhua LoudiPrefecture
V07 Qiyang YongzhouPrefecture
Thefloweringandfruitingcharacteristicsandthelife
cycle Thecharacteristicsofflowerbuddifferentiation, flow-
eringandfruitingwererecorded.Indetail, respective10 indi-
vidualsofcultivatedtypeandwildtypeforeachtestedprove-
nancewereselectedtoobservethefloweringandfruiting
characteristics, includingflowerbuddifferentiation, flowering
characteristicsandfruitingcharacteristics.
ResultsandAnalysis
Growthpatternofbranches
FortheannualgainsofN.domestica, eithercultivated
typeorwildtypegrewquicklyinlengthatjuniorstage(Table
2);one-yearortwo-year-oldseedlinggrewwithanannualrate
of0.4 -1.1 minlengthandof3 -8 mmingrounddiameter.
Whereasthegrowthofsenioronesslowed, thoseseniorthan
four-year-oldgrewslowlyorevenbasicalystoppedgrowing.
Fromtheresultsofmorphologicalobservation, weknow
thatN.domesticagrowserectlywithatrunkinthefirstyear,
thereisnolateralbranchesoroccasionaloccurrenceoflateral
branch;inthesecondyear, apicalbudcontinuouslygrows
AgriculturalScience＆Technology, 2009, 10(1):97-100
Copyright 2009, InformationInstituteofHAAS.Alrightsreserved. Horticulture, GardenandForestry
upwardly, axilarybudsgerminateanddeveloptolateralbuds
extendingaroundthetrunk;afterfouryears, thetrunkstops
growinginheight, butunceasinglybranches, gradualyform-
ingtheclusteredtreecrown.
Table2 DynamicaccumulationofN.domestica
Type Seedlingage∥year
Treeheight∥m
Mean Maximum
Grounddiameter∥cm
Mean Maximum
Cultivated 1 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.29
type 2 0.85 1.36 0.95 1.23
3 1.46 1.77 1.26 1.49
Wild 1 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.35
type 2 0.82 1.32 0.89 1.12
3 1.42 1.75 1.18 1.43
Regardingtotheelongationandfunctionalcharacteris-
tics, N.domesticabranchesgrowtwiceayearinHunanre-
gion, respectivelyformingthespringshootandautumnshoot;
butthepoorandshortonesgrowoneayear, formingthe
springshoot.
Growthcharacteristicsofleaf
Forthecharacteristicsofleafcolorvariationingrowth
process, boththenewlysproutedtenderleafandpetioleare
red(justveryfewindividualsarepeakgreen);withthegrowth
ofleaf, theuppersurfacegradualyturnsdarkgreenwhilethe
lowersurfacegrowstolightgreen;enteringintotheautumn,
theleafcolorchangestodarkredorred.Therelationships
betweenthegrowthpaternofleavesfromnewlygerminated
shootofN.domesticaandgrowthdurationinJulywereclearly
presentedinFig.1 andFig.2.
Curvefittinganalysisshowsthatboththeelongationand
wideningofN.domesticaareconsistentwithLogisticequation
fitingcurves, forwhichtheregressioncoeficientsarehigher
than0.992.Thetwofigures(Fig.1 andFig.2)alsoshow
thatthegrowthofsingleleafofN.domesticainlengthand
widthlastsabout25 d.ThegrowthpatternsofN.domestica
leavesincultivatedtypeandwildtypearebasicalyidentical,
buttheformergrowsmorerapidthanthelater.
Growthofrootanditsdistribution
Torevealthegrowthofrootanddistribution, westudied
therootsystemofN.domestica.ItisfoundthatN.domestica
isadeeproottreespecies, thedistributionofwhoserootis
hugelyinfluencedbythefactorsincludingtreeage, soiltex-
tureandsoildepth.TheseedlingofN.domesticagrowninits
originhasobviousmainrootanddevelopedlateralroots;and
therearemanyfibrousrootsgeneratedbetweenthemainroot
andlateralroots, whichformthereticularrootsystemofN.
domestica.Forthetransplantedplantlets, theirmainroots
werestumpedbecauseoftransplantation, thustheyoften
havenoobviousmainrootbutdevelopedlateralroots.
