全 文 ：Journal of Forestry Research, 17(1): 47–49 (2006) 47


Horizontal distribution of ectomycorrhizal infection in Dipterocarpus turbi-
natus plantations of Bangladesh

S. M. S. Huda*1, M. B. Uddin1, M. M. Haque1, M A.U. Mridha2 and M. K. Bhuiyan1
1 Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.
2Department of Botany, University of Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F) is a highly ectomycorrhizal tree species growing in hilly areas of Bangladesh.
The horizontal distributions of ectomycorrhizas (ECM) in different distances (1, 2, 3 & 4m) from the tree base were determined in 5, 10
and 20-year-old D. turbinatus plantations of Chittagong University Campus (CUC) in 2003. The ECM infection (%) in roots was counted
at three hill positions (top, mid and bottom) for each of the plantations. Samples of 1000 cm3 rhizosphere soil were collected from under-
neath the trees at different horizontal distances. The percentage of infection at different distances and hill elevations varied considerably.
In 5 and 10-year-old plantations, the occurrence of infection (%) was rapidly declined with increasing distances，while in 20-year-old
plantation, the infection increased sharply with increasing distances from the tree base. The highest infection (81.33%) was found at 4 m
distance from the tree at bottom hill in 20-year-old plantation and the lowest (55.33%) at the same distance at the top of the hill in
5-year-old plantation.
Keywords: Dipterocarpus turbinatus plantation; Garjan; Ectomycorrhizas; Horizontal Distribution; Infection; Bangladesh
CLC number: S718.81 Document code: A Article ID: 1007-662X(2006)01-0047-03



Introduction

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, locally known as ‘Telly Garjan’, is
a commercially important timber species naturally grown in Hill
Forests of Bangladesh. It also grows in tropical evergreen and
semi evergreen forests of the Andamans, greater part of Myan-
mer, Chittagong Hill Tracts and Cox’s Bazar. The wood is good
for making lorry bodies, boat building, railway sleepers, trans-
mission poles and other construction purposes (Das 1980). My-
corrhizas are the symbiotic association between specialized root
inhabiting fungi and the roots of living plants (Lee 1998). They
play a significant role in plant nutrition, growth improvement,
successful afforestation, reforestation, bio-control of pathogens
and land reclamation programmes (Marx 1977; Rawat et al.
2003). All members of the Dipterocarpaceae so far examined are
ectomycorrhizas (Singh 1966; Bakshi 1974; Hong 1979; de Al-
wis and Abeyanake 1980; Ashton 1982; Becker 1983; Alexander
and Högberg 1986; Smits 1994; Aniwat 1987; Hadi and Santoso
1988 and Hadi et al. 1991). They increase the tolerance of trees
against drought, high soil temperatures, organic and inorganic
toxins and extreme soil acidity (Lee 1998). Although a consid-
erable amount of work was done on ECM in different parts of the
world (Becker 1983; Hadi and Santoso 1988; Yasman 1993;
Zarate et al. 1993), little has been done in Bangladesh (Shayesta
and Choudhury 1985; Rahman and Mridha 2004). The present
study was undertaken to explore the horizontal distribution of
ECMs in 5, 10 and 20-year-old D. turbinatus plantations at three
hill positions (top, mid and bottom).



Biography: S. M. Shamsul Huda (1997-), *Corresponding author, male,
Lecturer in the Institute of Forestry & Environmental Sciences, University of
Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh. E-mail: hudaifescu@yahoo.com
Received date: 2005-08-18
Accepted date: 2005-10-24
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

Materials and methods

Study site
The study was carried out in 5, 10 and 20-year-old D. turbi-
natus plantations on hills of Chittagong University Campus
(CUC), Bangladesh. The area lies between about 22º27′30″ and
22º29′0″ North latitudes and 91º46′30″ and 91º47′45″ East lon-
gitudes and covers about 1,271 acres of land approximately
(Anon 1989). The hills are low to medium high and slope ranges
from gentle to steep (Anon, 1979). Soils are yellowish brown to
yellowish red loamy sand and weak to strong blocky. The sandy
loam soil had moisture content around 25 percent and pH 5.6.

