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Competition among parasitoids for host during foraging and oviposition

拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争



全 文 :第26卷第 4期
2006年4月
生 态 学 报
ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA
Vo1.26。No.4
Apr.,2006
拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争
李国清,慕莉莉
(南京农业大学农业部病虫监测与治理重点开放实验室,南京 210095)
摘要:综述拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主竞争的最新研究进展。这类竞争具有四种方式,即标记寄主、杀卵和杀幼、守护寄主
和捕食寄主。(1)标记寄主常涉及寄主标记信息索,这是由雌蜂在产卵前、产卵时或产卵后分泌的化学物质。寄主标记信息素
常介导拟寄生蜂对已寄生和健康寄主的辨别、减少过寄生和多寄生、减轻种内和种问竞争压力。(2)雌蜂遇到已寄生寄主时,
很多种类杀死前一雌蜂遗留的卵和幼虫,再产下自己的卵。雌蜂使用三种方法杀卵和杀幼,即产卵器穿刺 、取食和使用有毒物
质。通过杀卵和杀幼,产卵雌蜂清除了前一雌蜂遗留的后代,主动改善了寄主品质,从而有利于自身后代的生存。(3)守护寄
主在肿腿蜂科、缘腹细蜂科、金小蜂科、缨小蜂科和茧蜂科中均有报道,守护者驱逐入侵者以保护后代及健康寄主。(4)捕食寄
主不仅减少了健康寄主数量 ,且直接导致已寄生寄主中拟寄生蜂卵和幼虫的死亡。雌蜂一般在体内成熟卵量较少时捕食寄主。
讨论了研究拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的理论意义和实际应用价值。
关键词:拟寄主蜂;寄主标记;杀卵和杀幼;寄主守护 ;寄主捕食
文章编号:1000.0933(2006)04.1261.09 中田分类号:Q968.1,$476+.3 文献标识码:A
Competition among parasitoids for host during foraging and oviposition
LI Guo-Qing,MU Li—Li (Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Pl口at Dised Ⅱnd Pests,Ministry of Agriculture,Nanfing Agricultural
University,Nanjing 210095,China).Acta Eeologica Sinica。2OO6,26(4):1261—1269.
Abstract:During foraging and oviposition,hymenopteran parasitoid females often compete for hosts with individuals of the same or
diferent species.The competition involves four types of behaviors:host—marking,ovicide or infanticide,brood guarding and host—
feeding.Advances in research of these behaviors are presented in detail in this review.(1)Host—marking has been documented in
about 200 hymenopteran parasitoid species in nearly every super-family.Wasps mark exploited hosts physically or chemically
before,during or after oviposition.However,most parasitoids utilize chemical markers,which are defined as host—marking
pheromones(HMPs)or oviposition—deterring pheromones.HMPs usually mediate the discrimination between parasitized and
healthy hosts,reduce super—and muhiparasitism,and minimize intra—and inter-specifc competition.HMPs can often decrease the
tendency for a wasp to lay eggs in a marked host and promote dispersa1.When HMPs do not completely suppress oviposition,they
can reduce clutch size.Moreover,a gregarious wasp may modify the sex ratio of deposited brood in response to the presence or
absence of an HMP.(2)Ovicide or infanticide refers to a parasitoid destroying an existing clutch of eggs or larvae in a parasitized
host before laying its own clutch.A wasp usually commits ovicide or infanticide either by piercing eggs or larvae with its
ovipositor,eating them,or injecting a toxic substance to the first brood(s)before or during oviposition.Generally,an adult kills
brood(s)on conspecifcally parasitized hosts more frequently than on hosts parasitized by itself Ovicide and infanticide are
advantageous since they remove the competitor(s)to restore,at least partialy,the quality of parasitized hosts.(3)Brood‘
guarding behaviors are observed in many species in the family Bethylidae,Scelionidae,Pteromalidae,Mymaridae and Braconidae.
