Principal component analysis of specimen measurements revealed morphological variation within Chinese Calamagrostis epigeios correlated with differences in geographical distribution. We conducted a morphological examination of specimens from the range of the species, with the goal of developing a treatment for its Chinese members reflecting the global diversity complex. The confusing taxonomy of this complex is clarified with the recognition of three species in China, namely C. epigeios, C. extremiorientalis, and C. macrolepis. Calamagrostis epigeios is an exclusively temperate grass occurring in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern parts of China. It has spikelets 4-7 mm long, glumes equal or subequal, awn arising near the middle of the lemma back, upper leaf surface smooth and with shallow ribs and furrows. Calamagrostis extremiorientalis is a tropical and subtropical grass that occurs in the southwest provinces of China (except Xizang) throughout south central provinces and east to the northeastern parts of China. It is morphologically similar to C. epigeios. However, C. extremiorientalis has the awn arising from the upper one-third of the lemma back, upper leaf surface scabrid because of the presence of short stiff hairs, and with tall ribs and deep furrows. Calamagrostis macrolepis occurs in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern parts of China. It has a robust habit, spikelets 6.5-11 mm long, and glumes unequal, the upper 1-1.5 mm shorter than the lower. New synonyms, descriptions, and citations of representative specimens are provided for each species, along with an identification key.