Assessment of ECM infection at various distances from a tree
In April 2003, ECM root samples were collected from points 1,
2, 3 and 4m apart from the base of a tree at three slope positions
(top, mid and bottom) of each plantation. Three soil samples for
each distance were randomly collected. To determine the hori-
zontal distribution of ECMs, root samples along with rhizosphere
soils (1000 cm3) were taken. Each collected sample was trans-
ferred into a separate plastic bag and marked. All samples were
brought to laboratory to examine ECM association in the root
tips. Fine feeder roots i.e., short roots were washed over 0.2 mm
mesh-size sieve using a gentle flow of tap water. Then the short
roots were transferred to the petri dishes and observed under
compound microscope. The presence of ECMs in root tips was
determined with the help of laboratory manual (Ingleby et al.,
1990). From each sample 100 fine roots were examined. When
there were less than 100 fine roots all of them were examined
and recorded. Then the percentage of ECM infection was calcu-
lated by using the following formula:

ECM infection (%) = 100
studied root tips ofnumber Total
root tips infected ofnumber Total ×

S. M. S. Huda et al. 48

Results

Distances from the tree base influence the formation of ECM
root infection. The observations of such infection in plantations
of three different ages (20, 10 & 5 years) are presented in Figures
1, 2 & 3. The occurrence of ECM infection (%) increased with
distance from tree base in 20-year-old plantation (Figure 1). The
highest infection (81.33%) was found in 4 m distance from the
tree at bottom hill and the lowest (61.67%) at 1m distance at top
hill position. It has been found in Figure 2 that the infection (%)
was rapidly climbed between 1m and 2m distances from trees in
10-year-old plantation and then decreased gradually up to 4 m
one. Maximum infection (73.33%) was recorded in 2m distance
from the tree at the bottom and minimum (61.00%) was in 1m
distance at top hill (Figure 2). In case of 5-year-old plantation,
the percentage of ECM infection was gradually increased up to 2
m distance and then it declined sharply. The highest infection
(74.33%) was found in 2 m distance at the bottom while the low-
est (55.33%) in 1 m at the top of the hill (Figure 3).

60
65
70
75
80
85
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
)
Top hill Mid hill Bottom hill

Fig. 1 ECM infection (%) in soil at 1, 2, 3 and 4m distances from
the tree at three hill positions of 20-year-old D. turbinatus plantation

60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
)
Top hill Mid hill Bottom hill

Fig. 2 ECM infection (%) in soil at 1, 2, 3 and 4m distances from the
tree at three hill positions of 10-year-old D. turbinatus plantation

54
59
64
69
74
79
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
)
Top hill Mid hill Bottom hill

Fig. 3 ECM infection (%) in soil at 1, 2, 3 and 4m distances from the
tree at three hill positions of 5-year-old D. turbinatus plantation.
The comparisons of ECM infection (%) in 5, 10 & 20-year-old
plantations at top, mid and bottom hill positions are presented in
Figures 4, 5 and 6, respectively. According to the age of planta-
tions, the comparison of infection at different hill elevations
varied considerably. At the top hill position the maximum infec-
tion was 71.00% found in 4 m distance in 20-year-old plantation
compared with 10 and 5-year-old plantations (Figure 4). In the
middle of the hill, the highest infection was 78.33% in 4 m dis-
tance from the base of the tree in 20-year-old plantation and the
lowest was 60.67% in 1m distance in 5-year-old plantation (Fig-
ure 5). In case of bottom hill position, the infection was found
highest in 20-year-old plantation followed by 10-year and 5-year
old plantations (Figure 6).
54
59
64
69
74
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
) 5-year-old
10 year old
20 year old

Fig. 4 Comparison of ECM infection (%) in soil at different dis-
tances from the tree at top hill position in 5, 10 and 20-year-old D.
turbinatus plantations
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
) 5 year old
10 year old
20 year old

Fig. 5 Comparison of ECM infection (%) in soil at different dis-
tances from the tree at mid hill position in 5, 10 and 20-year-old D.
turbinatus plantations
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
1 2 3 4
Distance (m)
Ec
to
m
yc
or
rh
iz
al
in
fe
ct
io
n
(%
)
5 year old
10 year old
20 year old

Fig. 6 Comparison of ECM infection (%) in soil at different dis-
tances from the tree at bottom hill position in 5, 10 and 20-year-old
D. turbinatus plantations

