全 文 ：热带亚热带植物学报 2005，l3(2)：130-138
Jouma／ofTropical and Subtropical Botany
Ecological Characteristics of Plants of Harboi
Rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan
Mufakhirah Jan DURRANI ，Farrukh HUSSAIN ，Saeed—Ul"一Rehman
f1．Department ofBotany,University ofBdochistan，Queta，Pakistan；
2．Department ofBotany,University ofPeshawar，Peshawar，Pakistan)
Abstract：The floristic composition, ecological characteristics and ethnoecology of plants of Harboi rangeland(Kala~
Pakistan)weredoneduring 1997 to 1999．Therewere 202 species that belongedto45plantfamiliesAsteraceae,Papilionaceae,
Poaceae， Brassicaceae and Lami aceae were the leading families． Juniperus ma~ropoda was the only tree species while
Artemesia maritima,Sophora grifithii Hertia intermedia,Nepetajuncea,Perovskia abrotanoides，Convolvulus leiocalycinus
andA stragalus spp． were the most common shrubs． The dominant life forms were therophyte and hemicryptophyte while
nanophylls， mi crophylls an d leptophyls were dominan t leaf sizes． The growing season lasts from M arch to November with
two flowering periods．Most．i e．83．6％ plants flowered during April to June while 63_3％ plants bloomed during July to
September．Some 1 45 species had various local uses．Th ey included 1 29 fodder species，50 medicinal species，1 2 vegetable／
fruits species，7 fuel wood species，3 species each were used for roof thatching and making herbal tea．Deforestation，over
grazing and over colection Ofmedicinal and fuel wood species have led to the degradation ofthis rangeland．Th ere is need to
conserve these resources with the participation of local communities．
Key words：Pakistan；Harboi Ran geland；Ecological characteristics
CLC number：Q948．2 Document code：A Article ID：1 005—3395(2005)02—0 1 30—09
The Harboi rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan，covers an
area of 22 35 1 hectares and it lies between 29。N and
66。45’to 67。E． It was declared as Protected Forest
since January 1 967(Fig．1、．The study area has rugged
mountainous limestone and conglomerates with many
small valleys and dry ravines．The altitude varies from
2 900 to 3 300 m．The area is under heavy grazing and
human pressure due to lopping and uprooting of plan ts
for fuel，forage and medicinal purposes．
The climate is ofdry temperate type．The nearest
meteorological station locates at Kalat which is 3 0 km
away from the research site． Short summer lasts from
May to September．The mean temperature ofthe hottest
months,Jun eandJuly,risestoover300(：withmaximum
temperature up to 35℃ at Kalat． Winter is long and
cold lasting from october to April．The coldest month．
January， has a mean monthly temperature of-4~C that
may drop to as low as-16℃ ．The cold spel is quite
severewith chillingwinds．Windspeedvariesfrom 1．88
Received：2002·-1 1-18 Accepted：2004·-12·-01
Corresponding author
to 3 m s一．Th e mean annual air pressure is l 516 MPa
that varies from low during May(1 443 MPa)to high
f 1 564 Mpa)in September．The mean anual relative
humidity is 44％ with lowest(33％)during July and
highest(60％)in January．The mean value of clouds is
1．87 OKTS．The highest cloud(28 OKTS)occur in
March and least in September f0．62 OKTS)．The mean
dew point temperature varies from-5℃(January)to 9℃
(July)．The mean anual rainfal is 28．5 ITlIn that varies
from 2．4 innl(September)to 125 tnlTl(December)．
Evapo-transpiration is higher than rainfall that causes
aridity．Th e precipitation is mostly received during
winter from western depression． The area receives
regular snowfall during winter．
Various workers did sporadic collections of
plants from different parts of Balochistan including
Harboi rangef 一．Khattak Kazmif~and Zaman et a1．f6,7]
worked on various species of Ephedra and Juniperus
found in these hills．Ra6【8】and Durrani et a1．[91 stated
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
第 2期 Mufakhirah Jan DURRANI et a1．：Ecological Characteristics ofPlants ofHarboi Rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan 131
