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Effect of Biochar and Fertilizer on CO2 and CH4 Emission from Spring Maize Dryland

生物炭与氮肥对旱作春玉米农田CO2和CH4排放特征的影响



全 文 :书!"#$%&
,2016,36(6):1216-1224
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!9~712100)
I J:‹Œ.JK$…Žkc‘f’PQCO2 “CH4 VWa”•–—˜、™šVW›”XCO2+ CH4
VWœ`žŸ

 Š¡¢C0N0(£¤K$,£¥Ž)、C0N1(£¤K$,¥Ž225kg·hm-2)“ C1N1(¦
¤K$50t·hm-2,¥Ž225kg·hm-2)3§¨©,ª«¬­®¯l°±T²³´µ£¶K$“Ž·
¸kc‘f’PQCO2 “CH4 VWa”¹º»¼½¾,¶¿žŸa”—˜`0~20cm€ÀR“opÁ¹
º¾Ã

ÄÅÆÇ
:(1) ŠÈÉ£¶¨©‘f’PQÊÆˋCO2 ™ša”`{,ÌCO2 VWa”ÊÍËÎÃ
`ÏǘÑÒ
。(2)C1N1 ¨©ÓԌ‘f’KՕPQCO2 VWa”“™šVW›”,F Š`2§KՕÉ
PQCO2 ZÊVWa”“™šVW›”Ö¨©ÊÆˋC0N0>C0N1>C1N1,ÌC1N1 ¨©×ØÙÚ。(3)€‚
CO2 VWa”…€‚R—˜ÍÙÚÛ²ÜÜm,Ý«Þß^t“àá^tâãäåàdÜm,̅10cm€À
R`²Üæçè0cm€ÀR,适CO2 VWa”…€‚êo”Íë²ÜÜm。(4) ŠÖ¨©PQ€‚
CH4 VWa”F-16.08~-73.96μg·m
-2·h-1ìí,ÆˋyTCH4 `îïðñ;C1N1 ¨©ò¤Œ€‚CH4
VWa”“™šVW›”

éc«\Å`ÙÚæóôõvwÁÂ`žŸ

PQ€‚CH4 VWa”…€‚êo”Í
ÙÚÛ²ÜÜm

…€‚RÍÙÚë²ÜÜm

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¦¤K$“¥ŽÓԌkcPQ‘f’KՕ
CO2 VWa”“™šVW›”,ò¤ŒCH4 VWa”“™šVW›”,›U÷ÙÚò¤Œ‘f’ø”,ÙÚÓÔ
PQCO2+CH4 VWœ。
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úû

kcPQ
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犈犳犳犲犮狋狅犳犅犻狅犮犺犪狉犪狀犱犉犲狉狋犻犾犻狕犲狉狅狀犆犗2犪狀犱犆犎4犈犿犻狊狊犻狅狀
犳狉狅犿犛狆狉犻狀犵犕犪犻狕犲犇狉狔犾犪狀犱
LIXiuyun1,ZHANGHongpei1,SHENYufang1,2,LIShiqing2
(ColegeofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China;2StateKey
LaboratoryofSoilErosionandDrylandFarmingonLoessPlateau,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,Shaanxi712100,China)
犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:Withtheaimofinvestigatingtheeffectsofbiocharandnitrogeninputontheseasonvariationof
carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)fluxes,wemeasuredCO2andCH4cumulativeemission,CO2+
CH4emissionintensityindryfarmland.AfieldexperimentwasperformedovertwoyearstomeasureCO2
andCH4emissionsbycontinuousobservationusingstaticchambertechnique.Soiltemperatureandmois
turewerealsomeasuredatthesametime.Threetreatmentswerelaidoutwiththreereplicatesperexperi
ment:C0N0(nobiochar,noN),C0N1(nobiochar,225kg·hm-2),C1N1(50t·hm-2biochar,225kg·
hm-2).Theresultsshowedthat:(1)thedryspringmaizefarmlandwassourceforCO2underthreetreat
mentsduringtheexperimentalperiod.TheratesofCO2emissionincreasedandpeakedonthe22thJune
2014andthe1stJuly2015duringthemaizegrowingseason.Theratesthendecreasedandweremaintained
atarelativelylowlevelduringthefalowseason.BiocharandnitrogenamendmentsdecreasedtheCO2flux
andcumulativeCO2emissionduringthemaizegrowingseason.(2)ThefluxandcumulativeCO2emission
weresignificantlylowerinC1N1treatmentthanthatinC0N0treatmentduringthetwospringmaizegrow
ingseasons.(3)TherewassignificantlypositivecorrelationbetweenCO2fluxandsoiltemperature.Both
exponentialequationandquadraticequationcouldbeusedtosimulatetherelationships,ofwhichthecorre
lationof10cmtemperaturewasbetterthanof0cmtemperature.TheCO2fluxhadnegativecorrelation
withsoilmoisture.(4)TheCH4fluxwasbetween-16.08-73.96μg·m
-2·h-1foralofthetreat
ments,andwassinkforCH4.BiocharandnitrogenamendmentsincreasedtheCH4fluxandcumulative
CH4emissionduringthemaizegrowingseasonwhichwerealsoaffectedbyannualenvironmentalfactors.
TheCH4emissionhadpositivecorrectionwithsoilmoisturebutnegativewithsoiltemperature.Theaddi
tionofbiocharandnitrogencouldreduceCO2andincreaseCH4fluxesandcumulativeemissionfromdry
farmland.Comprehensiveconsiderationoftwoaspects,areasonableadditionofnitrogenandbiochar
wouldbebeneficialforcontrolinggreenhousegasemissionfromdryfarmland.Briefly,biocharandnitrogen
amendmentsignificantlyincreasedtheyieldofmaize,whilereducedCO2+CH4emissionsintensitysignificantly.
犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:biochar;nitrogenousfertilizer;carbondioxide;methane;dryfarmland
  CO2 “CH4 üyTýþLM`RSTU,P
/ÿrXu²Üstüu‡M`{!"
[1]。
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¥«