Guarding wasps attempt to repel intra—and inter-specific intruders to protect their broods or unexploited hosts.(4)Adults of some
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项 目(30170614)
收稿日期:2005.08.13;修订日期:2006.02.20
作者简介:李国清(1964一),男,湖南宁乡人,博士,教授 ,主要从事昆虫产卵忌避物质、昆虫生理生化研究.E-mail:lignaqing001234@yahoo.com.an
Foundation item:The project was.supported by National Natural Sceince Foundation of China(No.30170614)
Received date:一:Accepted da te:一
Biography:LI Guo.Qing,Ph.D.,Professor,mainly engaged in insect oviposition repellents and deterents,insect physiology and biochemistry.E-mail
ligoqing001234@ yaho .con.cn
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1262 生 态 学 报 26卷
parasitoids feed on host insects to obtain energy to develop eggs,a behavior defined as host feeding.A host_feeding wasp consumes
healthy hosts or t~ven directly kils the parasitoid broods in previously parasitized hosts.Females tend to fed on hosts when they
possess lower egg loads than higher egg loads.The theoretical impo~ance and potential applications of host competition during
foraging and oviposition among hymenopteran parasitoids are also discussed.
Key words:Hymenoptemn parasitoid;host-marking;ovicide and infanticide;brood—guarding;host—feeding
拟寄生蜂是大多数 自然和农田生态系统中植物.害虫 天敌动态关系的关键因素,是开发绿色、安全生物
防治措施的首选对象。拟寄生蜂的种内和种间竞争及植物、气候条件、农事操作和栽培制度对这一竞争关系
的影响,往往决定着拟寄生蜂控制害虫的有效性,因而成为目前昆虫学的热点研究领域之一 ¨。竞争是指两
个或更多个体为了同一资源而展开的争夺[3]。竞争分为冲突和利用两种形式。利用竞争(exploitation
competition)是多个竞争者 占据一个资源后对该资源的同时利用 ,如群寄生(gregarious parasitism)、过寄生
(super-parasitsm)或多寄生(multi.parasitism)的拟寄生蜂幼虫对寄主食物的抢用。冲突竞争 (interference
competition)是间接或直接限制竞争对手接近资源的任何行动[4]。拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争均
为冲突竞争,常涉及标记寄主、杀卵和杀幼、守护寄主和捕食寄主四种行为。其中标记寄主属于间接冲突;杀
卵和杀幼、守护寄主则为直接冲突;拟寄生蜂捕食已寄生寄主直接杀死了其中(上)的拟寄生蜂后代,是直接冲
