全 文 :第23卷 第8期
2011年8月
生命科学
Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences
Vol. 23, No. 8
Aug., 2011
文章编号:1004-0374(2011)08-0812-05
几种蓝藻光合NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体研究的新进展
吕中贤,马为民*
(上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院,上海 200234)
摘 要:蓝藻 NAD(P)H脱氢酶 (NDH-1)是一种重要的光合膜蛋白复合体,参与 CO2吸收、围绕光系统 I
的循环电子传递和细胞呼吸。就几种蓝藻 NDH-1复合体的鉴定、结构、生理功能等研究的新进展进行了综
述与分析,并对今后 NDH-1复合体的研究作了展望。
关键词:NDH-1L/L’复合体;NDH-1MS/MS’复合体;Act-NDH-1Sup复合体;蓝藻
中图分类号:Q946; Q945.1; Q949.22 文献标志码:A
New progress in the study of several cyanobacterial NAD(P)H dehydrogenase
complexes
LÜ Zhong-Xian, MA Wei-Min*
(College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)
Abstract: Cyanobacterial NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH-1) is an important photosynthetic membrane protein
complex, and is essential to CO2 uptake, cyclic electron transport around photosystem I and cellular respiration.
This mini-review mainly describes and analyzes the new progress in the study of several cyanobacterial NDH-1
complexes, including their identification, structure, and physiological function. This will further help in looking
ahead for the future research direction of cyanobacterial NDH-1 complexes.
Key words: NDH-1L/L’ complex; NDH-1MS/MS’ complex; Act-NDH-1Sup complex; cyanobacteria
收稿日期:2011-04-27; 修回日期:2011-05-04
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(30770175); 国家重
点基础研究发展计划“973”项目(2009CB118500); 教
育部重点项目(209045)
*通信作者:E-mail: wma@shnu.edu.cn; Tel: 021-
64321617
蓝藻是一类能进行光合放氧的原核生物,也是
研究光合作用的模式生物之一。一般认为,蓝藻光
合膜上存在光系统 II、细胞色素 b6f、光系统 I和
ATP合酶等四种光合膜蛋白复合体。1991年,人们
又在蓝藻光合膜上发现了第五种光合膜蛋白复合
体,称为 NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体 (NDH-1)[1-2]。迄
今为止,人们已经知道该复合体参与 CO2吸收
[3]、
围绕光系统 I的循环电子传递和细胞呼吸 [4-7]。后来
的研究表明,NDH-1复合体对蓝藻细胞的生理活
动,甚至生存起着至关重要的作用 [8]。因此,该复
合体是一种重要的光合膜蛋白复合体。
通过反向遗传学等的研究,发现在蓝藻细胞中
至少存在两种功能截然不同的 NDH-1复合体:一
种参与围绕光系统 I的循环电子传递和细胞呼吸;
另一种则与 CO2吸收有关
[9-14]。2004年以来,通过
蛋白质组学等技术,在蓝藻细胞中鉴别出了多种