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CH4 TUVW—˜`žŸ,݋ÛDEFP/y
TRSTUòR`GHIXªJå©C¥KLþ#


ò¤PQY"\]NO-%PQ

K$üRK$&FS;!TpUù`VWX
YZ[˜øK`Î\]^

)g_˜
、`
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[3]。
.JÆÇ

cK$¥¸€‚Ýde
fgh€‚iÃæYñ

ò¤€‚`YjklA“
A

ÙÚ×؀‚CO2 “CH4 `VW[4]。Zim
merman%[5].JöËK$Ým:‰ŠnȀ‚
7o&`p˜
。Karhu%[6].JÄÅ5Ù;,¦¤
9t·hm-2K$Ýò¤€‚CH4 `ïð。Feng
%
[7]
q‹øúûr…súûrtuv`×Ø

!
^w“uÆ_š`ò¤ÝlüLMÁ

é57%
dq‹¦¤K$6x¹€‚ CO2 “ CH4 `V
W
[89]。
ÁB

¦¤K$üylÓÔPQ CO2、
CH4 `VW…PQ€‚æ&、vwÁ“z©C¥
7¬{Üm

P/KøF¥«ŽN)Pc$ø
”`¶¿

¥Ž|}`RSTU\]~.J5€
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。Ding%[10].JÆÇ,¥Žlƒ×ØPQ
€‚f’K„È™šCO2 VW”。酇†%[11]
.J‡öË

¥Žò¤Œkcf’PQ€‚CO2 V
W

Ž¥«PQCH4 VW`žŸA*â]ˆ
F‰QKlmn

Š‹Œ%
[12]
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¥«Ž
6ò¤o‰K„ÈCH4 `ZÊVWa”,馤
ŽŽÝdÓÔCH4 `VW。
dþ#/‹L`!"kcPQKlmn

Ž
¥«` CO2、CH4 VW—˜.JÄÅ£
Î
[12]。
¦¤K$lyasžŸ€‚$©˜%!
‘K$’æK—CH4 “CO2 `VW?€)Ø
`×o“)`×o—“æüyžŸK$PQ
CO2、CH4 VW`”–\]。,.Jd€)k
cPQ€‚‹.J•

ª«¬­®¯l°±T²
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p–‘f’PQ€‚CO2 “CH4 VW`
»¼—˜’—

˜ÇK$…ŽkcPQCO2
“CH4 VWrl—˜ÑÒ`žŸ,dX CO2 “
CH4 VWa”…LMvwÁÂí`Üm,dȋÛ
DE™K$…ŽF€)kcPQCO2 “
CH4 VW`c«,dXK$Fkc‘f’PQ
bYÓV`c«NOÎڛPQ

1 œ…^µ
1.1 VWXYZ
QíÞ ŠŸ¢F!"Px->y%Õ 4
71216È         BCD,%:K$…Žkc‘f’PQCO2 “CH4 VW’—`žŸ
5P/Kl Š¡
(107°40′E,35°12′N)。¢ Š¡
žè€)£T}¤¥,¨`}!¦Õ §¨
5©…ª«

¬­1200m。®¯R°±²³y´
æ• µ T =
,1984~2012 ô í ô Ê × o ” ‹
578mm,ôÊTR9.1℃,≥10℃šR‹3029℃,
¶·È171d,ô¸¹¿ß2230h,†Xoº»50~
80m,®¼½`kcP/=;†°æ€‚‹¾¿€,
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1.2 VW[,TUªˆ Šè2014ô4Ã2015ô9Äí
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 ŠÈɛ×o991mm(Å1)。 Š¡£¥
K$“£¥Ž
(C0N0),£¥K$“¥Ž225kg
·hm-2(C0N1),¥K$50t·hm-2“¥Ž225
kg·hm-2(C1N1)3§¨©,3á‡Æ,ª«£S;
Ço=È¡?