突;而捕食健康寄主减少了可用于产卵的寄主数量,是间接冲突。本文系统介绍拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞
争寄主的研究进展。
1 寄主标记
寄主标记是雌蜂搜寻寄主时、产卵前、产卵时或产卵后遗留在寄主体内、体表或周围环境中的多种物理和
化学信号。物理信号指雌蜂的搜寻和产卵活动在寄主表面或周围环境中留下的伤 口、划痕、突起等 ]。化
学标记是一类昆虫产卵相关的信息化合物,称为寄主标记信息素(host marking pheromone)。已报道的例子中,
绝大多数拟寄生蜂使用化学标记 。据不完全统计,分布于姬蜂总科、小蜂总科、细蜂总科、肿腿蜂总科、瘿
蜂总科的200种以上的雌蜂均利用寄主标记辨认已寄生寄主n ,避免过寄生和多寄生,减少种内和种间竞
争。
1.1 寄主标记与种内竞争
1.1.1 阻止过度寄生 寄主标记最常见的作用是阻止过度寄生,驱避怀卵雌蜂,从而减少后代的食物竞争。
单寄生蜂(solitary parasitoids)常被寄主标记信息素驱离,寻找未标记寄主 。而多数群寄生蜂(gregarious
parasitoids)可根据标记量判断寄主的利用程度,以决定是否产卵及产卵数量。如黑卵蜂 Telenomus fariai产卵
量大时,标记寄主的时间便长,这使后来的雌蜂可根据标记量判断寄主的质量n 。岭南黄蚜小蜂 @h~is
lingnanensis、印巴黄蚜小蜂 A.melinus和黄蚜小蜂A.coheni在夹竹桃蚧中的产卵量与寄主体内已存卵量呈负
相关 ¨,表明标记可阻止后来者对寄主的过度利用。具有相似现象的还有瘿蜂 eudeucoila bochei[】 和
Leptopilina heterotoma¨ 及广赤眼蜂 T.evanescensNs]。此外,寄主标记信息素还激发雌蜂逃离正在搜寻的区域,
寻找新的产卵场所n¨ 。。 有的拟寄生蜂还能够根据标记鉴别搜索与未搜索区域 .21],提高搜索效率,扩大竞
争优势。
1.1.2 调节性比 拟寄生蜂寄主标记还能激发后来者调整卵的性比。一般地,随着寄主体内卵或幼虫的增
加,雌蜂常多产雄性卵或少产雌性 卵。这一现象在无臂茧蜂 Asobara tabida[2引、丽蝇蛹集金小蜂 Nasonia
vitripennis ]
、广赤眼蜂 T.~ane$cerl$ ]、缨小蜂 Anaphes tJictus~圳、A.nitens[∞ 和黑卵蜂 Telenomus fariai E引中发现。
1.1.3 鉴别亲缘关系 有些拟寄生蜂能根据标记信息素鉴别自身和同种其它雌蜂所产卵,避免自过寄生
(self super-parasitism,同一雌蜂多次在同一寄主上产卵而引起的过寄生) 。缨小蜂 Anaphes lDfe遇到 自寄生
寄主时,往往重新标记寄主,自过寄生率只有 20%;但遇到非自身寄生寄主时,过寄生率达到 80%[2 。缨小蜂
A.n.sp. 和A.victus⋯、黑卵蜂 Telenomus buseolae和 . fs[31]、金小蜂 Dinamus basalis 、跳小蜂 Epidinocarsis
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4期 李国清 等:拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争
lopezi 、粉虱丽蚜小蜂 Encarsia formosa j、Eretmocerus eremicus和浆角蚜小蜂 E.mundus[2]、卡氏盾痣细蜂
Dendrocerus carpenteri 、姬蜂 Venturia canescens[蚓、蚜茧蜂 兀ls californicus[”]、蚜茧蜂 Aphidius p靶udococci[招j、蚜
外茧蜂 Praonpequodorum 等也具有相同的鉴别能力,避免自过寄生。辩认自身和同种其它雌蜂的卵具有适应
性意义,因为与非自身卵共存时是不同基因型之间的竞争,若竞争不造成后产卵的死亡,则过寄生仍能获得一
定的收益。而自过寄生则是兄弟姐妹之间的竞争,一般情况下只造成卵和时间的浪费,没有净收益n 。
拟寄生蜂还可根据寄主标记信息素区分亲缘关系的远近,避免与亲缘关系较近的个体竞争健康寄主。如
