Abstract:A new concept of vulnerability on ecological water resource bank was provided to analyze the formation and representation of vulnerability of water resource system, by investigating ecological water resource bank in the hilly-land regions in south China. On the basis of formation of vulnerability, the evaluation index system on vulnerability of water resource bank, including 10 concrete indices , was also constructed in the hilly-land regions in south China. The ten indices included precipitation, surface water subsystem, soil water subsystem, vegetable water subsystem and economic subsystem，then the evaluation index system of vulnerability of ecological water resource bank in Hunan Province was established using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The vulnerability indices of ecological water resource bank were calculated in 85 counties of Hunan Province using fuzzy matter-element analysis method, Three grades (high, medium and low) were used in the evaluation index system. The main findings were：(1) Most counties showed medium vulnerability. The low, medium and high vulnerabilities accounted for 3.5%, 82.4% and 14.1% in the 85 counties, respectively. (2)The spatial distribution pattern was that the vulnerability in the west (or south) regions was higher than that in the east (or north) regions. Two significantly higher vulnerability zones included the external arc zone formed by northwest, southwest and south Hunan Province, and central-east zone centralized by Changsha, Hengshao Basin.