。6·O 66 5 66。30‘ 66 45。 67。。。 5
Scale 900∞ 0
Fig．I Map ofKalat showing research area
that deforestation， overgrazing and over collection of
plants by local peoples has deteriorated the vegetation
of廿lis area． No other reference on the flora and
vegetation of this area is available．The present paper，
therefore，reports the floristic composition，its ecolo·
gical characteristics and local uses of plants from this
rangeland．
1 Materials and Methods
1．1 Floristic composition
Plant collection was done every month for 3
consecutive years from 1 996 to 1 998． They were
identified with the help of available literaturet 0 ”．The
identification was later on confirmed at various
herbaria of Pakistan．Thus，a complete floristic list
along with families was compiled．
1．2 Life form and leaf size spectra
Plants were classified according to different life
form s and leaf size classes following Raunkiaert ．
1．3 Phenological behaviour
The phenological observations were recorded
every month from 1996 to 1998 and plants were
classified into following phenological stages：1．V I=
Pre·flowering stage(Vegetative or seedling stage)，
2．RP=Reproductive stage(Flowering／fruiting stage)，
3．V2=Post reproductive stage(Seeds or fi-uits matured／
dispersed)，and 4．V3=Dormant stage(Annuals complete
their life cycle and shed their seeds and die；deciduous
perennials shed their leaves and perenate either by
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
l32 热带亚热带植物学报 第 l3卷
leafless shoots or by underground parts，while ever—
greenscease theirgrowth)．
1．4 Classification of plants by their local uses
Plants were classified according to their known
local uses on the basis of information gathered prima—
rily from the inhabitants within the area and supple—
mented with field observations．
2 Results and Discussion
2·1 Floristic composition
There were 202 species that belonged to 35 dicot．，
8 monocot．and 2 gymnosperm families(Table l1．
Asteraceae(29 spp．)，Poaceae(24 spp．)，Brassicaceae,
Papilionaceae(each with 1 7 spp．)，Lamiaceae 0 5 spp．)，
and Boraginaceae(11 spp．)were the leading families．
These families were followed by Chenopodiaceae(7
spp．)Euphorbiaceae,Ranunculaceae,Scrophulariaceae
and Apiaceae(each with 6 spp．)，Caryophylaceae and
Liliaceae(5 spp．each)，Rosaceae(4 spp．)and Juncaceae
(3 spp．)．Each of the remaining 30 families had either
one or two species．Juniperus e~welsa(1，．macropoda)
was the only tree species in the area．Burkil[1]
reported 42 species from this area but half of them
remained uncolected during the present study． This
might possibly be due to either the exterm ination of
species owing to deforestation and over collection by
the local people or Burkil might have also listed
plants from other parts of Harboi range as the present
study was confined to the Kalat portion(Sarawan)
only． Th e present study showed that there were only
27 species(6 shrubs，1 6 herbs，5 grasses)common to
the floristic list of Bolan as reported by Jail-i[ 3】：while
25％ floristic similarity was achieved with the flora of
Queta and Harnai as reported by Tareen&Qadir[ 4， ．
The poor floristic similarity of plants of this area with
those of other parts of Balochistan probably was due
to diferences in clima te and altitudetg, 3_ ．The present
flora had 1 2％ similarity with those of nearby Iskalku
rangd which is open and highly degraded．Our findings
agree with other workers t 工 o，“， ’ 6]who also reported
Asteraceae，Papilionaceae，Poaceae，Brassicaceae and
Lamiaceae to be well represented in the Flora of
Pakistan including Balochistan．Pennisetum oreintale
，
Bromus tectorum and Bromus sericeus were the most
commonly distributed grasses． Whi1e Poa b ulbosa,
Piptatherum vicarium, Stipa pinnato, Tetrapogon
vilsus， Cymbopogon jwarancus Melica penic~
A ristida spp．，Schismus arabicus and Phacelurus
speciosus had limited distribution in this area．
However，they have been reported as com on grasses
from other regions with similar climate【 堋