缨小蜂 A.victus¨ 和姬蜂 Venturia canescensl3 均能鉴别同胞、非同胞和不同地理品系的标记信息素。蝇蛹泛
金小蜂 Pachycropoideus vindemmiae法国 Lyon品系感受寄主内部的标记信息素;而 Rennes品系只需用产卵器上
的感受器检测寄主表面 。这种差异可否区分亲缘关系,尚需研究。
拟寄生蜂通过寄主标记信息素的何种差异来区分亲缘关系的远近因种类而异,涉及 3种机制。①双组分
标记。如卡氏盾痣细蜂 Dendrocerus carpenteri_3 和沟卵蜂 Trissolcus basalisl4¨的寄主标记信息素由高挥发性短
效组分和低挥发性长效组分构成。当雌蜂在某处产卵时,这一区域可能同时存在 自身和非自身寄生的寄主,
非自身寄生的寄主由前一雌蜂遗留,寄生时间已较长,寄主上的高挥发性组分已散失;自身寄生的寄主因卵刚
产下,高挥发性组分仍存在。雌蜂据此区分自身与非自身标记。②有的拟寄生蜂同时利用信息素标记寄主的
外部和内部,随后到达的雌蜂可据此区分不同亲缘关系的个体。如缨小蜂 Anaphes victus外部检测能区分同胞
和非同胞标记,若同时检测外部和内部,能区分不同地理品系(Quebec、Taxes和 Michigan品系)的标记⋯。③有
的拟寄生蜂标记信息素混合物的组成比例在不同个体间存在可遗传的差异,这种差异可用来区分不同个体的
标记。如姬蜂 Ventuna canescens的标记信息素碳氢化合物的种类和组成比例的差异与亲缘关系相关,雌蜂据
此辨别亲缘关系的远近 。
2.1 寄主标记与种间竞争
1.2.1 同属内不同种的竞争 寄主标记信息素可使拟寄生蜂进行种间鉴别。同一属的雌蜂相互感知对方的
寄主标记信息素的实例较多。这类种间鉴别一般是不对称的,优势种常忽略劣势种的寄主标记信息素,而劣
势种对优势种的寄主标记信息素反应灵敏,避免多寄生。如劣势种 Eretmocerus eremicus检测标记信息素后完
全拒绝被优势种浆角蚜小蜂E.mundus寄生的寄主,但优势种 E.mundu$却不拒绝被劣势种E.eremicus寄生
的寄主 。同样,缨小蜂 Anaphes n.sp.和A.1istronoti_] 、A.victus和A.1istronoti⋯、黑卵蜂 Telenomus buseolae
和 . -3 、无臂茧蜂 Asobara tabida和A.rufescens-4 、无网长管蚜茧蜂 Aphidius ervi和A.smithi “、卡氏盾
痣细蜂 Dendrocerus carpenteri及 D.1aticeps-4 、跳小蜂 Epidinocarsis lopezi及 E.diversicornis 等事例中,劣势种
均能感受到优势种的寄主标记信息素,避免多寄生。
1.2.2 不同属的竞争 同域发生、寄主彼此重叠的不同属拟寄生蜂也能感受对方的寄主标记信息素,竞争相
同的食物资源。这类种间竞争也常常不对称。如多寄生对纹翅赤眼蜂 Lathromeris ovicida的影响较小,而对黑
卵蜂 Telenomus isis的影响很大。当竞争共同寄主非洲大螟卯时, .ovicida忽略 . s如的标记导致多寄生,
而 .fs 对 .ovicida的标记反应灵敏,避免多寄生 。金小蜂 Dinamus basalis和旋小蜂Eupelmus vuiUeti同域
寄生豆象时,劣势种 D.basalis可检测到优势种E.vuiUeti的标记,而优势种 E.vuileti忽略劣势种D.basalis
的标记 。相似的现象还见于岛弯尾姬蜂 Diadegma insulate和侧沟茧蜂 Microplitis plutelae竞争小菜蛾幼
虫 J、点缘跳小蜂 Copidosoma truncⅡteUMm和粉蝶侧沟茧蜂 Microplitis brasicae竞争粉纹夜蛾 、蝇金小蜂
Muscidifutax zaraptor和金小蜂 Urolepsis rufipes竞争家蝇 、蚜茧蜂 Aphidius matricariae和蚜茧蜂 Ephedrus
cerasicola竞争桃蚜 、无网长管蚜茧蜂 Aphidius e 和苜蓿斑蚜蚜小蜂Aphelinus asychis竞争蚜虫 等例子中。
