全 文 ：柏木优树子代苗期测定
谭小梅 1*，周益权 2，周小舟 1 （1.重庆市林业
科学研究院，重庆 400036；2.重庆市中药研究
院，重庆 400065）
摘 要 [目的 ] 充分利用柏木种源 、家系间
广泛的遗传变异进行良种选育和遗传改良 。
[方法] 以来自重庆市和浙江省千岛湖的 4 个
种源 34 个柏木优树家系 2 年生苗为材料，研
究家系和种源间苗期生长性状的差异性。 [结
果] 苗高与地径在家系和种源间均存在极显
著差异 ， 家系间变异系数分别为 11.37%和
18.89% ， 种源间变异系数分别为 7.25%和
12.58%。 [结论] 柏木的苗高与地径在家系和
种源间存在较为丰富的变异，具有选育潜力。
关键词 柏木；优树；苗期性状；家系；早期选择
基金项目 重庆市科技攻关计划项目“珍贵用
材柏木种质资源收集、保护与繁育技术研究”；
重庆市财政林木良种繁育体系建设专项“木本
油料种质资源库建设”； 重庆市财政野生动植
物保护及自然保护区建设项目“南川木波罗繁
育关键技术研究”。
作者简介 谭小梅（1980-），女，四川眉山人，
博士，从事林木遗传育种研究。 * 通讯作者，E-
mail：Txmzyq2006@126.com。
收稿日期 2014-07-31
修回日期 2014-08-25
Nursery Testing of Superior Tree Progeny of
Cupressus funebris
Xiaomei TAN1*, Yiquan ZHOU2, Xiaozhou ZHOU1
1. Chongqing Academy of Forestry Sciences, Chongqing 400036, China;
2. Chongqing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, China
Supported by Key Science and Technology Program of Chongqing; Foundation for
Forest Tree Breeding in Chongqing; National Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve
Construction Project.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: Txmzyq2006@126.com
Received: July 31, 2014 Accepted: August 25, 2014A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2014, 15(9): 1562-1566
Copyright訫 2014, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Forestry
C upressus funebris (Cupres-saceae: Cupressus) is ever-green tall tree. It is character-
ized by good adaptability, drought re-
sistance, barren resistance, quick
growing and fast yield. It prefers lime-
stone soil. Its mood has moderate
hardness, smooth cutting plane, fine
and uniform structure, small shrinkage
and high corrosion resistance. More-
over, it is easy to process. There is an
old saying that ‘thousand-year-old
catalpa, and ten-thousand-year-old
cypresses’. Cupressus funebris is a
fine timber for decorating, fine furni-
ture, carving and plywood. It will be the
main update species for resisting pine
Wilt disease, and also be the main re-
placer for Pinus massoniana Lamb.
Therefore, in recent years, Cupressus
funebris has been widely planted in
Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Zhe-
jiang and other provinces in southern
China. The researches about Cupres-
sus funebris have aroused much at-
tention gradually. Currently, Cupres-
sus funebris has been researched
preliminarily from the aspects of
seed-orchard building [1], light-matrix
nursery [2], afforestation techniques [3-5],
etc. However, the reaches about the
breeding of Cupressus funebris are
rare[6-7]. In order to breed selectively
superior Cupressus funebris variety
and improve is genetic traits based on
the extensive genetic variation among
provenances and families of Cupres-
sus funebris, the differences in growth
traits among different provenances
and families were investigated in this
study.
Overview of Test Site
The test was carried out in a
nursery base, located in Geleshan
Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing
City. It had an altitude of 500 m. Its
annual average temperature was 17. 9
℃ , annual precipitation was 1 204.4
mm, annual relative humidity was 79%
and annual average sunshine ratio
was 27%.
Abstract [Objective] Breeding and genetic improvement for Cupressus funebris was
performed based on the extensive genetic variation among provenances and fami-
lies. [Method] The two-year-old Cupressus funebris, from 4 provenances and 34
superior Cupressus funebris families introduced from Chongqing and Qiandao Lake
of Zhejiang Province, was used as test material, and the differences in growth traits
among provenances and families at the seedling stage of Cupressus funebris were
investigated. [Result] The height and ground diameter of seedlings differed signifi-
cantly among provenances and families. Their variation coefficients among families
were 11.37% and 18.89%, and among provenances were 7.25% and 12.58% re-
spectively. [Conclusion] There was relatively rich genetic variation in height and
ground diameter among provenances and families of Cupressus funebris. It has a
certain breeding potential.