Discussion

Most of the ECM roots were found in 1m and 2m distances
from the trees in 5-year and 10-year-old plantations. With in-
creasing distances, the percentages declined rapidly. In
20-year-old trees, the ECM infection (%) sharply increased with
increasing distances from the base of the trees in three hill posi-
tions. Such a distribution ECM roots might be a general tendency
Journal of Forestry Research, 17(1): 47–49 (2006) 49
in natural mature forests, and it might be related to the existence
of high amounts of nutrients that are available for plant roots and
fungi. 95.4%, 83.5%, 76.4%, and 86.4% of root tips were found
ectomycorrhizal in a survey of Shorea leprosula and S. curtisii in
an underlogged and logged forest in Malaysia (Lee and Lim,
1987). The tendency of fine roots and ECM roots being mainly at
the soil surface was found in various natural mature forests, in-
cluding both broad-leaves and conifers (Büttner and Leuschner,
1994). The similiar results were also found by Kimmins and
Hawkes (1978), Vogt et al., (1981), Ehrenfeld et al., (1992) and
Hashimoto and Hyakumachi (1998). Alexander et al., (1992)
reported that the ECM infection (%) declined markedly in dis-
tances greater than 30 meter from D. costulata tree. The propor-
tion of living roots with ECMs remained high, at about 83%,
above 30 cm depth in a Betula pubescens and B. pendula stand
(Ingleby et al., 1985). The percentage of ECM infection was
found highest in mid hill position in 20-year-old pine trees at
CUC in Bangladesh (Rahman and Mridha, 2004). Their result,
showing a high concentration of ECM roots at the surface of the
soil, was the same with present study.
Mycorrhization of forest crops has attracted considerable at-
tention over the last few years because of their role as biofertil-
izers (Mridha, 2002), improving host growth as well as contrib-
uting to disease suppression (Marx, 1972). Hence, the appropri-
ate association of ECMs with D. turbinatus is of considerable
significance and needs further study and exploitation.

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Chinese Abstracts 3
效性碳的大小和平均驻留时间可以得知，祁连山森林土壤的
有机碳较长白山的难分解。通过分析影响森林土壤有机碳矿
化的因素––土壤粘粒含量、海拔和温度，结果显示两种森林
土壤有机碳的分解快慢与其温度正相关，并且长白山和祁连
山的累积的土壤有机碳和缓效性碳的含量随土壤粘粒含量的
增加而呈线性增加，其相关系数分别为0.7033和0.6575，充分
表明温度和土壤粘粒含量对土壤有机碳的矿化有较大的影
响。表3图5参27。
关键词：土壤有机碳；有机碳的矿化；双指数模型；活性碳
库；缓效性碳库
CLC number: S714.5 Document Code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2006)01−0039-05

06-01-010
树木-水稻农林系统中害虫的侵害/K. K. Islam, G. M. M.
Rahman (Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh), A. T. M. Rafiqul Hoque
(Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong
University, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh)//Journal of Forestry
Research.–2006, 17(1): 44–47.
本文比较研究了 10种水稻害虫在 3个树种（Akashmoni,
Jhau 和 Albida）与稻子混栽的农-林复合生态系统中的发生
情况，通过 3 个树种的冠幅大小、透光率以及害虫发生程度
相比较，提出农-林复合生态系统中，水稻害虫的发生与树冠
的透光率呈密切的负相关关系。图 1参 13。
关键词：透光率；害虫侵害；水稻；农林系统
CLC number：S435.112.1 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007-662X(2006)01-0044-03

06-01-011
孟加拉羯布罗香（Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F）外生侵
染菌根的水平分布/S. M. S. Huda, M. B. Uddin, M. M. Haque,
et al. (Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences,
University of Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh)//Journal of Forestry
Research.–2006, 17(1): 47–49.
本文论述了孟加拉国吉大港大学校园里，不同年龄（5、
10、20年）的羯布罗香（Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F）
人工林内，距树木基部不同距离（1、2、3、4米）处，外生
侵染菌根的水平分布状况。在山的 3 个部位（顶部、中部和
下部）对各人工林外生侵染菌根的侵染进行了测定。在不同
水平分布距离处的树下采集了 1000cm3的根际土壤样本，不
同距离和山高处的外生侵染菌根浸染率差异显著。在 5 年和
10年林龄的人工林内，浸染率随着距树的距离的增加而快速
下降，而在 20年林龄的人工林内，浸染率随着距树基部距离
的增加而急剧增加。山下部 20年生人工林内距树 4m处的浸
染率最高（81.3%），山顶部 5 年生人工林内距树 4m 处的浸
染率最低（55.33%）。图 6参 32。
关键词：羯布罗香人工林；Dipterocarpus turbinatus；外生侵
染菌根；水平分布；侵染率；孟加拉
CLC number: S718.81 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007-662X(2006)01-0047-03