2 杀卵和杀幼行为
雌蜂遇到已寄生寄主后,通过杀卵(幼)移除前一雌蜂留下的后代,主动改善寄主品质,再产下自己的卵。
这避免了后代的种内和种间竞争,具有适应性意义。雌蜂的杀卵(幼)行为至今虽未深入研究,但现有报道已
广泛涉及金小蜂科、蚜小蜂科、姬蜂科、茧蜂科和肿腿蜂科拟寄生蜂 。
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生 态 学 报 26卷
2.1 杀卵和杀幼方式
拟寄生蜂采用3种方式杀卵(幼)。其一是用产卵器刺破卵或幼虫。这种方式在外寄生(ecto-parasitoids,
产卵于寄主体表的拟寄生蜂)种类如螯蜂 Echthrodelphaxfairchildi 引、瘤角姬蜂 Pleolophus indistinctusH刮、蝇蛹
泛金小蜂 Pachycrepoideus vindemmi0e 和旋小蜂 Eupelmus vuileti ,内寄生(endo—parasitoids,产卵于寄主体内
的拟寄生蜂)种类如单节螯蜂 Haplogonatopus atratus 和丽蚜小蜂 Encarsiaformosa 中均有报道。其二是吃
掉或用口器移除前一雌蜂遗留在寄主上的卵或幼虫。这常见于肿腿蜂科的外寄生蜂,如棱角肿腿蜂 Goniozus
mDrf瑚越【62]

G. platynotae E63,64]

G.tri口ngulifer[ 和 G.nephantidis[6]、肿腿 蜂 J Zi pedatus[酊]、Sderodermus
macrogaster[缱 和 Vephalonomia hyaliaipennis ]。拟寄生蜂杀卵(幼)的第3种方式是在产卵过程中注入有毒物质
杀死前一雌蜂遗留在寄主体内的后代 j。
2.2 杀卵和杀幼的进化条件
寄生卵和幼虫的易检测性是雌蜂是否采用杀卵(幼)策略的先决条件 。外寄生蜂遗留的卵或幼虫极易
被发现。少数内寄生蜂实例如单节螯蜂 Haplogonatopus atratus卵粘附于产卵部位的体壁之下直至2龄末期,
极易被发现 船]。内寄生蜂丽蚜小蜂 Encarsiaformosa的卵较大,达寄主粉虱体长的 1/4—1/3,且粉虱身体扁平,
寄生卵也易被发现 。
采用进化上的稳定策略模型,推断群寄生蜂采取杀卵(幼)策略的条件为:(1)杀卵(幼)需时较短;(2)健康
的可用于产卵寄生的寄主稀缺;(3)先产卵处于竞争优势 。实验数据证明了这一推断。如麦蛾茧蜂 Bracoa
hebetor杀卵需时只占产卵时间的 1/6左右 ,先产卵竞争优势明显 ,在健康寄主稀少时杀卵率高H 。蝇
蛹泛金小蜂 Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae杀卵后再产卵与直接产卵需时相当,杀卵频率负相关于健康寄主数
量 。螯蜂 Echthrodelphaxfairchildi杀幼仅需 1O s,杀幼率与先产卵的竞争优势正相关 。肿腿蜂 i
pedatus先 产卵 的竞 争 优势也 非 常明显,杀 卵后再产 卵所 用 时间仅 略长 于直接 产卵_67 。单 节螯蜂
Haplogonatopus atratus 引和丽蚜小蜂 Encarsia formosa ¨ 杀卵需时均较短。
2.3 影响杀卵和杀幼的因素
杀卵和杀幼行为受多种其它因素的影响。蝇蛹泛金小蜂 Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae杀卵行为受寄主种类
的影响。寄生黑腹果蝇蛹时,杀卵率较高,且与蛹寄生率正相关。而寄生实蝇 Delia radicum时,杀卵率较低且
不随蛹寄生率变化 蚓。此外,麦蛾茧蜂 Bracoa hebetor[7 、单节螫蜂 Haplogonatopus atratusb。 和螯蜂 Echthrodelphax
fairchildi 均能辨认出自身所产卵,避免杀死自己的后代。
2.4 杀卵(幼)与种间竞争
杀卵和杀幼还与拟寄生蜂的种间竞争有关。如旋小蜂 Eupelmus vuileti倾向产卵于被金小蜂 Dinarmus
basalis寄生的豆象幼虫上,产卵前杀死竞争对手 D.basalis的卵 。肿腿蜂 Cephalonomia hyaliaipennis和 C.