Observationofthegrowthprocessofone-year-oldseed-
lingofN.domesticashowsthatrootsystemgrowsmorerapid
thantheabovegroundportionatthejuniorstage, e.g.the
mainrootdeepsto14-20 cmdistancetothesoilsurfaceand
manyfibrousrootshavegrown, theheightofaboveground
portionisjust7 -10 cm.Asfortheadulttreeswiththeir
growthceased, themainrootsarecommonly60-80 cmwith
themaximum over150 cm, from whichthereare1 -20
fibrousroots.
Ontheotherhand, perennialwildN.domesticaseedling
grownonunconsolidatedsandyloamsoilorloam, hasaroot
systemwithverticaldistributionmorethan1.5 mdistanceand
lateralrootsmainlydistributinginthesoillayerlowerthan120
cmdistancefromthesoilsurface;whereasthosegrownon
thestickyandthinsoilwithmoregravels, havetheirmainroot
andlateralrootsoftendistributedinthesoillayerclosetothe
surface, andhavetheirrootsystemsusualydistributedvari-
ablywiththechangeofsoillayer.
TheyearlygrowthperiodicityofN.domesticarootsys-
tem, comparedwithabovegroundportion, startsearlierand
ceasedlate.InHunanregion, therootsystemofN.domesti-
cabeginstogrowfromearlyFeb.(about15 dearlierthan
abovegroundportion)andceasesinearlyDec.
Flowerbuddifferentiation
Toinvestigatethedifferentiationsituationofflowerbud,
thebudsfromseedlingsandadultsofboththecultivatedtype
andwildtypeofN.domesticawereobservedbydissection.
N.domesticaisthusprovedtobethekindofdiferentiatingin
thecurrentyearandfruitinginthecomingyear.Belongingto
mixedbudandleafbud, flowerbudisadnatetothetipand
axilofthebranchesgerminatedinthecurrentyear;itsdifer-
entiationdurationcouldbedividedinto7 stagesaccordingto
thetimeseries.ThedetailsituationforeachstageinHunan
regionwaslistedinTable3.
Table3 DiferentiationprocessofflowerbudsofN.domestica
Diferentiationstage Diferentiationperiod
Initialstage MiddleandlateMay
InflorescenceprimordiumformationMiddleJune
Calyxprimordiumformation LateJune
Petalprimordiumformation EarlyJuly
Stamenprimordiumformation MidJuly-lateJuly
Pistilprimordiumformation EarlyAugust-earlySeptember
Finishingstage LateSeptember-earlyOctober
AsshowninTable3, thediferentiationofapicalbudof
N.domesticalastsabout120 dfrommiddleJunetoearlyOc-
tober.Fromtheresultsofobservation, thedifferentiationtime
offlowerbudfromcultivatedtypeandwildtypeslightlyvaried,
98 AgriculturalScience＆TechnologyVol.10, No.1, 2009
e.g.theinitialdiferentiationofflowerbudfromcultivatedtype
N.domesticaoccurredinearlyandmiddleJune, whereasthat
fromwildtypeappearedinlateJune.Evenforaspecificindi-
vidual, thediferentiationtimeofflowerbudfromdifferentad-
natepositionisalsotosomeextentdifferent.Thediferentia-
tionofapicalbudisusualyearlierthanthatoflateralbuds
whichfinishdifferentiationinlaterOctober.
Floweringcharacteristics
N.domesticaisatreespeciesoffloweringafterfrondes-
cence.InHunanregion, mixedbudsburnintobloom and
sproutpanicles, eachofwhichcontainsabout6-100 florets,
mostly10 -40 florets.Eachpanicleincludesboththeher-
maphroditicflowersandstaminateflowers.Fortheflorets,
staminateflowersoftenbegintoblossom earlierthanher-
maphroditicflowers, buttheboomingstageisearlierinthelat-
ter(earlyApril)thanthatoftheformer(middleandlateApril).