Key words Cupressus funebris; Superior tree; Seedling trait; Family; Early selection
Agricultural Science & Technology2014
Material and Methods
Test material
The superior tree seeds were col-
lected in Chongqing and Qiandao
Lake of Zhejiang Province in Novem-
ber, 2011. The 34 superior families
were originated from Youyang County
of Chongqing Province (6), Zhong
County of Chongqing Province (7),
Fengdu County of Chongqing Pro-
vince(6) and Qiandao Lake of Zhejiang
Province (15). The control was general
commercial seeds.
Test methods
Nursing
Seedbed preparation The test soil
was plowed deeply (25 -30 cm) in
January, 2012. The basal fertilizer
(compound fertilizer, 20 g/m2) was ap-
plied during the plowing [8 ] . After the
plowing, the soil was compacted
slightly, and then spread with a layer of
sand in depth of 10 cm for the prepa-
ration of seedbed (width, 1.0 m; height,
25-30 cm). The bed center was a little
high. There were open drains around
the seedbed. The internal drains were
relatively shallow, and the outside
drains were relatively deep. The pre-
pared seedbed was sprayed with 50%
carbendazim with the dilution of 1 ∶500
for disinfection. The seedbed was
watered thoroughly 3 d before the
sowing.
Seed treatment The disinfection
and germination-promoting treatments
were carried out for seeds before
the sowing. The seeds were soaked
in 0.5% potassium permanganate for
2 h for disinfection [9], and then rinsed
3 times with clear water and 30 min for
each time. The seeds were soaked in
warm water (40 ℃) for 24 h before the
sowing.
Sowing The seeds were sowed on
January 12th, 2012. The soaked seeds
were mixed with triple wet sand, and
then spread in the seedbed. Subse-
quently, the seedbed was covered
with 1 cm thick sand. There was a
sowing area of 1 m2 for each superior
family. The water was sprayed after
the sowing, and then the plastic sheds
were built for keeping moisture. The
watering was performed regularly for
keeping the seedbed moist.
Transplanting When the seedlings
were in height of 8-10 cm, they were
transplanted in nutrition bags on cold
rainy days. The randomized complete
block design was adopted. There were
80 transplanted seedlings for each
family and there were 10 plants in
each row.
Survey on growth traits at the
seedling stage The survey was
carried out in October, 2013, after the
seedlings stopped growing. We se-
lected 3 rows randomly, a total of 30
plants, for each family. The 10 plants
in each row were treated as one re-
peat. The height of seedlings was
measured with steel tape by cm. One
digit after the decimal point was re-
tained. The ground diameter was
measured with sliding caliper by mm.
One digit after the decimal point was
retained.
Determination of kilo-grain weight
The kilo-grain weight was measured
with electronic balance with 0.001 g
accuracy. One digit after the decimal
point was retained.
Data processing and analysis
The test data was processed with
Excel. The analysis of variance was
performed by using SPSS 13.0.
Results and Analysis
Comparative analysis of kilo-grain
weight of different variety-origin
seeds
The kilo -grain weight ranged
among 2.4-4.0 g among four different
variety-origin Cupressus funebris. The
average kilo -grain weight ranged
among 3.0-3.8 g, and the total average
kilo-grain weight was 3.4 g. The Zhe-
jiang-origin Cupressus funebris had
the highest kilo-grain weight (3.8 g),
which was higher than total average
kilo-grain weight by 11.8%, and higher
than the control by 15.2% . The kilo-
grain weights of Fengdu-origin and
Zhongxian-origin Cupressus funebris
were close (3.4 g vs. 3.5 g). The
Youyang-origin Cupressus funebris
had the lowest kilo-grain weight,
which was lower than the control by
9.1% , and lower than the total aver-
age kiloVgrain weight by 11.84%. The
variation coefficient ranged among
9.8%-27.2% among four variety-ori-
gin Cupressus funebris. The average
variation coefficient was 17.7%, indi-
cating Cupressus funebris had a large
variation.