． The study
area is an extension of Iranian flora and vegetation as
many plants were com on to Flora Iranica． Cushion
plants such as A cantholimon munuroanura, A cantho—
limon polystachyum and Gaillonia eriatntha were
common due to adaptation to harsh habitat conditions
including cold winters，hot summers with high evapo—
ration，strong winds and intense grazing pressure．
A cantholimon species are component of the cushion
plant form ation through out dry temperate and alpine
vegetation of Pakistan and elsewhere[ ．Although，
floristic composition is a qualitative character
， yet a
rich flora might mean high species diversity，gene pool
and preliminary indicator of range productivity of the
area．
Th e largest pure Juniperus excelsa forest spreads
over Ziarat,Kalat and Loralai districts ofBalochistan[ ．
At present， the investigated part of Harboi range
harbours pure Juniperus excelsa forest．However,Raft~
reported a mixed Juniperus macropoda —Fraxinus
xanthoxyloides forest in the past．It was interesting to
report that Fraxinus xanthoxyloides was not even
recorded during the present study．Deforestation might
have eliminated it from this habitat．The findings agree
with Ahmed et a1．06, 踟who also reported that defor-
estation has decreased many species including Fraxinus
xanthoxyloides from similar pure Juniper forests from
diferent parts of Balochistan． In protected areas of
Ziara~Ciesla et a1． reported mixed forest ofJuniperus
polycarpos—Fraxinus xanthoxyloides， whereas P／nus
gerardiana associates with Juniperus polyearpos in the
Babusar Valley,Diamer㈣．Juniperus polyearpos is
associated with scatered individuals of P／nus
roxb urghi at lower altitude in similar climatic regions
of Astore． In the past the rangeland was protected by
the State rulers till its merger into setled districts of
Pakistan in 1971．The area，therefore，became open to
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
第 2期 Mufakhirah Jan DURRANI et a1．：Ecological Characteristics of Plants of Harboi Rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan
—
Table1 Floristiclist ofplantS ofhHarboi rangeland，Kalat
1．Amaramhaceae
l Aerua，avanica (Burm．f)Juss．
2．Alliaceae
2 Alium dolichos0，lum Vved．
3Asparagus capitatus Baker．
3．Apiaceae
4 Bupleurum exaltatum Bieb．
5 Bupleurum linearifolium DC．
6 Cuminum cyminum L．
7Ferulafoetida Rega1．
8 Psammogeton sp．
9 Seself fibanotis(L．)Koch．
4．Asteraceae
lO Achillea santolina L．
1 l Artemisia maritima L．
12 Artemisia tournefortiana Reich．
13 Asteriscus pygmaeus (DC．、Coss＆Dur．
14 Conyza bonariensis (L．)Cronguist．
15 Cousinia heterophyla Boiss．
16 Cousinia onopordioides Ledeb．
17 Cousinia sp．
18 Crepis sancta (L．)Babc．
19 Echinops echinatus Roxb．
20 Gnaphalium futeoalbum L．
2 l Hertia intermedia (Boiss．)O．Kfze．
22 Hetderoderis stoc iana Boiss．
23 Lactuca auriculata W alI．ex DC．
24 Lactuca orientalis (Boiss．)Boiss．
25 Lactuca persica Boiss．
26 Filago hurdwarica (DC．)Wagenitz．
27 Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent．)Boiss．
28 Sonchus maritimus L．
29 Scorzonera laciniata L．
30 Scorzonera tortuosissima Boiss．
3l Scorzonera sp．
32 Scrozonera molis M．Bieb．
33 Senico sp．
34 Taraxacum officinale Wigg．
35 Tragopogongracilis D．Don．
5．Berberidaceae
36 Berberis balochistanica Ahrendt．
37 Berberis call汤otrys AJtch ex Koenne．
6．Boraginaceae
38 Heliotropium brahuicum Stocks．
39Lappulamicrocarpa (Ledeb)Gurke．
40 Lappula sessiliflora (Boiss．)Gurke．
4 1 Lappula spinocarpos(Forssk．)Ascherson
42 Lithospermum arvense L．
43 Onasma dichroanhum Boiss．
44 Onasma limitaneum 1．M．Johnton．
45 Mattiastrum asperum (Stocks)Brand．
46 Nonnea caspica (Wild)G．Don．
47 Nonnea kandaharensis H．RiedI．
48 Trichodesma stocksif Boiss．
7．Brassicaceae
49 Alyssum finifolium Stapf ex Wild．
50 Alyssum marginatum Steud ex W illd．
5 l Afvssum szovitziahum F& M ．
52 Afvssum desertorum Stafp．
53 Arabis saxicola Edgew．
54 Conringia planisiliqua Fiseh＆ M ey．
55 Coronopus didymus(L．)Sm．