06-01-012
分月扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒生物测定/李海霞（黑龙江省林业科学
研究所， 哈尔滨 150040），王志英（东北林业大学，哈尔滨
150040）， 郭树平（黑龙江省林业科学研究所，哈尔滨
150040），谢淑萍（黑龙江省海林市林业局，海林 157100）
//Journal of Forestry Research.–2006, 17(1): 50–52.
从黑龙江省双城林场采集健康的分月扇舟蛾 2 龄幼虫，
将室内保存一年的分月扇舟蛾虫尸研碎，分离提纯得到纯净
的颗粒体病毒。将病毒悬液稀释为 1..58×103PIB·mL-1,
1.58×104 PIB·mL-1, 1.58×105 PIB·mL-1, 1.58×106 PIB·mL-1,
1.58×107 PIB·mL-1, 1.58×108 PIB·mL-1 ，1.58×109 PIB·mL-1 7
种浓度，采集新鲜的杨树叶分别浸入上述不同浓度的悬液，
对采集的健康幼虫进行接毒。9 天实验结果表明，浓度为
1..58×103PIB·mL-1 时校正死亡率最小（7.32％），浓度是
1.58×109 PIB·mL-1时校正死亡率最大（97.36％），浓度对数和
死亡几率值的回归直线方程为 y=1.946+0.558x，LC50 为
2.97×105PIB·mL-1。 1.58×105 PIB·mL-1, 1.58×106 PIB·mL-1,
1.58×107 PIB·mL-1, 1.58×108 PIB·mL-1 ，1.58×109 PIB·mL-1w
所对应的半致死时间（LT50）分别为 8.55d，6.89d，5.9d，4.65d，
4.08d。随着浓度的增大，LT50逐渐缩短，说明该病毒的毒力
较强，作为杀虫剂具有很好的应用潜力。图 1表 4参 17。
关键词:分月扇舟蛾；颗粒体病毒；毒力测定
CLC number: S767.32 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007-662X(2006)01-0050-03

06-01-013
无电解电镀法制备具有电磁屏蔽功能的木材-金属复合材料/
王立娟，李坚，刘一星（东北林业大学生物质材料科学与技
术教育部重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040）//Journal of
Forestry Research.–2006, 17(1): 53–56.
利用无电解电镀的方法制备了导电且具有电磁屏蔽功能
的木材-金属复合材料。探讨了镀液用量、施镀时间和施镀温
度对复合材料的表面电阻率和电磁屏蔽效能的影响，同时利
用能谱分析（EDS）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）和扫描电镜分
析（SEM）方法分别测定了不同施镀温度下得到的各镀层的
磷含量、微结构和表面形貌。实验结果表明，在镀液使用量
为 500mL，施镀时间为 30min和施镀温度为 62℃的最优条件
下，所得镀层的导电性和电磁屏蔽效果最佳。而且发现，随
着施镀温度的提高，镀层中磷含量缓慢增加。XRD分析表明
不同温度所得各镀层的结构均为多晶结构，通过 SEM分析，
镀层均匀、连续且具有金属光泽，说明在 pH 值一定的条件
下，施镀温度对镀层结构和表面相貌的影响很小。图 7 表 3
参 11。
关键词：木材单板；表面电阻率；木材-金属复合材料；化学
镀镍；电磁屏蔽
CLC number: TS653 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007-662X(2006)01-0053-04

06-01-014
基于高斯-马尔可夫随机场的木材表面纹理分类/王克奇，白
雪冰（东北林业大学，哈尔滨，150040）//Journal of Forestry
Research.–2006, 17(1): 57–61.
阐述了高斯-马尔可夫随机场模型的基本原理，建立了木
材表面纹理的 2-5 阶高斯-马尔可夫随机场（Gauss-MRF）模
型，用最小二乘法估计了 300 个木材样本表面纹理的 2-5 阶
Gauss-MRF 参数。数据分析表明，各不同纹理特征参数之间
具有明显的分布性；Gauss-MRF 参数值最大的参数所表示的
纹理集聚方向为纹理的主方向；对于纹理主方向相同的样本，
纹理越细致，其相应参数越大，而其他参数越小；Gauss-MRF
阶数越高，纹理描述越细致；在 2阶 Gauss-MRF模型情况下，
弦切纹理的 B1参数大于径切纹理的 B1；弦切纹理的 B2、B3、
B4分别小于径切纹理的 B2、B3、B4。根据分离判据的值，
确定以 5阶 Gauss-MRF参数为特征向量进行初步聚类，总体
正确率为 88%。图 3表 3参 8。
关键词：木材表面纹理；高斯-马尔可夫随机场；特征参数；
参数估计；分离判据；聚类