Inthepresentstudy, thefirstfloretopenedatJuly3, andthe
lastfloretclosedatJuly28, i.e.theflorescenceis25d.
Eachfloretissubjectedtotheprocessofflowerbud
stage, inthebudstage, initialflowering, petalbursting, slight
closeofpetalandwitheringstage.
Fruitingcharacteristics
TorevealthefruitingcharacteristicsofN.domestica, the
ageoffruitingandmorphologicalchangesoffruitgrowth
processwereobserved, andtheresultsshowedthattheage
ofN.domesticabeginningtofruitvariedduetothedifferent
propagationmodesandcultivationconditions, andtheindivid-
ualvariance.Usualy, theseedlingsbegintoflower2 -3
yearsaftercultivated, andentirelyboomandgradualyenter
intofruitingstage3yearlater.Morphologicaldissectiontomo-
nitorthegrowthprocessofN.domesticafruitshowed, inHu-
nanregion, thatthegrowthperiodfromfloweringtofruitmatu-
ritylasts180 -210 d.Duringthisperiod, thefertilizedher-
maphroditicflowersquicklyexpandtothesuitablesize;tillate
May, theshapeisbasicalyfinalized, butthefruitsare
shrunkenatthistime.Oncethefruitexpansionfinished, fruit
enteredtoquickgrowthstagetillaterOctoberandearlyNo-
vember, whenthegrowthceased.Nowthepericarpturnsred
andfruitgrowstomaturity.
Theresultsalsoshow, duetotheindividualvariation,
thatmaturebaccasofN.domesticaarediferentinvariousin-
dicessuchassize, 1 000-kernelweightandcolor.
Conclusion
EitherthecultivatedtypeorwildtypeofN.domestica
conformstotheLogisticequationingrowthpaternofyearly
newshootgainandleafgain.Yearlygrowthperiodlastsfrom
earlyMarchtoearlyNovember, duringwhichthefirstpeakfor
elongationappearsfrommiddleandlaterMaytoearlyAugust,
andthesecondoneisfrommiddleAugusttoearlySeptem-
ber.Cultivatedtypegrowsfasterthanwildtype, whichmainly
resultsfromtheartificialycontroledconditionfacilitatingthe
growthofN.domesticaviavariousmanagements.One-year
ortwo-year-oldseedlinggrewwithanannualrateof0.4-1.1
minlength, whereasthegrowthofsenioronesslowed, those
seniorthanfour-year-old grew slowly oreven basicaly
stoppedgrowing.InHunanregion, N.domesticabranches
growtwiceayear, respectivelyformingthespringshootand
autumnshoot;boththenewlysproutedtenderleafandpetiole
arered(justveryfewindividualsarepeakgreen);withthe
growthofleaf, theuppersurfacegradualyturnsdarkgreen
whilethelowersurfacegrowstolightgreen;enteringintothe
autumn, theleafcolorchangestodarkredorred.N.domes-
ticaisadeeproottreespecies.Themainrootsoftransplan-
tedplantletswereusualystumpedbecauseoftransplantation,
thustheyoftenhavenoobviousmainrootbutdevelopedlater-
alroots.Therootsystemofone-year-oldseedlingofN.dom-
esticagrowsmorerapidthantheabovegroundportion.N.do-
mesticabelongstothekindofspeciesdiferentiatinginthe
currentyearandfruitinginthecomingyear, itsgrowthperiod
fromfloweringtofruitmaturitylasts180-210d.Inaword, the
characteristicsofvariousstagescouldbeconsideredtotake
correspondingmanagementcountermeasuresinproduction, so
astoobtainbetereconomicbenefitandornamentalefect.
