作 者 ：张志祥,刘鹏*,刘春生,廖承川,蔡妙珍,黄帮文
期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 9期 页码：4547~4558
Keywords:Tsuga tchekiangensis community, structure characteristics, regeneration types, succession,
摘 要 ：以浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)群落为对象，应用永久样方法和每木调查法调查了群落种类组成和结构特征，采用Shannon-Weiner 指数、Simpson 指数和Pielou 均匀度指数研究群落乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性。依据径级频率分布的形状，将各树种的种群结构归纳为5种类型，并结合生物学、生态学特征，分别讨论其更新类型，随后对调查群落所处的演替阶段进行了诊断。结果表明：(1) 南方铁杉群落植被具有过渡性，即温带向热带过渡，且更偏向于热带分布类型；群落优势树种为猴头杜鹃（Rhododendron simiarum）、南方铁杉和木荷（Schima superba）。(2) Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势一致，强度均为灌木层大于乔木层；乔木中层物种多样性大于乔木上层和下层。(3) 单峰型的野漆树（Toxicodendron succedaneum）、枫香（Liquidamber formosana）和鹅掌楸（Liriodendron chinense）等阳性高大乔木，为先锋群落优势种或林窗更新种，在演替后期比较稳定的群落中，将最终衰退消失；间歇型的猴头杜鹃、木荷、多脉冬青（Cyclobalanopsis multiervis）等常绿阔叶树种和南方铁杉等针叶树种，种群结构为不连续生长型，更新具有波动性和机会性，介于顶级群落先锋种和优势种之间；双峰型的麂角杜鹃（Rhododendron latoucheae）为耐荫性极强的常绿阔叶乔木，为顶级群落的优势种；金字塔型的厚皮香（Temstroemia gymnanthe）、隔药柃（Eurya muricata）、马醉木（Pieris japonica）等和单柱型的浙江樟（Cinnamomum chekiangense）、尖连蕊茶（Camellia cuspidata）、朱砂根等（Ardisia crenata var. crenata）为顶级群落亚乔木层和灌木层的主要组成种。(4) 九龙山南方铁杉群落处于顶级阶段的前期，并未达到最终阶段，将向双峰型为优势种的群落发展。南方铁杉如不加以保护，势必为其它树种所取代，应对此群落乔木层的猴头杜鹃、木荷、麂角杜鹃等植物进行适当地人为砍伐。
Abstract:Researches were carried out in the Tsuga tchekiangensis community of the Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province. Using methods of permanent plots and technique of censusing every individual, we indentified and measured all trees in quadrats established in the community to quantify the community structure characteristics. The species diversity of tree and shrub layers were analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener index (H′), Simpson index (D), and Pielou evenness index (Jsw). Based on the DBH class frequency distribution patterns, the population age structure of the different tree species were categorized into five regeneration types: Unimodal, Sporadic, Bimodal, Pyramid and Unibar type. According to the biological and ecological characteristics, the population regeneration types of every species were then discussed. At the same time, the diagnosis of succession stage of this community was also carried out, results were obtained. (1) The vegetation and its flora obviously had transitional characteristics and presented the transitional characteristics from tropical area to temperate area. The community was comprised of 24 tree species with 3 co-dominant species: Rhododendron simiarum, Tsuga tchekiangensis and Schima superba. (2) The tendency of the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou uniformity index were similar, and the intensity of these indexes for the shrub layer was bigger than that of the tree layer. In tree layer, the species diversity of the upper layer was the biggest. (3) Unimodal type species, such as Toxicodendron succedaneum, Liquidamber formosana, Liriodendron chinense etc., were shade intolerant, pioneer species or long-lived pioneer emergent trees which only regenerated on the bare ground following severe disturbances or in very large canopy gaps. Moreover, these species would disappear finally in the relatively stable community that at later succession stage. Sporadic type species, such as Rhododendron simiarum, Schima superba, Cyclobalanopsis multiervis etc., were late seral stage species that could regenerate in large gaps and had intermediate shade-tolerance between the pioneer species and dominant species of climax community. Bimodal type species Rhododendron latoucheae was climax community species that had shade-tolerance. Pyramid type species, such as Temstroemia gymnanthe, Eurya muricata, Pieris japonica etc., and Unibar type species, such as Cinnamomum chekiangense, Camellia cuspidata, Ardisia crenata var. crenata etc., were the dominant species in the upper tree layer and shrub layer of the climax community. (4) Succession stage analysis showed that the Tsuga tchekiangensis community in the Jiulongshan, Zhejiang was still at its early stage, and would develop toward the community climax with the dominant species of Bimodal. Based on the analysis above, protection measures were proposed. In allusion to the biological characteristics of different Tsuga tchekiangensis populations, in site conservation should be taken as the most important management countermeasure for the forest in the future. Intermediate selective cutting of the other species such as Rhododendron simiarum, Schima superba and Rhododendron latoucheae in the tree layer should be done. The original environment should be conserved and the shrub species in the stand should be thinned so as to create a good condition for Tsuga tchekiangensis populations to regenerate and develop.
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