56 Descurainea sophia (L)Webb&Berth．
57 Drabopsis verna C．Koch．
58 Farsetia heliophila Bunge ex Coss．
59 Isatis emarginata Kar＆ Kir．
60 Leptaleumfilifolium (Wind．、DC．
6 l Malcolmia africana (Linn．)R．Br．
62 Malcolmia sp．
63 Malcolmia strigosa Boiss．
64 Neslia apiculata Fisch ＆ Mey ＆ Avela1．
65 Robeschia schimperi(Boiss)O．E．S．
8．Capparifoliaceae
66 Lonicem hypaleuca Dclle．
9．Caryophyllaceae
67 Holosteum umbellatum L．
68 Gypsophila lignosa Hernsl& Lace．
69 Minuartia meyeri(Boiss)Bornm．
70 Silene brahuica Boiss．
7 l SteUaria alsinoides Boiss ＆ Buhse．
72 U『nidentified 97—83
10．Chenopodiaceae
73 Chenopodium aIt，um L．
74 enopodium botrys L．
75 Chenopodiumfoliosum (Moench)Ashers．
76 Chenopodium hybridum L．
77 Haloxylon grifithi (Moq．)Bunge ex Boiss．
78 Kochia stellaris Moq．
79 Salsola kali L．
1 1．Convolvulaceae
80 Convolvulus arvensis L．
8 l Convolvulus leiocafvcinus Boiss．
12．Cupressaceae ．
82 Junf口eFu$excelsa M．Bieb．
13．Cyperaceae
83 Carex sp．1
84 Carex sp．2
85Cyperus sp．
14．Dipsicaceae
86 Scabiosa oliveri Coult．
15．Ebenaceae
87 E6enus stellata Boiss．
16．Ephedraceae
88印hedra intermedia vat glauca Schren K．Regel，Stapf
17．Euphorbiaceae
89 Euphorbia caeladenia Boiss
90 Euphorbiafalcata L．
91 Euphorbia graulata Forssk．
92 Euphorbia maddenii Boiss．
93Euphorbiamultifurcata Rech．
94 Euphorbia prostrata Ait．
18．Fumariaceae
95，“maria indica (Hausskn．)H．N．
19．Geraniaceae
96 Erodium cicutarium (L_)L’Herit ex Ait．
20．1ridaceae
97Iris sp．
98 Iris tenuifolia Pal1．
21．Juncaceae
99 Juncus sp．
100 Juncus articulatus L．
1Ol ncusinfexus L．
22．Juncaginaceae
102 Triglochin palustris L．
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
134 热带亚热带植物学报 第 13卷
23．Lamiaceae
103 Eremostachys vicarys Benth．
104／sodon rugosus(Wan ex Bth)Codd．
105 Lalementia royleana【Bth．)Bm．
106 M arrubium vulgare L．
107 Mentha long 加 【L)Huds．
108Nepta sp．
109 Nepeta funcea Bth．
1 10 Perovskia abrotanoides Kare1．
11 1 Perovskia atriplicl f Bth．
1 12 Salvia cabulica Bth．
1 13 Scutenaria stocksii Boiss．
1 l4 Scutellaria sp，
1 15 ucrium stocksianum Boiss．
1 16 Zizyphora clinopodioides Laln．
117Zizyphoratenuior L．
24．Leonticaceae
l 18 Bongardia chrysogonum (Linn)Spach．
25．Liliaceae
l 19 Eremeruspersicus (Jaub＆Spach)Boiss．
1 20 Gagea pseudo，reticulata Vved．
12l Gagea sp．
122 Rhinapetalum karelinii Fisch．
123 THl／papobchroma Stapf．
26．M alvaceae
l24 Malva neglecta W anr．
27．Onagraceae
l25 Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn．
28．Orobanchaceae
126 Orobanche cernua Loefn．
29．Papaveraceae
l27 Hypecoumpendulum L
l 28 Papaver macrostomum Boiss ＆ Huet ex Boiss．
30．Papilionaceae
129 Astragalus gompholobium Bth．ex Bunge．
130Astragalus 97一l5l
l3l Astragalus 97—53
l32Astragalus 97—8
133 Astragalus afghanus Boiss．
134 Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss．
135 Astragalus orthocarpus Boiss．
136 Astragalus psilocentros Fisch．
137 Astragalus purpurascens Bunge．
138 Astragalus subliformis DC．
139 Caragana ambigua Stock
l40 Colutea armata Hems1．＆ Lace．
14 l Medicago lupulina L．
142 Medicago potymorpha L．
143 Onobrychis COttlUt~ (L)Desv．
144 Onobrychis dealbata Stocks．
145 Sophora gr0 thi Stocks．
3 1．plantaginaceae
146 Plantago lanceolata L．
147 Plantago major Aitch
32．Plumbaginaceae
148 Acantholimon munroanum Aitch ＆ Hems1．
149 Acantholimon polystachyum Boiss．
33．Poaceae
l50 Aristida sp．
15 l Aristida adscensionsis L．
152 Boissera squarrosa (Soland、Nevski．
153 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L．)Keng．
154 Bromus sericeus Drobov．
155 Bromus tectorum L．
156 Cymbopogonjwarancusa (Jones)Schult·
157 Phacelurus speciosus(Steud．)C．E．Hubb．
158 Eragrostis minor Host．
159 Festuca arundinacea Schreb．
160 Hordeum bogdannii W ilensky．
161 Melica persica Kunth．
1 62 Pennisetum orientale L．
163 Phalaris sp．
164 Pl口tatherum vicarium Boiss．
165 Poa bulbosa Lu．
166 Poa sinaica Steud．
167 Polypogonfugas Nees ex Steud．
168 Schismus arabicus Nees．
169 zpapinnata L．
170 Tetrapogon villosis Desf．
17l ia ciliata (tamK．&DC)Link．