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Responsibleeditor:DUANYong-bo Responsibletranslator:ZhangLei Responsibleproofreader:WUXiao-yan
99LITian.CultivatedCharactersofNandinadomestica
南天竹栽培性状研究
李 湉＊ (湖南省安化县林业局江南林业站 ,湖南安化 413514)
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料 试验于 2005年 4月在湖南长沙中南林业科技大学
植物园试验地进行 ,试材来源见表 1。
表 1 南天竹种质来源
编号 来源 备注 编号 来源 备注
V01 洪江 怀化地区 V08 韶山 湘潭地区
V02 柏加 浏阳地区 V09 张家界 湘西地区
V03 岳阳 岳阳地区 V10 衡山 衡阳地区
V04 黄花 长沙地区 V11 芦淞 株洲地区
V05 邵东 邵阳地区 V12 宜章 郴州地区
V06 桃江 益阳地区 V13 新化 娄底地区
V07 祁阳 永州地区
1.2 试验设计 随机区组试验设计 ,每个种源栽培型 、野生型
各 30株 , 3次重复。试验中各种源的田间管理一致 。
1.3 试验内容
1.3.1 生长特性 。对各种源南天竹栽培型和野生型各选定 10
株 ,分别以每株生长最旺盛的主枝作为测定的标准枝 , 3次重复 。
每 15d测定 1次主枝高度 ,求其日平均生长速度 ,研究其生长特
性;每天早 6:00测定顶生叶的长 、宽 ,直至该叶停止伸长及加宽
生长 ,研究其叶片生长规律 。对栽培型南天竹 1年生实生苗根系生
长过程进行观测 ,研究其根系生长。
1.3.2 开花结果特性及生命周期 。选取野生型 、栽培型南天竹
树各 10株 ,对其开花结果特性 ,包括花芽分化、开花特性 、结果
特性进行观测研究 。
2 结果与分析
2.1 枝干生长规律 栽培型或野生型南天竹新梢的年生长遵
循 Logistic方程的拟合曲线 。年生长期(从 3月初 ～ 11月初),
其高生长在 5月中下旬至 8月上旬出现第 1次生长高峰 , 8月中
旬至 9月上旬出现第 2次小生长高峰 。但是栽培型的生长速度
大于野生型 ,主要原因是栽培型南天竹是在人为控制环境条件
下生长 ,各种经营管理为其生长提供了有利条件 。 1 ～ 2年生苗
木高生长量以每年 0.4 ～ 1.1 m的速度递增;南天竹苗木在第 1
年生长中 ,一般只有 1个主干直立向上生长 ,无侧枝或极少有侧
枝发生;到第 2年时 ,顶芽继续向上生长 ,腋芽萌发并发育成侧
枝 ,向周围伸展;4年后的生长中树体不再增高 ,但不断分枝 ,逐
渐形成丛生的树冠 。 4年生以后的苗木 ,高生长量减缓 ,甚至处
于停滞状态(表 2)。在湖南地区 ,南天竹枝条 1年有 2次生长 ,
分别形成春梢和秋梢 。
表 2 南天竹生长量积累动态
类型 苗龄 树高∥m平均 最高
地径∥cm
平均 最高
栽培型 1 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.29
2 0.85 1.36 0.95 1.23
3 1.46 1.77 1.26 1.49
野生型 1 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.35
2 0.82 1.32 0.89 1.12
3 1.42 1.75 1.18 1.43
2.2 叶片生长特性 南天竹树体新抽生出的嫩叶 、叶柄均为红
色(极个别株为嫩绿色);随着叶片的生长发育 ,叶片的上表面逐
渐变为深绿色 ,叶片背面逐渐变为淡绿色;入秋后 ,叶片又变为