NDH-1复合体。本综述就这几种蓝藻 NDH-1复合
体的鉴定、结构、生理功能等方面的新进展进行了
概述与分析,并对今后蓝藻 NDH-1复合体的研究
作了展望。
1 NDH-1L/L’复合体
2004年,通过蓝绿温和胶电泳 (Blue-native
PAGE)结合蛋白免疫印迹等技术,Herranen等 [15]
首次在蓝藻集胞藻 6803(Synechocystis sp. strain PCC
6803)光合膜中鉴别出一种相对分子质量约 4.6 × 105
吕中贤,等:几种蓝藻光合NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体研究的新进展第8期 813
的 NDH-1L复合体 (large NDH-1 complex) (图 1A)。
随后通过蛋白质质谱分析等手段,人们在NDH-1L复
合体中鉴定到了15种亚基 (NdhA ~NdhO)[15-18]。其中,
NdhA~NdhG和 NdhL等 8种亚基位于膜内,因此,
它们是疏水亚基;而 NdhH~NdhK和 NdhM ~NdhO
等 7种亚基位于膜外,因此,它们属于亲水亚基 (图
1A)。2011年,通过质谱等技术分析嗜热蓝藻
(Thermosyne chococcus elongatus BP-1)NDH-1L复合
体,Nowaczyk等 [19]鉴定到了 2种相对分子质量稍
小的新型膜亚基——NdhP和 NdhQ。因此,迄今为
止,人们发现 NDH-1L复合体至少由 17种亚基组
成 (图 1A)。
2004年,通过蛋白质组学结合反向遗传学的
研究,Zhang等 [20]发现 NDH-1L复合体参与了围
绕光系统 I的循环电子传递与细胞呼吸。2006年,
Arteni等 [21]用电子显微镜对通过 His6标签纯化的
NDH-1L复合体进行了观测,结果发现该 NDH-1
复合体呈“L”型 (图 1A)。通过反向遗传学等的预
测 [10],在蓝藻细胞中还应该存在 NDH-1L’复合体
(图 1B)。与 NDH-1L复合体相比,除了 NdhD亚
基不同外,它们具有类似的亚基组成、结构以及生
理功能等 (图 1A和 1B)[22-23]。然而,可能由于蓝藻
细胞中 NDH-1L’复合体的含量甚微或者不易从光
合膜中增溶出,因此,人们至今尚未通过蛋白质组
学等手段鉴定到该复合体。
人们发现蓝藻 NDH-1L复合体与高等植物
NDH-1复合体不仅具有类似的结构与生理功能 [23-25],
而且编码它们亚基的基因具有高度的同源性 [26-27]。
因此,高等植物 NDH-1复合体起源于蓝藻的 NDH-
1L复合体。尽管蓝藻 NDH-1L复合体与高等植物
NDH-1复合体均包含了 11种 (NdhA~NdhK)与大肠
杆菌 (E. coli)NDH-1复合体高度同源的亚基,但大
肠杆菌中 3种活性亚基 (NuoE、NuoF和 NuoG)[28-30]
的同源基因在蓝藻和高等植物的基因组中缺失。因
此,至今人们尚未找到蓝藻 NDH-1L复合体中的活
性亚基 (图 1中的问号 )。
2 NDH-1MS/MS’复合体
2005年,通过蛋白纯化等技术,Zhang等 [18]
在嗜热蓝藻光合膜上鉴定到了一种相对分子质量
约为 4.9 × 105 的 NDH-1MS 复合体 ( 图 2A)。与
NDH-1L复合体相比,体外的 NDH-1MS复合体不
太稳定,很容易降解为 NDH-1M复合体 (middle
NDH-1 complex, Mr = 3.5 × 105)和 NDH-1S复合体
(small NDH-1 complex, 约Mr = 2.0 × 105)[18,20]。同时,
利用蛋白质质谱等手段,人们在 NDH-1MS复合体
中鉴定到除 NdhD1、 NdhF1、 NdhP和 NdhQ以外的
所有 NDH-1L复合体亚基 [17-18],并且还鉴别出了蓝
藻特有的亚基 [31]:NdhD3、 NdhF3、CupA和CupS (图
2A)。因此,不同于 NDH-1L复合体,NDH-1MS
复合体是蓝藻细胞所特有的。
2004年,通过蛋白质组学结合反向遗传学等
的研究,Zhang等 [18,20]发现 NDH-1MS复合体参与
了 CO2吸收。然而,最近的研究结果表明 NDH-
1MS也参与围绕光系统 I的循环电子传递 [32]。2008
年,Folea等 [33]用电子显微镜通过 His6标签纯化
的 NDH-1MS复合体进行观测,结果发现该 NDH-1
复合体呈“U”型 (图 2A)。通过反向遗传学等的
预测 [10],在蓝藻细胞还应该存在 NDH-1MS’复合