Differences in seedling traits am-
ong different superior families
The seedlings began to emerge
24 d after the sowing. The seedlings
with relatively high germination rate
were uniform and neat. The seedling
height and ground diameter of tested
families was shown in Table 2, and the
results of variance analysis of seedling
height and ground diameter were
shown in Table 3. The results showed
that the seedling height and ground di-
ameter differed significantly among dif-
ferent families, which provided a possi-
bility for the selection of early-period
fast-growing superior families. The av-
erage seedling height was 68.47 cm,
which was higher than the control by
3.91%. The average ground diameter
was 7.64 mm, which was higher than
the control by 13.97% . The variation
coefficients of seedling height and
ground diameter were 11.37% and
18.89% respectively. The families with
relatively fast growth of seedling height
included Fengdu 04, Fengdu 03,
Fengdu 01, Fengdu 05, Zhejiang 11
and Zhongxian 13, of which the aver-
age seedling height was above 75.74
cm. The families with relatively slow
growth of seedling height included
Zhejiang 14, Youyang 08, Zhejiang 13,
Youyang 07 and Youyang 01, of which
the average seedling height was be-
tween 47.93 cm and 59.67 cm. Con-
sidering the ground diameter, Fengdu
04, Zhejiang 15, Fengdu 03 and
Fengdu 05 had relatively fast growth
with the ground diameter ranging
Table 1 Kilo-grain weight of superior tree seeds of different variety of Cupressus funebris
Trait Kilo-grainweight∥g
Average kilo-grain
weight∥g
Variation
coefficient∥%
Youyang 2.5-3.9 3.0 18.2
Fengdu 3.0-3.9 3.4 9.8
Zhongxian 3.0-4.0 3.5 15.6
Zhejiang 2.4-4.0 3.8 27.2
Control 3.3 3.3 -
1563
Agricultural Science & Technology 2014
among 9.8 -12 mm; Youyang 07,
Youyang 03, Zhejiang 14, Youyang 08
and Zhejiang 13 had relatively slow
growth with the ground diameter being
all less than 6.5 mm.
Differences in seedling traits am-
ong different variety-origin superior
families
The results of seedling height and
ground diameter of the four variety-
origin Cupressus funebris were shown
in Table 4. The results of variance
analysis of seedling height and ground
diameter were shown in Table 5. The
results showed the Fengdu-origin Cu-
pressus funebris, with average
seedling height of 75.62 cm and aver-
age ground diameter of 9.7 mm, had
the highest seedling height and ground
diameter among four variety-origin Cu-
pressus funebris, which were higher
than the control by 14.7% and 44.78%
respectively. The Zhongxian-origin
and Zhejiang-origin Cupressus fune-
bris was only second to Fengdu-origin
Cupressus funebris in seedling height
and ground diameter. Their seedling
height and ground diameter were 69.9
cm, 7.4 mm and 66.1 cm, 7.3 mm re-
spectively. The Youyang-origin Cu-
pressus funebris had the lowest
seedling height and ground diameter,
which were lower than that of Fengdu-
origin Cupressus funebris by 14.94%
and 29.90% respectively. The results
of variance analysis showed seedling
height and ground diameter differed
significantly among different variety-
origin Cupressus funebris, and their
variation coefficients were 7.25% and
12.58% respectively. It was indicated
that carrying out the selection of
provenance was necessary, and this
could provide a wealth of candidate
material for breeding.
