全 文 ：KaryotypeStudyonScilasciloides(Lindl.)DruceinYantai
WANGAi-yun＊ , ZHAOYan-hong, LIULin-de, WANGLi-juan
SchoolofLifeSciences, LudongUniversity, Yantai264025
Abstract　[ Objective] TheaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatethechromosomenumberandthekaryotypeofScilasciloidesinYantai.[ Method] Root
tipsofScilasciloideswerepretreatedby8-hydroxyquinoline, thenfixed, dissociatedandstainedforsliceproduction.Thechromosomenumberwasana-
lyzedbymicroscopicexamination, andthencelswithgoodchromosomalmorphologyanddispersalchromosomewerestudiedbymicroscopicphotos.[Re-
sult] ThesomaticchromosomenumberofScilasciloidesinYantaiwas2n=16+1Bs, whilethekaryotypeformulawasK(2n)=2x=16+1Bs=6m+4sm
(2SAT)+4st+2t+1Bsandthekaryotypeclassificationwas“3B”type.[ Conclusion] Karyotypecomparison, divisionofceltypeandevolutionofScilasciloidesinYantaiarediscussed, whichprovidesbasisforcytogenetics, evolutionarygenetics, moderntaxonomyandgeneticbreeding.
Keywords　Scilascilloides;Karyotypeanalysis;Chromosome
Received:September28, 2008　　Accepted:November13, 2008
SupportedbytheResearchFundofLudongUniversity(043312).
＊Correspondingauthor.E-mail:wanay1977@126.com
　　Scilasciloides(Lindl.)DrucebelongstoScilaand
LiliaceaeofLilialesfromMonocotyledonofAngiospermae[ 1] .
Itisreportedbytherelateddomesticandforeignliterature
thatthechromosomenumberofScilasciloidesinKoreaand
Japanis2n=16, 18, 22, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36and43[ 2-10] , while
thechromosomenumberofScilasciloidesinChinais2n=
16+1Bs, 18+1Bs, 18+2Bs, 18, 20and34[ 11-14] .Accord-
ingly, thechromosomenumberofScilasciloidesindiferent
areasisvarious, andthereisdiferenceinitskaryotypeor
evenexistsmulti-population[ 11] .Studiesonthechromosome
ofScilasciloidesshowthattherearetwodiferentgenomes
ofA(x=8)andB(x=9), andthefirstpairofchromo-
someingenomeAismchromosome, whilethereisanobvi-
oussateliteintheshortarmofthefirstpairofchromosome
ingenomeB[ 11] .Accordingly, tenkindsoftheceltypehave
beendiscoveredinChinesemainland[ 15] , andtheyareAA
(2n=16), BB(2n=18), AB(2n=17), AAA(2n=
24), BBB(2n=27), AAAA(2n=32), AABB(2n=34),
BBBB(2n=36), ABBB(2n=35), AABBB(2n=43).
ResearchprogresinkaryotypesofScilasciloidesindi-
catesthattherearepolymorphismsinthechromosomeconsti-
tutionofScilasciloidesandvariousceltypes.Thechromo-
somenumberandthekaryotypeofScilasciloidesinYantai
werefirststudiedinthisexperiment, anditskaryotypewas
comparedwiththekaryotypeofScilasciloidesinotherare-
as, whichprovidedbasisforcytogenetics, evolutionaryge-
netics, moderntaxonomyandgeneticbreeding.
MaterialsandMethods
Materials
ScilasciloideswerecolectedfromZhenshanofYantai,
ShandongProvince.
Methods
RoottipsofScilasciloideswerepretreatedby0.002
mol/L 8-hydroxyquinolinefor4 hours, then fixed by
Carnoy sfluidfor24hoursintherefrigerator, dissociatedby
hydrochlorideat60 ℃for60minandstainedbycarbolfuch-
sinforsliceproduction.Thechromosomenumberwasana-
lyzedbymicroscopicexamination, andthencelswithgood
chromosomalmorphologyanddispersalchromosomewere
studiedaccordingtomicroscopicphotosphotographedby
multifunctionalOlympusBX50 System Microscope with
OlympusDP70 digitalcamera.Karyotypeanalysiswasinves-
tigatedaccordingtothestandardreportedbyLIMao-xueand
CHENRui-yang[ 16] , whilekaryotypeclassificationwasstud-
iedwithreferencetothedivisiondescribedbyStebbins[ 17] .
