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作 者 ：濮培民*,李正魁,成小英,濮江平

期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 9期 页码：5088~5097

关键词：物质循环及平衡；物理生态工程；生物环保产业；富营养化控制；物理生态削浪；荒漠化治理；

Keywords:substance circulation and balance, physic\|ecological engineering, bio\|environmental enterprise, eutrophication control, physic ecological approach for reducing lake\|wave energy, desertification control,

摘 要 ：经济发展和生活水平提高对水量水质提出了更高要求，而用水越多、污水也越多，使安全水资源匮乏日益成为制约我国高速经济发展与生态保护的瓶颈。大力减少污染源排放无疑是极重要的，但目前湖泊流域内的第一、第二、第三产业都难于做到无污染排放，致使水系退化为纳污渠/库。因此目前同样极为重要的是要改善水质、修复水生态系统：从物质循环及平衡观点看，必须发展物理（电、磁、声、光、动力、微气泡等）、化学（慎用）、微生物、植物（水生、陆生＋浮岛）、水生动物等综合高新技术，将水中污染物质加以资源化利用，实现以改善水质、优化水环境为主要目标的“环保资源化产业”；它在政策支持下启动，不仅有重大社会生态效益，而且可逐步获取越来越多的经济效益。多年来为解决局部水质净化发展起来的物理生态工程（physic\|ecological engineering, PEEN）丰富了水循环的含义，将水分循环从水量循环扩大为包括水质循环，使污染水恢复清洁，修复健康水生态系统，主要依靠太阳能因地制宜从局部到大范围，将大量营养盐（包括可能存在其中的毒物）转化为水生植物并取出予以分别利用，是有较高性价比、可操作的对策。采用物理生物削浪、水面植物\|沉水植物斑马线式镶嵌、植物群落镶嵌、固定化氮循环细菌等技术，逐步扩大修复健康水生态系统的范围、降低营养盐水平、遏制藻类水华，同时低能耗地将含水量极高的水生植物进行收集、加工、储存、干燥和分别利用，发展可称为“生物环保产业(bio\|environmental enterprise, BEE)”的“环保资源化产业”。通过此途径，可以加速水质循环过程，在入湖污染负荷未能到达控制富营养化阈值前实现控制湖泊富营养化和遏制藻类水华的目标。文中介绍了实现此目标的途径和关键技术。可以规模化、较廉价地提供饲料肥料和生产活性炭原料。将水草加工成便于运输的“水草袋”，“水草干”可供在北方干旱半干旱地区和沿海荒滩地种植速生林木、高杆先锋草本植物阵之用。利用水草袋或水草干添加当地污水，使先锋性（例如香根草等速生、适应性强的）植物在当年生长成能固沙、挡风、拦截降雪的阵。逐步修复荒漠化区良性生态。这样，可以用较小代价并较快地联合解决我国面临的控制富营养化与控制荒漠化的生态环境问题。

Abstract:Water resource per capita in China is just 1/4 of the world average and has large spatial variability across the country. Additionally, water quality issues, especially eutrophication and contamination, contribute to water scarcity in China. While reduction in pollutant release is high on the government′s environmental agenda pollution control remains extremely difficult due to the very large amounts of wastewater produced by primary, secondary，and tertiary industry and from urban wastewater. In some cases, waterways in important lake basins are little more than wastewater canals and highly polluted reservoirs. In view of the difficulty in making large reductions in wastewater discharges to meet the needs of controlling eutrophication in waters a parallel activity must be one of aquatic system remediation. We propose, therefore, the development of the “Bio\|Environmental Enterprise, BEE” that uses advanced technologies to remove pollutants from water and that transforms these pollutants into usable resources. This improves water quality and remediates the aquatic ecosystem. BEE adopts the principles of substance circulation and balance in the aquatic ecosystem, physical technologies (electric, magnetic, acoustic dynamic, micro air bubble, etc.), cautious use of chemical approaches for pollutant mitigation but bearing in mind the potential negative impacts on the environment, and biological techniques including use of microorganisms, plants (aquatic and floating islands containing terrestrial and hydrophilic plants), and aquatic animals. Creation of “BEE” requires initial policy support by governments so that traditional and often failed engineering approaches (e.g. dredging for remediation of eutrophic lakes) are no longer the preferred choice of managers. BEE has the capacity to develop extremely attractive economic opportunities for entrepreneurs as was the case during the environmental revolution of the 1970′s. http://www.ecologica.cnOne such BEE technology is that of the “Physical Ecological Engineering, PEEN” that was developed over the past decade for improving eutrophic conditions in local areas and around water intakes. PEENs enriched the content of water circulation including not only water quantity circulation but water quality circulation also. PEENs remediate to a healthy aquatic ecosystem by transforming nutrients (and some toxic pollutants) in water into aquatic biomass that is removed from the water body for utilization in other activities such as feedstock for animals mainly by using solar energy from local to large scale. This has proved to be one of the most cost\|effective and achievable strategies to date in China. The PEEN technology includes a Physical Ecological Approach for Reducing Lake\|Wave Energy (PEARL\|WE), a mosaic construction of surface plants (floating and submerged plants + terrestrial plants supported by floating carriers); a mosaic distribution of submerged plant communities; a technology for Immobilized Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria (INCB), and finally the collection, processing, storage, drying and utilization aquatic plants by sorting. This combination of technologies represents a BEE. Following this way, the water quality circulation would be accelerated, and the target for controlling eutrophication and restraining algae bloom could be realized before the realization of controlling the nutrients loading into the lake lower than the requested threshold for controlling eutrophication. These approaches and key technologies for achieving nutrient targets are introduced in this paper. The feedstuff, organic fertilizer, raw material for processing active carbon could be produced at industrial scale with significant economic efficiencies. Aquatic plants can be processed into “water grass bag” and “dried grass”, which are easily to be transported for use in, for example, arid/ semi\|arid zones in northern China and/or coastal zones for culturing pioneer plants, and for use in speed\|up growing forests. Pioneer plants such as vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), can be grown to heights of >1 m in a single year and used for stabilization of sand from wind erosion, and for sequestering snow moisture and precipitation, thereafter, can restore the benign ecosystem in desert area. Equating aquatic remediation with other ecosystems through a combination of technologies for controlling eutrophication and desertification, as faced by China, could be addressed at lower cost.

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