172 Unidentified grass样97—108
l73Unidentifed grass#97—150
34．Polygalaceae
174 Polygala hohenackeriana Fisch ＆ Meiy。
l 75 Polygala sibirica Linn．
35 Polygonaceae
l 76尸Dtygonum aviculare L．
177 Polygonum paronychioides C．A．Mey．
36．Primulaceae
l78 Androsace sp．
37．Ranunculaceae
l79 Adonis aestivalis L．
1 80 Anemone tschernfaewii Regal
l8l Ceratocephallafalcatus(L．)Pers．
1 82 Ceratocephalla testiculata (Crantz)Roth．
1 83 Clematis graveolens LindU．
1 84 C matis orientalis L．
38．Rosaceae
l85PFunus sp．
1 86 Prunus eburnean Aitch．
1 87 Rosa lacerans Boiss＆Buhse．
1 88 irea boissieri Schneider．
39．Rubiaceae
189 Gaillonia eriantha Jaub ＆ Spach．
190 Galium asparine L
40．Scrophulariaceae
191 Leptorhabdosparviflora (Bt|1)Bth．
192 Scrophularia sp．
193 rbascum erianthum Bth．
194 Vernoica didyM Tenore．
195 Veronica anagalusaquatica L
196 Veronica biloba L．
41．Solanaceae
197 Solanum nigrum L．
198 Hyoscyamus pusilum L
42．T’amariaceae
l99 Reauma ria sp．
43 111vmeleaceae
200 Daphne mucronata Royle．
44．Va1erianaceae
20 l Valerianella oxyrrhyncha Fisch & Mey．
45．Zygophy~aceae
202 Peganum harmala L．
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
第 2期 Mufakhirah Jan DURRANI et a1．：Ecological Characteristics ofPlants ofHarboi Rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan 135
plant and wild life exploiters that resulted in ruthless
cutting of forest trees and poaching for animals．The
shrubby species including A rtemisia maritinu~Sophora
grifithi，Hertia intermedia,Nepeta juncea,Astragalus
and Convolvulus leiocdycinus were most common
through out the J~n／perl~ and A rtemesia range．
Perovskia abrotanoides and Verbascum erianthum
were well distributed in dry watercourses．
The perennial and seasonal water springs have
localized vegetation consisting of Mentha longifolio,
Juncus articulato,Juncus influxus，Carex spp．，Taraxa-
cum oficinde and Veronica anagalus—aquatica．They
are bordered by Convolvulus olwelLsi$， Plantago
lanceolato~Plantago major,Scutelaria spp．，Gnaphalium
luteoalburn,Trichlochin pdustris，Epilobium minuti—
flor~m,Cyperus spp，Phdaris spp．，Hordeum bogdani,
Polypogon fug~x and Juncus spp． These plants
survive longer and beter due to moist soil．
2．2 Life form and leaf size spectra
Therophytes(48％)，folowed by hemicrypto—
phytes(2 1％)dominated the area；while there were
1 0％ chamaephytes，8％ nan ophanerophytes，7％ geo—
phytes and 5％ hydrophytes．Orobanche cernua was
the only roo parasite．Climbers such as Clematis were
rare．The leaf size spectra showed that there were 49％
nanophylls，30％ microphylls，1 6％ leptophylls and
5％ mesophylls．
The dominance of therophytes and hemicrypto—
phytes refect unfavourable dry habitat conditions，
overgrazing and deforestation[2 22]．Annual species
dominated during spring． The investigated area
experiences a long dry spell from end of May to
November． Plants therefore， adapt by reducing their
body size，height，foliage and life cycle as a response
to aridity， strong winds， poor soil development and
short growing season．Th e present studies suggest that
the adaptation in life form and leaf size spectra of
plants agree with the prevailing unfavourable climate
and habitat conditions． The dominance of plants with
small body and leaf size has also been reported
for other dry temperate regions【 24]．Thero—
hemicryptophytic life form s coupled with small leaf
sizes are a good strategy of plants to cope with dry
environment， overgrazed and deteriorated habitat．
Most peren ial plants become stunted owing to
grazing，high transpiration of water and windy habitat．
2．3 Phenological beha~our
Phenological studies are important for planning
regeneration，afforestation and conservation programs
in rangeland ecosystem． The vegetation in Harboi
range had seasonal physiognomic contrast due to
replacement and blooming of plants． There were two
flowering seasons in the area．The first flowering spel
extended from April to May／June，which was folowed
