全 文 ：苘麻韧皮纤维研究
管映亭
(西安交通大学 , 西安 , 710049)　
董政娥　温桂清　陶用珍　孙小寅　万振江
(西安工程科技学院)
摘　要:采用正交试验设计方法研究苘麻韧皮的脱胶,得出最优工艺。并得出酸碱处理对木质素去除基础上无效这一结论 ,分析
经此工艺处理后的纤维特点及其潜在的应用价值。
关键词:苘麻　脱胶　木质素　研究
中图法分类号:TS 102.22　　　文献标识码:A
本项目获西安工程科技学院 2001年科学研究计划项目资助。
　　苘麻(Abutilon Theophrasti Medic)为锦葵科苘麻
属植物。一年生 ,茎直立 ,叶圆形 ,在易涝地及干旱
地区均可生长 ,既有大量野生植株 ,又可栽培 。据记
载 ,其种子可作冬葵子入药 ,茎皮纤维可制绳索。
随着人们对环境污染问题的日益关注 ,合理开
发利用可再生资源已成为各国竞相关注的热点之
一。但苘麻韧皮的合理开发应用在国内外尚属空
白。部分地区农民将韧皮经简单处理后搓绳索或编
织简单用具。本文以陕西关中地区野生苘麻的韧皮
纤维为原料 ,经手工分选 、浸酸 、碱煮脱胶 、漂白等工
序制成精干麻 ,测试了所得纤维性能。
1　苘麻韧皮纤维的化学成分测试
苘麻茎收获后 ,在水中浸泡 3 ～ 6天(以手工能
剥下韧皮为宜),剥皮 ,晾干。依 GB5889-86 测定了
其化学成分 , 见表 1。纤维含胶率 29.60%, 灰分
3.64%。
表 1　茼麻韧皮的化学成分分析
项目 脂蜡质 水溶物 果胶物质 半纤维素 木质素 纤维素
含量(%) 0.85 5.22 8.76 16.85 16.40 51.92
2　脱胶工艺的优化
2.1　工艺流程[ 1 , 2]
浸酸※水洗※脱水※碱煮※水洗※打纤※漂白
※水洗※自然风干。
2.2　正交试验设计[ 3]
在大量试验的基础上 ,选取了 4个因素 ,分别取
三水平进行正交试验 ,具体情况见表2 。
表 2　正交试验选取的因子及水平
水平 浸酸浓度(g L)A
浸酸温度
(℃)B
氢氧化钠
浓度(g L)C
煮练时间
(h)D
1 1.2 50 8 1.5
2 1.8 60 11 2.5
3 2.4 70 14 3.5
　　其它工艺参数选择如下。浸酸:时间 1 h ,浴比
1∶20;碱煮:三聚磷酸钠 2.5%(o.w.f),亚硫酸钠2%
(o.w.f),常压 ,浴比 1∶20;打纤:正反交替各 4圈 ,每
打 1圈翻动 1 次 ,每打 2圈用自来水冲洗 1 次;漂
白:双氧水 4 g L ,硅酸钠 2.5 g L ,氢氧化钠 2 g L ,温
度 90 ～ 92℃,浴比 1∶20(试样重量按原纤维重量的
50%计算)。
2.3　正交试验设计表及试验结果
根据表 3中残胶率数据可知 ,苘麻脱胶的最优
工艺应为 A2B2C3D2 。根据木质素残余含量可知 ,最
优工艺应为 A2B1C3D1 ,综合考虑 ,采用 A2B2C3D2 工
艺处理一批麻样 ,初步进行了分析研究。
表 3　正交试验设计表及试验结果
试验号 A B C D 残胶率(%)
木质素
含量(%)
1 1 1 1 1 6.39 13.00
2 1 2 2 2 4.31 13.74
3 1 3 3 3 4.62 13.31
4 2 1 2 3 5.53 12.88
5 2 2 3 1 4.76 12.45
6 2 3 1 2 4.79 13.05
7 3 1 3 2 3.63 14.26
8 3 2 1 3 6.39 14.55
9 3 3 2 1 9.33 14.19
Ⅰ(残胶率) 15.32 15.55 17.57 20.48
Ⅱ(残胶率) 15.08 15.46 19.17 12.73
Ⅲ(残胶率) 19.35 18.74 13.01 16.54
Ⅰ(木质素) 40.05 40.14 40.60 39.64
Ⅱ(木质素) 38.38 40.74 40.81 41.05
Ⅲ(木质素) 43.00 40.55 40.02 40.74
2.4　经最优工艺处理的试样的性能
测试处理之后麻样的木质素含量为 10.42%;
所得“束纤维”细度较大麻粗 ,长度较大麻长;“束纤
维”上分叉较多 ,当试图拉开伸出纤维的绒毛时 ,绒