ResultsandAnalysis
50 metaphasecelswithdispersalchromosomewereob-
servedinthisstudy, andthechromosomenumberof44cels
was2n=16+1Bsaccountingforover85% ofthetotalnum-
berofcels, sothechromosomenumberofScilasinensiswas
2n=16 +1Bs.ThekaryotypeanalysisofScilasciloidesin
Yantai(Table1 andFig.1)showedthatthekaryotypefor-
mulawasK(2n)=2x=16+1Bs=6m+4sm(2SAT)+4st+
2t+1Bswiththreepairs(thefirstpair, thesixthpairand
theeighthpair)ofmetacentriccentromeres(m), twopairs
(thesecondpairandtheseventhpair)ofsubmetacentric
centromeres(sm)whichhadaintercalarysateliteinthesec-
ondpair, twopairs(thethirdpairandthefifthpair)ofsub-
telocentriccentromeres(st), onepair(theforthpair)of
telocentriccentromeres(t)andoneChromosomeBwithout
centromere.Thevariationrangeofthetotallengthofgenome
was55.65 -73.70 μmwithaveragetotallengthof64.60
μm, whiletheratioofthelongesttotheshortestchromosome
was2.99 and63% ofchromosomeshadthearmratiomore
than2, soitskaryotypewas“3B” type.
Discussion
KaryotypecomparisonofdiferentpopulationsofScila
sciloides
ThekaryotypecomparisonofScilasciloideswiththe
celtypeI(2n=16+1Bs)[ 11] betweenYantaiandWuhuin
AnhuiProvincesuggestthatbothofthembelongto3Btype,
andthenumberofautosomesisthesameasthatofchromo-
AgriculturalScience＆Technology, 2008, 9(5):99-101
Copyright 2008, InformationInstituteofHAAS.Alrightsreserved. Horticulture, GardenandForestry
someB, buttherearestilsomediferencesinchromosome
types.Firstly, thereisdiferenceinthechromosomenumber
ofScilasciloidesbetweenYantaiandotherareas, sosimi-
laritiesanddiferencesofitskaryotypearenotdiscusedin
thisstudyanymore.
Table1　ChromosomeparametersofScilasciloidesfromYantai
Serialnumber
ofchromosome Relativelength∥%　　　 Armratio Type
1 10.37+11.61=21.98 1.12 m
2 3.41+1.41＊ +10.37=15.19 2.15 sm
3 2.52+9.91=12.43 3.93 st
4 1.29+10.47=11.76 8.14 t
5 2.04+8.67=10.71 4.24 st
6 4.44+5.14=9.58 1.16 m
7 2.43+7.04=9.47 2.90 sm
8 3.33+4.03=7.36 1.21 m
Bs 1.52 ∞ T
“＊” meantthesatelite, whilethelengthofsatelliteandchromosomeB
wereconcludedinthetotallengthofchromosomecomplement.
Fig.1　Chromosomemorphology, karyotypeandidiogramofScila
sciloidesfromYantai
　　Thekaryotypediferenceinvariouspopulationsisrelat-
edtothebiologicalevolution.ItisreportedbyStebbinsand
Levitskythatthekaryotypeevolutioninfloweringplants, es-
pecialyinLiliaceousplants, ismainlytrendtoenhancethe
asymmetryincreasingly[ 17-18] .Theasymmetryofkaryotype
evolutionbecomesgreaterintheorderofmaterialsfromLan-
gyaMountaininAnhui(thekaryotypeis2Btype), Wuhu,
Yantai(thekaryotypeis3Btype)andHangzhou(thekaryo-
typeis3Ctype), whichfurtherprovesthattheevolutionary
tendencyofScila sciloidesisprobablyfrom westto
east[ 11-12] .