by the second blooming period from July to October．
In the first flowering spel1．83．6％ of the species
flowered．Ofthem，61％ were shrubs，65．2％ herbs and
63％ grasses． In the second spell over all 60-3％
species bloomed．Of them，30．5％ were shrubs，29．7％
herbs and 3 1％ grasses．However,some plants including
8．3％ shrubs．5．9％ herbs and 3．7％ grasses flowered
throughout the growing season(Fig．2)．
Fig．2 The overall phenological paRern ofvegetation of
Harboi rangeland
The month of May was the peak flowering season
as 83-3％ species bloomed．The percentage offlowering
plants was 59，60．4，58．2，61．8，61．9 and 33．9 respectively
during April，June，July，August,September and October
(Fig．21．There were only 9．7％plants in dormant stage
from Jun e to September while 54．8％ became dorm ant
during October(Fig．2)． n erl~excelsa flowered
from April to May and its berries remained intact on
parent trees for up to two years． Shrubby species had
maximum(72．4％)flowering around May(Fig．3)that
decreased to 43．7％ towards September．Some 68．7％
of the shrubs remained dormant from October through
March．
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
l36 热带亚热带植物学报 第 l3卷
The major bulk of herbaceous species(85．3％1
bloomed during May(Fig．4)．There were 76．5％
species in flowering stage in April， 80．8％ in June，
70．6％ in July，75％ in August，80％ in September and
38．1％ in October(Fig．41．Among the grasses，90％
blossomed during first week of May(Fig．5)．The
percentage of flowering grasses gradually declined
from June(7 l 4％)through July(762％)，August(7 0．6％)，
September(50％1 and October(44．4％)．Pennisetum
oreintale bloomed throughout the growing season．The
present findings agree with those of Shrestha and
Shrestha圆 who reported that majority of plants
flowered during April／May in Riyale，Nepa1．Similarly,
Fig．3 Phenological behaviour ofshrubs
Fig．4 Phenological behaviour ofherbs
Fig．5 Phenological behaviour ofgrasses
Chen et a1．闭 also reported that peak of flowering
occurred during May in various parts of China．
Shrangheti and Ranga[27]and Morelato et a1．
reported two flowering periods in their study area
where shrubs had continuous flowering almost
through the growing season and this agrees with the
present findings．
Th e amount and time of rainfall drastically
afects the phenological activity of plants in any area．
During 1 998，the rainfal was much less(only 60 mln
from April to September)than the rainfal received in
1 997 and this caused aridity． This aridity stimulated
the flowering one month earlier than that observed
during 1 997． The plants completed their life cycle in
early September and the vegetation almost became
dormant from late September onwards．The corelation
analysis revealed that there was a weak(r 一0．227)
corelation between temperature and flowering；while
it was strongly corelated with rainfal during 1 997
and it was slightly weak for 1998 both for temperature
r=0．056)and rainfal r=O．o83)．The post flowering
stage，i．e．maturation of seeds／fruits was strongly(r
O．796)corelated with temperature and weakly(r：
O．2761 corelated with rainfall in 1 997．During 1 998 a
strong corelation was observed for temperature r：
0．864)and rainfal r=0．443)．The dormant phase was
negatively corelated with temperature(r O．796)for
both the years．While in 1 998 negative corelation was
observed for temperature(r：一O．406)and rainfal(r=
一 0．323)．The vegetative phase was negatively corelated
with temperature r=一0．492) and weak corelation
with rainfall r：O．3451 in 1 997．The corelation was
negative for temperature r：一O．344)and rainfal r
一0．1 1 3)during 1 998．The phenological cycle of flora
of Harboi range is in agreement with the climatic
cycle．Generally，plants disperse seeds／fruits before the
appearance of cold weather．The seeds germ inate and
plants sprout from the below—and／or above ground
parts during early spring after winter．Grazing might
be alowed when the critical flowering and fruiting
season is over． Seed collection can be done before
