作 者 ：刘常富*,李小马,韩东
期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 19期 页码：5381~5390
关键词：城市公园；城市绿地；城市游憩；可达性；空间分布；GIS；
Keywords:urban park, urban greenspace, urban recreation, accessibility, spatial distribution, GIS,
摘 要 ：城市公园是城市居民主要的休闲游憩场所，对促进其身心健康，建设和谐可持续社会具有重要意义。伴随快速城市化，城市居民对城市公园的需求与日俱增，不仅仅关注城市公园的数量，更关心能否方便快捷地进入公园进行游憩活动。这对城市公园的评价和合理规划提出了新要求。基于GIS的可达性研究从公园与市民相互关系角度出发，能够较好地评价城市公园的空间分布，是评价城市公园空间分布合理性和服务公平性的主要手段。多种可达性计算方法的出现为城市公园可达性研究中方法的选择提供了充分的余地，但不同的方法基于不同的理论，对数据要求不同，反映可达性的不同方面，对各种可达性计算方法的理解是选择适宜可达性计算方法进行城市公园可达性研究的前提。将城市公园可达性研究中常用的可达性计算方法分为4类6种，分别评述了其原理和优缺点，为城市公园可达性研究中方法的选择提供参考。同时分析了城市公园可达性研究中的关键问题，探讨了未来城市公园可达性研究的重点。
Abstract:Urban parks are the main places for leisure and recreation for urban residents and play significant roles in beautifying the cities and harmonizing the urban residents & nature. With the rapid urbanization and fast increasing of people′s living standard, urban residents not only yearn for more urban parks, but also expect to enjoy them conveniently. These changes present great challenges for urban park evaluating and planning. Accessibility analysis is a feasible choice to address this question. Accessibility is defined here as urban parks can be reached or obtained easily or not, which also can be regarded as an important evaluating indicator of urban park spatial distribution efficiency. As the main method to evaluate distribution efficiency and service equity of urban parks, accessibility can be analyzed by many methods. However, different methods are based on different theories and data requirements, reflecting different aspects of accessibility. Understanding these methods and their characteristics exactly will help us choose the suitable method for urban park accessibility analysis. We categorized these methods into four groups and six types and reviewed their theoretical basis, advantages and disadvantages. Although statistic index method is the most widely used, it can only acquire some basic information of urban parks (e.g. percent of urban park area, urban park area per capital) and neglect the spatial distribution of urban parks. Simple Buffering Method and Minimum distance method are simple methods which concern the location of urban parks. The main disadvantage of these methods is that they ignore the barriers between urban parks and residents. Cost weighted distance method measures the total or average distance between citizens and urban parks. Usually distance is calculated as cost weighted distance based on classified landscape. It assigns each landscape type a relative travelling cost and then generates a map of accumulated cost distance. This method depends on classified landscape and relative travelling cost but these values are usually assigned arbitrarily. Gravity Model is based on the law of the gravity. This method calculates relative values which are proportional to recreation opportunities of urban parks (area, recreational facilities) and inversely proportional to distance between urban parks and residents. These relative values spatially display the ease with which urban parks can be reached. However it is difficult to describe the distance decay factor exactly. Network Analysis Method calculates the actual distance or time cost between urban parks and residents based on the actual road. This method simulates the process people reach urban parks more exactly. There are four critical issues which need to be solved during urban park accessibility analysis: (1) simplifying the urban parks and urban citizens exactly, (2) simulating the actual resistance that people will overcome when reaching urban parks, (3) reflecting recreational attraction of urban parks objectively, and (4) choosing the suitable maximum service distance of urban parks especially for different groups of people. We recommend that more effective methods, which not only take the above issues into account, but also integrate the advantages of the previous methods, should be designed to provide more valuable and direct information for urban park planning.
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