深红色或红色 。南天竹野生型与栽培型新生芽的叶片在 7月份
的生长规律与生长天数的关系见图 1、2(图见第 98页 Fig.1:南
天竹单叶加宽生长规律;Fig.2:南天竹单叶伸长生长规律)。
南天竹叶片的伸长 、加宽生长节律遵循 Logistic方程的拟合
曲线 ,其回归系数均在 0.992以上。南天竹单叶片的伸长 、加宽
生长时间约为 25 d。野生型与栽培型叶片的生长规律基本一
致 ,但栽培型的叶片生长速度大于野生型。
2.3 根系的生长和分布 南天竹为深根性树种 。原生长地的
南天竹实生苗主根明显 、侧根发达 ,在主根和侧根上萌生许多须
根 ,形成了网状的根系。移植苗由于其主根在移植时被砍断 ,往
往主根不明显而侧根发达;对于 1年生实生苗 ,在苗木生长初
期 ,根系生长速度快于地上部分。同时观测得知 ,生长在土质疏
松的沙壤土或壤土上的多年生野生南天竹 ,其根系垂直分布可
达 1.5m以上 ,侧根主要分布在 120cm内的土层中;而在土质黏
重或土层较薄 、石砾较多的土壤上时 ,其主 、侧根一般分布较浅 ,
根系的深度往往随土层厚度不同而有所差异 。南天竹根系的生
长周期 ,较地上部分开始早 ,停止晚 。在湖南地区 ,南天竹根系
开始活动时间在 2月上旬(比地上部分提早 15 d左右),停止活
动时间在 12月上旬。
2.4 花芽分化 南天竹属于当年花芽分化 ,翌年开花结实类
型。花芽属于混合芽和叶芽 ,着生于当年生枝顶端及叶腋部位 ,
其分化过程按时间先后可分为 7个时期 ,在湖南地区南天竹花
芽各部分原基形成、分化的时期见表 3。南天竹顶生花芽的分化
过程 ,从 6月中旬开始到 10月初完成 ,历时约 120 d。南天竹栽
培型和野生型的花芽分化时间稍有差异 。栽培型南天竹 ,其花
芽分化始期出现在 6月上中旬 ,而野生型南天竹的花芽分化始
期出现在 6月下旬 。另外 ,南天竹同一株树上的芽 ,由于其着生
部位不同 ,花芽分化时间也有所不同 。通常顶花芽分化稍早 ,侧
花芽分化相对稍晚 ,但到 10月下旬 ,侧花芽分化全部完成 。
表 3 南天竹花芽分化过程
分化阶段 分化时期
分化始期 5月中下旬
花序原基形成期 6月中旬
花萼原基形成期 6月下旬
花瓣原基形成期 7月上旬
雄蕊原基形成期 7月中旬 ～ 7月下旬
雌蕊原基形成期 8月上旬 ～ 9月上旬
分化完成期 9月下旬 ～ 10月初
2.5 开花特性 南天竹属于先发叶后开花树种 。在湖南地区 ,
每年 3月中下旬混合芽绽放 ,抽生出圆锥状花序 ,每个花序中有
6 ～ 100朵不等的小花 ,其中以 10 ～ 40朵小花为多。每个花序既
有两性花又有雄花 ,按小花开放先后顺序 ,通常先开雄花 ,其次
为两性花盛开期 ,一般 4月上旬为两性花盛开期 , 4月中旬 ～ 4
月下旬又转为雄花盛开期 。从第 1朵小花开放(4月 3日)到最
后 1朵小花闭合(4月 28日),花期长约 25 d。每朵小花的开放
过程包括花蕾期 、含苞欲放期、开放初期 、花瓣绽开 、花瓣微收 、
花瓣萎缩及凋落期等 。
2.6 结果特性 一般实生苗栽植 2 ～ 3年后开始开花 , 3年生
后 ,几乎全部开花 ,并逐渐进入结果期 。在湖南地区 ,南天竹从
开花到果实成熟需 180 ～ 210d。在此期间 ,两性花授粉后 ,果实
迅速膨大并长至应有的大小 ,即到 5月下旬 ,外形接近恒定 ,但
这时果实瘪平。果实膨大生长结束后 ,果实发育进入快速生长阶
段 , 10月底 ～ 11月初 ,生长停止 。果皮变为红色 ,果实发育成熟 。
作者简介 李湉(1967-),女 ,湖南安化人 ,工程师 ,从事森林培育方面
的研究和工作。 ＊通讯作者。
收稿日期 2008-12-01 修回日期 2009-02-16
100 AgriculturalScience＆TechnologyVol.10, No.1, 2009