作 者 ：闫永峰,包新康,刘迺发*
期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 9期 页码：2270~2275
Keywords:Himalayan Snowcock, brood habitat, the principal components analysis, trade-off,
摘 要 ：2005年4—7月，采用样方法和直接观察法，对甘肃省盐池湾自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)育雏期的栖息地选择进行了研究。共测量了16个正在觅食、未受到干扰的雪鸡育雏栖息地和14个阴阳坡的对比样方。研究表明，育雏期的喜马拉雅雪鸡主要选择在海拔3301—3600m之间、中坡及中坡以上的坡位、坡度11—30°之间的灌丛草地活动，这有利于雏鸟获得足够的食物供应和更好的保护后代。主成分分析表明，影响雪鸡育雏期栖息地选择的主要因子分为捕食因子和食物因子两类，其主要因子依次为灌丛长度、物种丰富度、地面异质性以及附近（500m内）的悬崖数量。喜马拉雅雪鸡对育雏栖息地的选择其实是最好的食物资源和最有利于逃避敌害之间的权衡，即捕食因子与食物因子之间权衡的结果，这可能是喜马拉雅雪鸡在长期演化过程中形成的一种避免被天敌捕食的行为适应，是高寒地区鸟类的一种生存策略。
Abstract:Himalayan Snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), which lived in the cold and arid region, is listed in Category II of the State Key Protected Animals in China as endangered mountain partridge. Previous researches showed that Himalayan Snowcock is stenophagous and the key factor influenced the reproductive population size and the survival of chickling is the growth status of it′s foraging grass. It′s essential to investigate the habitat selection of different life stages, especially the brooding phase, and evaluate habitats quality for species protection. Until now, no report about the brooding habitat selection of Himalayan Snowcock has been found perhaps because it′s difficult to investigate the bird living in the steep slope and high mountains where human hardly reaches. From April to July 2005, we conducted a study to investigate the brooding habitat of Himalayan Snowcock by using the methods of direct observation and plot sampling in Yanchiwan Nature Reserve, Gansu Province in China. The brooding site was confirmed when the birds was feeding without being disturbed. Sixteen brood feeding plots and fourteen control plots (30m×30m) were measured and seventeen factors include altitude, gradient and slope direction of the brooding sites, species abundance, height and cover degree of vegetation, the ground heterogeneity, the number of cliffs within 500 m, etc.. One-way ANOVA, Levene′s Test of Equality of Error Variances and Hotelling T2 of Multivariate were used to test the difference between two dataset of brooding sites and control sites, and the principal components method of the factor analysis was conducted for the correlating variables. The results showed that Himalayan Snowcock mainly selected the shrub and grassland sites with the height ranges from 3 301 m to 3 600 m, the middle and upper location of slope, and the grade of slope ranging from 11 to 30° for brooding (P < 0.01), where the chickling may get enough food and safety for survival. The brooding activities were occurred more in north slope with good condition of vegetation (56.3%) than in the south cliffside (25.0%), but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The grade of slope is lower in brooding phase than in nest building phase which is in favor of escaping for chickling with poor running and flying abilities. Based on the principal components analysis, four primary environmental factors of Himalayan Snowcock brooding site section are the height of shrubs, the species richness of surrounding vegetation, the heterogeneity of ground environments, and the number of cliffs within 500m, that is, predation pressure and food supply were the two main factors affecting the brooding habitat selection of the species. These data suggest that the behavior of brooding habitat selection of Himalayan Snowcock is actually a trade-off between food obtaining and prey escaping, which is an adaptive behavior and a life strategy of birds living in severe cold region in high altitude. From the information of brood-habitat selection, we suggest that maintaining abundant food resources and good cover condition are the two vital aspects in protecting the habitat of Himalayan Snowcock.
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