体 (图 2B)。2008年,利用 CupB(NDH-1MS’复合
体特有的亚基之一 )蛋白融合 His6和 c-Myc标签,
Xu等 [34]成功地在集胞藻 6803中鉴定到了一种相
A: NDH-1L复合体;B:NDH-1L’复合体
图1 蓝藻NDH-1L/L’复合体示意图
生命科学 第23卷814
对分子质量大于 4.5 × 105的 NDH-1MS’复合体 (图
2B)。但遗憾的是,这些鉴别出的蓝藻 NDH-1复合
体均不具有氧化 NAD(P)H的活性。
3 Act-NDH-1Sup复合体
1998年,通过蛋白纯化等手段,Matsuo等 [35]
在集胞藻 6803细胞中鉴定到了一种相对分子质量
为 3.76 × 105、具有氧化 NAD(P)H活性的 NDH-1
亚复合体,但未能在该活性复合体中鉴别出疏水
亚基,如 NdhA和 NdhB。2003年,邓勇等 [36]在
集胞藻 6803细胞中分离纯化到了一种相对分子质
量约为 3.0 × 105的 NDH-1复合体。该复合体不仅
具有氧化 NAD(P)H的活性,而且含有疏水亚基
NdhA。2006年,通过 NAD(P)H-氮蓝四唑 (NBT)
活性染色等,Ma 等 [37]成功地在集胞藻 6803 细
胞中鉴定到了一种相对分子质量约为 1 × 106的
NDH-1活性超分子复合体 (active NDH-1 supercomplex,
Act-NDH-1Sup)。与上述鉴定到的几种蓝藻NDH-1复
合体相比,Act-NDH-1Sup具有高氧化 NAD(P)H
的活性。这一结果不仅指出了该蓝藻 NDH-1超分
子复合体具有重要的生理功能,而且包含有活性亚
基,但至今尚未鉴定出。
通过反向遗传学等手段,本课题组发现 Act-
NDH-1Sup参与了围绕光系统 I的循环电子传递和
细胞呼吸 [38-39],并且它介导的循环电子传递是减缓
热胁迫条件下光系统 II活性所必需 [40]。同时,本
课题组的研究还发现了细胞内外氧化还原水平 [41]
和葡萄糖浓度的变化 [42]调节了 Act-NDH-1Sup的表
达与活性。然而,迄今为止,人们尚不了解 Act-
NDH-1Sup复合体的其他属性,有待于进一步的研
究。
4 蓝藻NDH-1复合体结构域的分析
从 NDH-1复合体的进化角度来分析,可以把
组成蓝藻 NDH-1复合体的亚基划分为四种结构域:
保 守 域 (conserved domain)、 光 合 域 (oxygen
photosynthetic domain)、特定域 (specific domain)和
活性域 (active domain)。保守域由大肠杆菌、蓝藻
和高等植物 NDH-1复合体中共同包含的 11种 Ndh
亚基组成,也就是 NdhA~NdhK (图 1)[15-18,24-25,28-30]。
光合域由蓝藻和高等植物 NDH-1复合体共有的 6种
亚基构成,即 NdhL~NdhQ (图 1)[16-19,43-45]。2010年,
通过荧光蛋白标记和电子显微镜观测等手段,
Birungi等 [46]发现 NdhL~NdhO亚基形成了一簇 (图
1和 2)。然而,新鉴定到的 NdhP和 NdhQ亚基是
否也存在于这一簇中还有待于进一步研究。特定
域包含了蓝藻 NDH-1复合体特有的 7种亚基:
NdhD3、NdhD4、NdhF3、NdhF4、CupA、CupB
和 CupS (图 2)[13-14,47]。活性域则包括了那些至今尚
未在蓝藻细胞中鉴定到的活性亚基 (图 1和 2中的
问号 )。
5 展望
在过去的几年中,人们在这几种蓝藻 NDH-1复
合体的鉴定、结构和生理功能等方面已经取得了许
多瞩目的研究进展。然而,迄今为止,有关这几种
蓝藻 NDH-1复合体仍有许多问题亟待解决。例如,
活性区到底由哪些亚基组成;如何在体外纯化出有
活性的 NDH-1复合体;如何获得高分辨率的蓝藻
NDH-1复合体的 3D结构,等等。这些问题的解决
可能需要发展一种更为温和的蛋白质纯化技术和一
种更为灵敏的蛋白质鉴定手段,而如何解决这些问
A:NDH-1MS复合体; B:NDH-1MS’复合体
图2 蓝藻NDH-1MS/MS’复合体示意图
吕中贤,等:几种蓝藻光合NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体研究的新进展第8期 815
题可能就是将来蓝藻NDH-1复合体研究的努力方向。
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