毛可能多被拉断 ,产生短绒毛 ,怀疑为单纤维;在光
·572·【64】　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　纺织学报　第24卷　第 6期
DOI :10.13475/j.fzxb.2003.06.026
学显微镜下观察 ,发现苘麻纤维的横节较苎麻少。
3　分析讨论
1.由表 1及表 3可见 ,不论是原麻还是脱胶后
的麻 ,木质素的含量均较高 。这说明该化学脱胶工
艺不能有效去除木质素 ,且木质素含量在原麻含胶
及脱胶麻残胶测定中反映不出来。因为原麻含胶率
及脱胶麻残胶率测定中采用碱煮的方法 ,而碱煮并
不能充分溶解木质素 。
2.“束纤维”上的绒毛应为苘麻的单纤维 ,单纤
维细而短。单纤维不易从束纤维上分离下来 ,是因
为脱胶后纤维间木质素含量仍然很高(含量 10%以
上),使纤维牢固地粘结在一起 。
3.由表 3可见 ,酸预处理的酸浓度增加 、处理
温度提高及碱煮时间延长 ,均使残胶率提高。原因
是这些过强的处理条件增加了纤维素大分子的降
解 ,在测定残胶率时 ,降解了的纤维素也在碱煮中溶
出 ,从而使测得的残胶率数值增大。另外表 3的正
交试验结果也证明了酸对去除木质素的不利影响:
酸浓度最大时残余木质素含量最多 ,酸处理时间最
短时残余木质素含量最少 。但若不用酸处理 ,则半
纤维素及果胶的去除难度加大 ,这是多年来苎麻脱
胶采用酸预处理的原因所在。
4.比较表 3中残胶率和木质素含量两组数值 ,
木质素含量数值差异不大 ,而残胶率数值间差异较
大。这说明不同的酸碱处理工艺对果胶及半纤维素
的去除影响很大 ,而对木质素的去除影响不大 。结
合这些数值本身 ,基本上可以认为:苎麻的常规化学
脱胶工艺(酸碱处理工艺)可有效地去除果胶及半纤
维素 ,而对木质素的去除则是无效的(仅去除了木质
素的 36.6%)。所以 ,对于木质素含量较高的大麻 、
荨麻 、苘麻等麻纤维 ,必须另外寻找合适的去除木质
素的方法。也正因为考虑到这一点 ,本文最优工艺
的选择中选用了 B2D2 而未选用 B1D1 。
5.根据脱胶后纤维的长度 、细度及纤维的表面
形态 ,认为苘麻纤维采用现今的脱胶及纺纱技术纺
制细支纱较为困难 ,但若纺较粗的纱加工装饰品 、家
用纺织品 、床上用品则较容易 ,如果结合麻的吸湿透
气 、抗菌保健等性能 ,这类产品将具有很好的市场前
景 。另外 ,考虑到黄麻[ 4] 、亚麻[ 5] 、剑麻[ 6] 等已用于
加工纤维增强复合材料 ,同为韧皮纤维的苘麻也将
能应用于此领域。
4　结束语
1.应进一步探讨木质素的去除及木质素含量
高低对纤维性能的影响 。据分析[ 7] ,在木材中木质
素作为一种填充和粘结物质 ,在木材细胞壁中能以
物理或化学的方式使纤维素纤维之间粘结和加固 ,
增加木材的机械强度和抵抗微生物侵蚀的能力 。可
见木质素与碳水化合物之间的结合相当紧密 ,欲研
究出一种既能有效去除木质素又不会过多损伤纤维
的方法 ,难度是很大的 。作者认为 ,生物化学法将是
解决这一问题的有效方法 ,其难点在于要开发出一
种可高效降解木质素的酶制剂。
2.应进一步研究苘麻纤维的理化性能及其它
特种性能(如抗菌 、防辐射等),以进一步挖掘纤维的
潜力 ,开发相应的产品 。
3.就目前情况看 ,苘麻作为服装用纤维尚有一
定困难 ,但在装饰品 、家用纺织品 、床上用品以及纤
维增强复合材料等方面很有探讨价值 。
致谢:本文得到了中国纺织工程学会麻纺织专业委员会 2001年
学术交流会与会专家的指导 ,在此谨向各位专家 、学者表示衷心感谢。
参 考 文 献
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2 　郁崇文等.苎麻纱线生产工艺与质量控制.上海:中国纺织大学
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3 　汪荣鑫.数理统计.西安:西安交通大学出版社 , 1986:149～ 158.
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