Divisionofceltype
ThechromosomenumberofScilasciloidesinYantaiis
2n=16+1Bs.Accordingtocharacteristicsofgenomerepor-
tedbythepreviousresearchprogresinkaryotypesofScila
sciloidesandTable1, Scilasciloidesnotonlybelongstoge-
nomeAwithx=8, butalsoitsfirstchromosomeismchro-
mosome, sotheceltypeofScilasciloidesinYantaiisa
typical“3B” type.
Formationofintercalarysatelite
Thereisaconstrictionnearcentromereonsomechromo-
somes, andsmalsatelites, alsoknownasintercalarysatel-
lites, arecausedbychromosometranslocationorparacentric
inversionbetweencontromereandthesecondaryconstriction.
Accordingtothetheoryofcytogenetics, paracentricinversion
ortranslocationonlyhaveminornegativeefectsinspecies
evolution, whichisthemostpossiblemethodforchromosome
rearangementinevolution.Therefore, theformationofinter-
calarysatelitesisprobablyrelatedtothebiologicalevolu-
tion.
ChromosomeB
ChromosomeB, alsoknownassupermumerarychromo-
some, isunstableinthetransmision, whichleadstothe
diferenceofchromosomenumberandmorphologyinpopula-
tionsandindividuals.Forexample, thereisnochromosome
BinmaterialsfromHangzhou(2n=18)andTaiwan(2n=
34)inChina[ 12, 14] , butonechromosomeinmaterialsfrom
WuhuandYantai[ 11] , andtwochromosomesinmaterialsfrom
LangyaMountaininAnhui[ 11] .Furthermore, chromosomeB
hasmultiplebenefitsontheheredity, growthanddevelop-
mentofplants, whichhasefectsonmorphologicalcharacters
ofplants, decreasesthegrowthrateofplantsanditsfertility,
increasestheadaptabilityofplantsunderbadenvironment,
regulatesthevariationamountandenhancesthecrosoverre-
combinationrateofnormalchromosomesinmeiosis[ 19-20] .
However, biologicalefectsofchromosomeBinScilascil-
loidesneedsfurtherstudy.
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烟台绵枣儿的核型研究
王爱云＊ ,赵彦宏 ,刘林德 ,王丽娟　(鲁东大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264025)
　　笔者首次报道了烟台绵枣儿的染色体数目和核型情况 ,将
其与其他地区材料的核型进行比较 ,以期为细胞遗传学 、进化遗
传学 、现代分类学 、遗传育种等提供研究依据 。
1　材料与方法
1.1　材料　绵枣儿采自山东省烟台市蓁山。
1.2　方法　取绵枣儿的根尖用 0.002 mol/L8-羟基喹啉溶液预