summer and then before winter． It is to be noted that
rainfall was uncertain in the area；therefore the amount
of seeds production and emergence of seedlings might
椎 0 【s lI{ iI 一盘 一 啦 1矗 0(王坼 00 0 2—00 |1 ∞々 嚣^ 0 孑 l1弓 】 0
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
第 2期 Mufakhirah Jan DURRANI et a1．：Ecological Characteristics ofPlants ofHarboi Rangeland，Kalat，Pakistan 137
be variable in diferent years．The plants of the Harboi
range had limited distribution．short life cycle with
xeromorphic characters．This is reflected by small leaf
size， spiny habit， bushy life form， stunted growth，
cushion—like habit．sparse and isolated distribution；all
characterizing xerophytic flora．
2·4 Classification of plants by their local uses
It was observed that of the total 202 recorded
species，145(72％)species had varied local uses．It
included 65％ fodder species， 25％ medicinal species，
6％ wild vegetable／edible fruit species．4％ fuel wood
species．1％ or less than l％ species were used as roof
thatching，source of nectar for honey bee，herbal tea，
tanning／dying，resincOllectiOIl，washingutensils／clothes,
fencing，making pencils and used for repelling evils
(1ocaly caled Nazarbund)． Some 6％ species were
poisonous to livestock and human beings． Among the
poisonous plants，Daphne mucronata, Euphorbia sp．，
Hyoscymus pusillum and Melica persica,etc．，were
notable． M any species used in Harboi range had
almost similar uses in other regions of Balochistant2~ 】
due to the common traditions．It was obvious that the
major resources of this rangeland were fodder and
medicinal plants．Thus，ecological management is
required for improving both these rangeland resources
for its sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity．
M ost of the plants recorded in the present study have
also been reported as fodder and medicinal species by
other workers[1,3,6-8,13,29,3]．However．with the increasing
exploitation useful plants have decreased in the area．
The traditional trade of medicinal plants is sizabJe
in Balochistan，but it lacks scientific and sustainable
management．Many plants have multiple uses；there—
fore，such plants sufer the most under the existing dry
climate prevailing in the area．Palatable species
, such as
Juniperus，A rtemesia,Prunis，Hertic~and some grasses，
which are also used for fuel and medicinal purposes．
are the most threatened plants．People living around
the rangeland depend on herding ofsheep，goat and fuel
wood for domestic and livelihood earnings
． Juniper
wood is sold commercially，while shrubby species are
uprooted for domestic fuels only．Overgrazing and
deforestation has catised the deterioration of habitats
for many useful plants．It is，therefore，important to
manage the grazing system to encour age the regenera—
t ion of such plants．There is a need to conserve these
resources with the participation of the local com uni—
ties．
Acknowledgement The authors are thankfu1
to Prof．Dr．Oai ser A1 i，Dr．Saud Umer，Dr．S．
Muqurrab Shah，Dr．Qutabuddin Marwat for the
identification of P1ant s． The academic he1P
extended b．y Mr．Ghu1am Mohammad，DFO wi l1
a 1ways be on record fOr th i s research． The
senior author i s a1 sO thankfu1 to the Uni．
versity of Ba1ochi stan for permitting to
carry thi s research at the UniversitY Of
Peshawar． and to the 1ater university for
providing faci 1 i t ies．
References
[1] Burkill I E．A Working List ofthe Flowering Plants ofBalochistan
[M]．QueRa，Pakistan：Printing Press，1 956．
[2] Stewart R R．The flora ofbalochistan[J]．Pak J For,1959，9：291—
293．
[3]Khan H M．Range Plant Hand BookforQueRa—KalatRe,on．
West Pakistan．Forest Department．Record No：1[M]．Lahore：
Government Printing Press，1960．
[4] Kh atak GM．印hedrainBalochistan[J]．Pak J For,1951，1：37—
40．
[5] Kazmi M A．On the drug plants of Kalat State(Balochistan)[J]．
Pak J For，1953，3：217-223．
[6] ZamanMB，Kh anAA，AhmedA，et a1．SurveyofJuniperberies
in Balochistan forests and prospects for their exploitation[J]．Pak
J For，1 968，1 8：503-509．