stephanoderis遇到携带有对方卵的咖啡果小蠹虫后,常取食对方的卵后再产下自己的卵旧 。
3 寄主守护行为
3.1 守护行为的类型
有些拟寄生蜂遇到健康可产卵寄生的寄主后,常滞留在寄主周围,驱逐随后到达的产卵雌蜂,等待卵的成
熟而最终产卵。如棱角肿腿蜂 C.oniozus nephaatidis遇到织蛾 Opisina arenosela幼虫后,钻人 0.arenosela巢穴
并麻醉寄主,作为拥有者守护寄主 1—3d后再产卵。在此期间,拥有者常追逐并袭击入侵者,直至失败者逃离
巢穴为止。两个因素决定最后的胜利者。其一是拥有者身分,在角斗时,拥有者的获胜率是入侵者的 1.32
倍。其二是体重,若拥有者体重较大,入侵者不能替代拥有者;而当入侵者体重大时,替代率与体重差异正相
关 J 。这两个取胜因素均与寄主守护期有关,在守护期间,拥有者体内的卵粒迅速成熟。这不仅增加了拥
有者的产卵欲望,同时增大了体重,这是拥有者获胜几率高的原因之一_76j。
寄主守护行为若发生在产卵后 ,则是看护后代。棱角肿腿蜂 C.oaiozus nephantidis产卵后 ,停息在寄主巢穴
内直至其后代化蛹 。棱角肿腿蜂 G.1egneri具有相似的行为 ]。肿腿蜂 P.nasuta看护时用咖啡果小蠹
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4期 李国清 等:拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争
虫成虫的尸体堵塞咖啡果上的蛀孔,阻止其它拟寄生蜂的进人 。沟卵蜂 Trissolcu 6 olis寄生一个卵块不
到 1 h,但后代看护持续 2—5 h ¨ 。肿腿蜂 C.stephanoderis 圳、金小蜂 Erixestus uinnemana 也具有类似的
后代看护行为。
有的拟寄生蜂寄生卵块或生活在一起的幼虫,拟寄生蜂的一次产卵只能寄生这些寄主的一部分,此时守
护寄主既是对健康寄主的占领,又是对后代的看护。如3种柄翅小蜂 Gonatocerus口shme口di、G.trugut口tus和
G.fasciatu在大叶蝉Homalodisca coagulata卵块上一次产卵后,逗留在寄主附近休息、清洁触角及身体,随后回
到卵块上继续产卵,在此过程中守护寄主、驱逐同种或不同种人侵者 。肿腿蜂 c印 ofonomio stephonoderis、
C.hyalinipennis和Prorops nasuta分批产卵寄生生活在一起的咖啡果小蠹虫时,均守护寄主,当同种或异种雌
蜂人侵时,拥有者和人侵者之间发生角斗,采用追逐、叮咬和螫刺攻击对方 ]。同种角斗并不引起死亡。而
异种角斗时,获胜者常将螫针刺人对方体内,麻醉并杀死对方 ]。相似的寄主守护和攻击行为还在棱角肿
腿蜂 Goniozus nephantidis和麦蛾茧蜂 Bracon hebetor竞争寄主时发现 ]。
3.2 采用守护行为的条件
拟寄生蜂是否采用寄主守护及守护的时间长短与守护的后代数量密切相关。群寄生蜂(gregarious
parasitoids)或准群寄生蜂(quasi—gregarious parasitoids,寄主群聚的单寄生蜂)比单寄生蜂更为经济,故更倾向于
采用寄主守护 。。 肿腿蜂 Cephalonomia stephanodens对只有 1 3个后代的寄主看护时间短,而对具有多个后
代的寄主看护时间长 J。
寄主守护和争夺行为有的较为温和,如驱逐和炫耀,失败者并无明显的伤残;有的较为激烈,常造成明显
伤残甚至死亡。博弈论模型分析表明,若拟寄生蜂随后可能遇到的寄主好于或多于正在争夺的寄主,选择温
和争夺行为。相反,若寄主极为稀缺,随后可能遇到的寄主等于或差于正在争夺的寄主,则选择激烈争夺行
为 。
4 捕食行为
4.1 捕食行为的类型
有些拟寄生蜂有时用产卵器刺穿可用于产卵寄生的寄主,使血淋巴外渗,然后取食血淋巴 呻 而导致寄