Correlation analysis
The correlation analysis was per-
formed among seedling height, ground
diameter, parent plant height, parent
diameter at breast height and kilo-
grain weight of superior families. The
results were shown in Table 6. As
shown in Table 6, the seedling height
was positively related to the ground di-
ameter, indicating the growth of
ground diameter could promote the
growth of seedling height to some ex-
tent. The seedling height and ground
diameter of superior families were pos-
itively related to the parent plant
height, diameter at breast height and
kilo-grain weight, but the correlation
was not significant. This might be due
Table 2 Seedling height and ground diameter of different superior
families of Cupressus funebris
Family Seedling height∥cm Ground diameter∥mm
Fengdu 01 78.00 8.3
Fengdu 02 71.87 8.7
Fengdu 03 77.91 11.1
Fengdu 04 75.74 9.8
Fengdu 05 78.27 12.0
Fengdu 08 71.93 8.1
Youyang 01 59.67 6.9
Youyang 02 73.27 7.4
Youyang 03 64.20 5.8
Youyang 04 73.47 8.6
Youyang 07 59.33 5.6
Youyang 08 56.00 6.3
Zhongxian 03 70.00 7.1
Zhongxian 04 61.53 7.0
Zhongxian 05 70.93 7.1
Zhongxian 08 73.80 8.4
Zhongxian 10 63.20 7.0
Zhongxian 12 64.53 7.1
Zhongxian 13 85.33 8.8
Zhejiang 01 72.27 8.5
Zhejiang 02 73.47 6.7
Zhejiang 03 64.47 7.9
Zhejiang 04 71.77 7.8
Zhejiang 05 71.40 8.2
Zhejiang 06 65.70 6.9
Zhejiang 07 64.67 7.3
Zhejiang 08 70.47 6.5
Zhejiang 09 61.17 6.5
Zhejiang 10 65.13 6.5
Zhejiang 11 80.27 7.1
Zhejiang 12 65.90 7.0
Zhejiang 13 57.60 6.4
Zhejiang 14 47.93 6.3
Zhejiang 15 67.00 10.27
Control 65.93 6.7
Table 3 Variance analysis on seedling height and ground diameter
of different superior families of Cupressus funebris
Trait
Seedling height Ground diameter
df MeanSquare F df
Mean
Square F
Families 33 181.810 3.604** 33 16.247 641.93**
Error 68 50.444 68 0.025
Sum 101 101
Table 4 Seedling height and ground diameter of different variety-
origin superior families
Provenance Seedlingheight∥cm
Ground
diameter∥mm
Fengdu 75.62 9.7
Youyang 64.32 6.8
Zhongxian 69.90 7.4
Zhejiang 66.10 7.3
Variation coefficient∥% 7.25 12.58
Control 65.93 6.7
Table 5 Variance analysis on seedling height and ground diameter
of different variety-origin superior families
Trait
Seedling height Ground diameter
df Meansquare F df
Mean
square F
Provenances 3 475.23 5.818** 3 56.62 15.08**
Error 98 81.68 98 3.76
Sum 101 101
Table 6 Correlation coefficients of different traits
Trait Grounddiameter
Parent plant
height
Parent
diameter at
breast height
Kilo-grain
weight
Seedling
height 0.578
** 0.194 0.168 0.174
Ground
diameter - 0.135 0.195 0.024
1564
Agricultural Science & Technology2014
to the unstable expression of growth
traits at the seedling stage.
Assessing on fast-growing families
at the seedling stage
The growth traits, such as
seedling height, ground diameter, etc.,
were the main indicators for the selec-
tion of superior families [ 10-11 ] . In this
study, the seedling height and ground
diameter of 2-year-old Cupressus fu-
nebris container seedlings were treat-
ed as the main considered traits and
the kilo-grain weight was treated as
the auxiliary trait for the selection of
fast-growing superior families at the
seedling stage. With the elimination
rate of 85% , 5 superior Cupressus
funebris families were selected. As
shown in Table 7, the seedling height
and ground diameter of the 5 selected
superior Cupressus funebris families
showed a significant advantage. A-
mong them, Zhongxian 13 showed the
highest seedling height with average
value of 78 cm, which was higher than
total average and control seedling
height by 24.62% and 29.49% . Feng
05 had the highest ground diameter
(12 mm), which was higher than the
total average and control ground di-
ameter by 57.75% and 79.1% . The
average seedling height of the 5 se-
lected superior families was 79.04 cm,
which was higher than the total aver-
age seedling height of the 34 tested
families (68.47 cm) by 15.43% , and
higher than that of the control by
19.94%. The average ground diameter
of the 5 selected superior families was
9.99 mm, which was higher than the
total average ground diameter of the
34 tested families (7.61 mm) by
31.37% , and higher than that of the
control by 49.15% . The increase of
the seedling height for the 5 selected
superior families was higher than the
total average increase by 10.55% -
24.62%. The increase of the ground di-
ameter for the 5 selected superior
families was higher than the total aver-
age increase by 8.67%-57.75%.