[7]Zaman M B，Kh an A A，Ahmed A，et a1．Quantitative survey of
印hedra in reserved and Guzara forests ofBalochistan [J]．Pak J
For，1971，21：351-358．
[8] Raft M．Vegetation Types of Balochistan Province(Pakistan)．A
Preliminary Survey[M]．Lahore：Government ofPunjab，1965．
[9]Durani M J，Shahwani S A，Hussain F．Phytosociological studies
of Iskalku rangelands，District Kalat[J]．J Sci Techn，1996，20：
29-33．
[10]NasirE,AliS L FloraofPakistan ．Islamabad：PakistanAgricul—
ture Research Council，1971—1994．
[1 1] Ali S I，Qaisar M．Flora of Pakistan[M]．Islamabad：Pakistan
Agricultural Research Council，1995-2004．
[12] Raunkiaer C．The Life form of Plants and Statistical Plant
Geography[M]．Oxford：Clerendon Press，1934．
[13]Jafii SMH．Botanisingthe Bolan Pass[J]．Pak J For,1962，12：
52-70．
[14]Tareen R B，Qadir S A．Phytosociology of the plains of Queta
District[J]．Pak J Bot,1987，19：139—156．
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
l38 热带亚热带植物学报 第l3卷
[15]Tareen R B，Qadir S A．Life form and leafsize spectra ofthe plant
communities of diverse al~as ranging from Hamai，Sinjawi to
Duki regions ofPakistan[J]．Pak J Bot，1993，25：83—92．
[16】Ahmed M，Shahid S S，Buzdar A H．Popul~ion structure and
dynamics ofJuniperus excelsa in Balochistan，Pakistan[J]．J Veg
Sci，1 990，1：27—276．
【17】Koocheki A，Baker M J．Improvement strategies in winter cold
tempemte rangeland ecosystem with particular reference to
extensive grazing land of Iran[A]．In：Grasslands for Our World
New Zealand[C]．1993．598-602．
[18]Ahmed M，Nagi E E，Wang E L．Present state of Juniper in
Rodhmalazai forests of Balochistan[J]．Pak J For，1990，40：
227—236．
[19]Ciesla M W，Mohammad G，Buzdar A H．Balochistan’s Ancient
Junipers：Bringing sustainable management[J]．Pak J For，1998，
96：34—37．
[2O]Khan M H．Vegetation studies in Babusar Valey，Diamir District，
Pakistan[J】．Pak J Plant Sci，1996，2：79—89．
[2 1]Ahmed M．Plant communities of some northem temperate forests
ofPakistan[J1．Pak J For，1988，38：32—40．
[22]CainSA Ljfeformandphytoclimates阴．Bot Rev,1950,16：1-32．
[23】Badshah L，Hussain F，Mohammad Z．Floristic and ethnoecolo—
gical studies on some plan ts of Pirghar Hills， South Waziristan，
Pakistan[J】．Pak J Plant Sci，1996，2：167-176．
【24】SikarwarRLS．Lifeforms andbiological spectrumofthefloraof
Morena District，Madhya Pradesh[J]．J Indian Bot Soc，1996，
75：275—277．
[25】Shrestha S，Jha P Shrestha K K．Vegetation of degraded,
regenerating and natural forest in Riayle，Kavrepalanchok,Nepal
fJ]．Pak J Plant Sci，1998，4：13—28．
【26】Chen Z H，Luo J Y，Zhou Y L．Flowering and fruiting phenologies
ofthe woody plants in three flor~in China [J]．J Trop Subtrop
Bot，1999，7(2)：102—108．(in Chinese)
【27】Shrangheti V，Ranga N T．Phenological aspects of flowering and
fruiting at the Ecological Station of Paulo de Faria-SP-Brazil
[J]．Trop Ecol，1997，38：323—327．
【28】 Morelato L P C，Leitao Filho H F．Padroes de frutifcacao e
dispersao naserra doo Japi．1 12—139[A]．In：Merellato L P C．
Historia Natural da Serra do Japi：Ecologia e Preservacao de Uma
Area Florestal no Sudeste do Brasil[M]．Cam pinas：Editora da
UNICAMP—FAPESP，1992．
[29]Shinwari Z l(，Shah M The ethnobotany of Kharan District，
Balochistan[A]．In：Shinwari Z l(，Kh an B A，Kh an A A．
Proceedings Ethnobotan y an d Its Application to Conservation
[C]．1996．124—132．
[30]Goodman S M，Ghafoor A．The ethnobotany of Southern
Balochistan， Pakistan， with particular reference to medicinal
plants[A]．In：Fieldiana,Field Museum ofNatural History,USA
[MI．1992．
[31]FAO．Brahui women’s indigenous knowledge ofmedicinal plants
[A】．Project Report，FO—GCP／INT／542／ITA一5[c1．1997．
[32]Tareen R B，Zaidi M A，Malghani M A l(，et a1．Ethnobotanical
studies on medicinal and aromatic plants of Jun iper forest，
District Ziarat，Balochistan【J1．Res J Univ Balochistan，2002，l：
17—23．
[33]Hussain F，Mustafa G．Ecological studies on some pasture plants
in relation to an iro．al use found in Nasirahad Valley． Hunza,
Pakistan[J]．Pak J Plant Sci，1995，1：255—262．
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com