主的死亡。如肿腿蜂 Cephalonomia stephanoderis、C.hyalinipennis和Prorops nasuta羽化后需捕食寄主咖啡果小
蠹虫,卵粒才分批成熟。这 3种肿腿蜂均嗜食卵和低龄幼虫。C.stephanoderis的捕食率在笼罩时达到 65%,
田间观察达 49% 。田猎姬蜂 Agrothereutes lanceolatus取食寄主常引起寄主的麻痹和死亡 。此外,取食
寄主的还有丽蚜小蜂 Encarsiaformosa “。
拟寄生蜂也捕食 被寄生的寄主,故捕食也杀死 了同种或不 同种拟寄生蜂 的后代。如 田猎姬蜂
Agrothereutes lanceolatus捕食被寄生的几种螟蛾和卷蛾的老熟幼虫、预蛹和蛹时,杀死了绝大部分的同种寄生
卵 。肿腿蜂 Cephalonomia hyalinipennis、C.stephanoderis或 Prorops nasuta捕食咖啡果小蠹虫时,杀死寄主体
内的同种或异种拟寄生蜂卵 。
4.2 影响捕食行为的因素
拟寄生蜂是否捕食寄主受载卵量、遇到健康寄主频率等因素的影响。如田猎姬蜂 Agrothereutes lanceolatus
当体内成熟卵量极少时,需大量营养满足卵的发育,此时大量捕食寄主。而当体内成熟卵较多时,则不捕食或
很少捕食寄主。此外,田猎姬蜂 A.1anceolatus捕食寄主的频率还与遇到健康寄主的次数有关,单位时间内遇
到健康寄主的次数越多,捕食次数越多[9 。
5 展望
拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的行为和方式是昆虫中乃至动物中最为复杂和完善的,这为研究动物
行为反应、调控途径及进化路线提供了理想的研究材料。同时,拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的研究也
有广泛的实际应用价值。首先,拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的能力是拟寄生蜂能否有效控制害虫的关
键评估指标,其研究结果为合理利用拟寄生蜂进行生物防治提供了重要依据 一 。其次,搜索产卵过程中竞
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l266 生 态 学 报 26卷
争寄主是拟寄生蜂种间竞争的重要手段,是评估不同种拟寄生蜂协同控制同一种害虫的重要指标。比较欲引
种和当地种对健康寄主的竞争,可避免引入能抑制甚至灭绝当地种的拟寄生蜂 。
相比上述理论意义和应用价值,拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的研究还远远不够。目前外国的研究
大都限于现象的描述和解释,对深层次的问题如拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的选择压力和进化路线、
行为的生理生化机制及基因调控等,鲜有报道。而在我国,这一领域的研究刚刚起步,如寄主标记现象在多种
黑卵蜂[ 、长棒四节蚜小蜂 Pteroptrix Iongiclava和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂Encarasis gig,s中发现 。刘晨羲等 B]
最近报道芦苇格姬小蜂 Pnigalio phragmitis产卵前捕食寄主。可见,拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的研究方
兴未艾,尚需昆虫学、生态学、生理学、生化学、分子生物学和遗传学等多门学科专家的共同努力和协同攻关。
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