Discussion and Conclu-
sions
(1) The variation coefficient of
kilo-grain weight of the 4 variety-origin
Cupressus funebris was 9.8%-27.2%,
and the average variation coefficient
was 17.7% , indicating the kilo-grain
weight differed significantly among dif-
ferent variety-origin Cupressus fune-
bris, and the selective breeding, based
on the seed quality, would have a cer-
tain potential.
(2) There was significant differ-
ence in seedling height and ground di-
ameter of 34 tested 2-year-old superi-
or Cupressus funebris families, indicat-
ing there was a great space and poten-
tial for the selective breeding of superi-
or families, and the fast-growing and
high-quality Cupressus funebris fami-
lies could be screened by selective
breeding and other methods.
(3) There was significant differ-
ence in seedling height and ground di-
ameter among 4 variety-origin Cupres-
sus funebris. Their variation coeffi-
cients were 7.25% and 12.58%. It was
indicated that the variation in seedling
height and ground diameter was rich
among different provenances and it
was necessary to carry out prove-
nance selection. In addition, the high-
quality breeding material could be
screened by provenance selection.
(4) According to the elimination
rate of 85%, 5 superior Cupressus fu-
nebris families (Feng 05, Feng 03,
Feng 04, Feng 01 and Zhongxian 13)
were selected, providing a valuable
breeding information for the selective
breeding and genetic improvement of
superior Cupressus funebris varieties.
(5) The seedling height and
ground diameter showed a significant
difference among different prove-
nances and families, indicating that the
variation was rich and this could pro-
vide a wealth of genetic resources for
genetic improvement of Cupressus
funebris. So the high-quality resources
among different provenances and
families should be collected, preserved
and utilized reasonably. Since the for-
est growth and development cycle is
long, progeny test takes long time and
selective breeding of superior varieties
is difficult, the early-period selection
has been an important topic for the
tree breeding researchers to shorten
the breeding cycle and improve the ef-
ficiency of genetic improvement [12-14].
The screening of early-period selection
of fast-growing superior Cupressus fu-
nebris families and correlation analysis
between early and later trait perfor-
mance for the determination of selec-
tive age would provide a theoretical
basis for shortening breeding cycle of
superior Cupressus funebris varieties.
The trait performance was not stable
at the seedling stage and the seedling
growth could not represent the ma-
tured performance, so this study was
periodical and could only provide a ref-
erence for the early-period selection of
superior Cupressus funebris families.
Therefore, the afforestation experi-
ment was needed to carry out for the
tracking observation of trait perfor-
mance at different growth stages of su-
perior families. Only in this way can we
screen superior families with fast-
growing, high quality-wood and strong-
resistance properties. The screened
superior families could be promoted
and applied in appropriate areas.
(6) The screened 5 early-period
fast-growing superior families were all
Table 7 Early-period fast-growing superior families
Family
Seedling height Ground diameter
Measured
values∥cm
> Total
average∥% > Control∥%
Measured
values∥mm
> Total
average∥% > Control∥%
Feng 05 78.27 14.30 18.77 12.00 57.75 79.10
Feng 03 77.90 13.76 18.21 11.10 45.92 65.67
Feng 04 75.70 10.55 14.87 9.80 28.83 46.27
Feng 01 78.00 13.91 18.36 8.27 8.67 23.38
Zhong 13 85.33 24.62 29.49 7.80 15.69 31.34
Average 79.04 15.43 19.94 9.99 31.37 49.15
1565
Agricultural Science & Technology 2014
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Responsible editor: Xiaoxue WANG Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
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(Continued from page 1561)
Responsible editor: Tingting XU Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
local provenances in Chongqing.
Since the trait performance was dif-
ferent among different growth stages,
the screened superior provenances
and families might be different at
different growth stages[10-11, 15]. Some
provenances and families might grow
slowly in the early stages but grow
fastly in the later stages, and some
provenances and families might grow
fastly in the early stages but grow
slowly in the later stages. Therefore,
long-term observation was necessary
in order to provide important scientific
and technological support for the se-
lective breeding and genetic improve-
ment of superior Cupressus funebris
varieties.
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