处理 4h,卡诺氏液在冰箱中固定 24 h,以盐酸 60℃解离 6 min,
再用改良苯酚品红染色液染色后制片。镜检并统计染色体数
目 ,然后选用染色体形态好且分散的细胞 ,在配有 OlympusDP70
数码摄像头的多功能 OlympusBX50系统显微镜下拍照分析。
核型分析按照李懋学、陈瑞阳报道的标准进行 ,核型分类参照
Stebbins的方法划分。
2　结果与分析
试验共观察了 50个染色体分散良好的分裂相细胞 ,其中 44
个细胞的染色体数目为 2n=16+1Bs,占观察细胞总数的 85%
以上 ,故确定其染色体数目为 2n=16+1Bs。烟台绵枣儿的核型
分析(表 1,图见第 100页 Fig.1:烟台绵枣儿的染色体形态 、核
型 、核型模式)表明:其核型公式为 K(2n)=2x=16+1Bs=6m+
4sm(2SAT)+4st+2t+1Bs。烟台绵枣儿具 3对 (即第 1、6、8
对)中部着丝粒染色体(m);2对(即第 2、7对)近中部着丝粒染
色体(sm),其中第 2对染色体含有居间随体;2对(即第 3、5对)
近端部着丝粒染色体 (st);1对 (即第 4对)端部着丝粒染色体
(t);另外 ,还有 1条 B染色体 ,未见其着丝点 。染色体组总长度
变异范围为 55.65 ～ 73.70μm,染色体组平均总长度为 64.60
μm,最长与最短染色体比值为 2.99,臂比值大于 2的染色体比
例为 0.63 ,核型属于 “3B”型 。
3　讨论
3.1　不同居群材料的核型比较　烟台绵枣儿材料与安徽芜湖
材料细胞型 I(2n=16+1Bs)核型比较 ,结果表明尽管两者所属
类型均为 3B型 ,其常染色体和 B染色体的数目亦相同 ,但染色
体的类型仍有一定差异 。烟台材料与其他地区材料相比 ,首先
存在染色体数目差异 ,故不再具体讨论其核型结构的异同 。
不同居群的核型差异与生物进化有一定的关系 , Stebbins和
Levitsky认为在有花植物中 ,尤其是百合科植物中 ,核型进化的
主要倾向是不对称性的不断增强 。从安徽琅玡山材料(核型为
2B)到安徽芜湖 、烟台材料(核型为 3B),再到杭州材料(核型为
3C),核型不对称性依次增强 ,进一步证明了绵枣儿的进化路线
可能是由西向东 。
　　表 1 烟台绵枣儿的染色体参数
染色体序号 相对长度∥%　　　 臂比 类型
1 10.37+11.61=21.98 1.12 m
2 3.41+1.41＊ +10.37=15.19 2.15 sm
3 2.52+9.91=12.43 3.93 st
4 1.29+10.47=11.76 8.14 t
5 2.04+8.67=10.71 4.24 st
6 4.44+5.14=9.58 1.16 m
7 2.43+7.04=9.47 2.90 sm
8 3.33+4.03=7.36 1.21 m
Bs 1.52 ∞ T
注:＊表示随体;随体和 B染色体长度计算在染色体组总长度中。
3.2　细胞型划分 　因烟台绵枣儿的染色体数目为 2n=16+
1Bs,据前文绵枣儿核型研究进展中关于染色体组特征的介绍和
表 1的试验结果 ,其不仅属于 x=8的 A染色体组 ,且第 1对染
色体为 m染色体 ,故得出烟台绵枣儿的细胞型为典型的 AA型。
3.3　居间随体的形成　一些染色体紧靠着丝粒处有一处缢痕 ,
在着丝粒与次缢痕之间的由染色体易位或臂内倒位所致的小型
随体 ,即居间随体 。根据细胞遗传学理论:臂内倒位或易位在物
种进化中只有较小的负效应 ,因而是进化中最可能的染色体重
排方式 。因此推测居间随体的形成可能与生物进化有关 。
3.4　B染色体　B染色体也称超数染色体 ,在传递中有不稳定
性 ,常常造成染色体数目和形态在种群和个体中的差异 ,如我国
杭州材料(2n=18)、台湾材料(2n=34)等均不含 B染色体 ,安
徽芜湖材料和烟台材料均含 1个 B染色体 ,安徽琅玡山材料有 2
个 B染色体 。而且 B染色体对植物的遗传、生长 、发育有多重效
益 ,如影响植物的形态特征 、降低植物生长速率和可育性、提高
植物对不良环境的适应性 、调节变异量和提高减数分裂时正常
染色体的交叉重组率等 。但绵枣儿 B染色体的生物学作用还有
待于进一步研究 。
基金项目　鲁东大学校基金(043312)资助。
作者简介　王爱云(1977-),女,山东惠民人, 硕士,讲师,从事植物遗
传学方面的研究。＊通讯作者。
收稿日期　2008-09-28　　修回日期　2008-11-13
101WANGAi-yunetal.KaryotypeStudyonScilasciloides(Lindl.)DruceinYantai