ɧ ŠÊ=_š‹56m2(7m×8
m)。O K$‹f’#$(Ë£ÌÍÎl{Ï
ÐKø
),
ZÑ[˜R350~450℃,è2014ô
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׏“؏p
Ùè2014“2015ôÒ*c‹+…þÎá¥
¸

׏“؏¥”pً40kg·hm-2(ê
P2O512%s×ÚÛ)“80kg·hm-2(êK2O45%
ÜÚØ
)。
Ž

êN46.4%ÝÞ)ß4∶3∶3p3
᥸

+¥Ž

׏“؏ÊFÒ*Óè†Æ
n‘ÔoÕÔ

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ॎ«ˆþá¥
¸

 Šf’âþ‹

ãf335’,Òþ^®ª«ä
åºZc
(60∶40),þ#¬65000æ·hm-2。
 ŠÈí£¹ºç訩

éq
)。
1.3 ]^_S7]^`a
1.3.1 bcdeFfg7Ph ª«¬­®¯l
±T²³´µ¾ÃCO2 “CH4 `VWa”。 Š
`ªê±ëì±U“íîýTp

ʋ£ïðœ

±UÕ

ä

)ʋ50cm,±É¢µñ«èªê¿
ÖÀ±ÉTU

±òëóôõÀ«4öR

íîÕ
50cm、ä50cm、)15cm,èÒ*bÃè€À15cm
Ȭ

†Ãž

÷Éþ#2øf’,KÕÃùúÈ
n

ûüöý45cm)[13]。Éáªê¿(8:30~
10:30)cþ±ÿ¸íî÷T`!",«o¬j,#
ü±Éò$T¥%

pÙè0、10、20、30min«
50mL&á(J±ÉTU50mL,è12hÉ«
Agilent7890A T²³´)(AgilentTechnologies
inc.)¾Ãp–CO2 “CH4 *。KՕÉ2~5d
ªˆTUêâ1á,+,È7~15dªˆTUêâ1
á
。CO2、CH4 VWa”`?-Ï®‹:
犉=273/(273+犜)×2/22.4×60×犎×犱犮/犱狋
®
,犉‹.¾TU`VWa”(pÙdCO2
C、CH4C?,/žpً mg·m-2·h-1、μg·
m-2·h-1);12‹É01CO2、CH4 C`&”ß;
22.4‹R273K¿CO2、CH4 `01Uš;犎 ‹
ªê±)
(m);犱犮‹TU*2;犱狋‹¿íí3
(h);犜‹ªê¿±ÉR(℃);犱犮/犱狋‹ªê¿í
ÉCO2、CH4 *—˜fI(mL·L-1·min-1!
μL·L
-1·min-1),ª«4æ56^t?-。7Q
Tê*…¿í`Üm84?-TU`VWa”

¤9ZÊ02;K„ÈCO2 “CH4 `VW›”。
1.3.2 => 犆犗2、犆犎4 FBCij ª« CO2、
CH4 `VWœ(greenhousegasintensity,犌犎
犌犐)4E™/žf’ø”`CO2、CH4 VW[14],5
:
:犌犎犌犐(kg·t-1)=犌犠犘/犢
u
,犌犠犘 Þ CO2、CH4 `òR@;(kg·
hm-2),犢 Þf’`ø”(t·hm-2)
1.3.3 klmjAnop É᪈TUêâ`
¶¿«<=®>?#ß@R?
(JM624)¾Ã0“
10cm€‚R(R˜AèÒ*¢è0“10cm
€À
),
JªˆB1C“Dn1CTUêâ¿`R
ZÊÐc‹)ETUªˆ¿`RÐ

¶¿

ªˆ
0~20cm€À€ê,«FGµ¾Ã€‚êo”。×
o”ßQ46Õ  Š=6rT•¡

Å1)。
1.4 qrst
ª«Excel2007“SPSS16.0 ŠßQ¹
ºn?p–

ª«Sigmaplot12.5cÅ。
2 ÄŅp–
2.1 456u89:;0<=>?@犆犗2 BCF
GH
2.1.1 VW(v犆犗2 BCwp 2ô ŠÈÉ,3
§¨©kc‘f’PQCO2 VWa”—˜H;+,
Å1  ŠÈí`×o”
Fig.1 Precipitationduringtheexperiment
8121 ! " # $ % &                   36I
ÎJ

FÖKՕÉÊÍËKÎÃ`ÏǘÑÒ

Å2)。Ö¨©CO2 VWa”Ff’KÕLÈâ
Ø

nÇMK„È`¹tNOòy

PpÙè2014
ô6Ä22¸“2015ô7Ä1¸KËVWÏÐ。u

,C0N0 ¨©CO2 VWa”ÏÐF2014“2015
ôpً267.04“275.56mg·m-2·h-1,C0N1
¨©pً291.21“262.85mg·m-2·h-1,
C1N1 ¨©pً282.01“263.66mg·m-2·
h-1。ìnÇf’#æQü,dX#$“yTR
X×é`K—

R§Ùªê¿ÈKËS¿íCO2 V
Wa”âyTrò

Ö¨©CO2 VWa”ÊÍNO
X×H;

¶¿

Ö¨©PQ+,ÈCO2 VWa”
ÊUVFâØoZ

F, Š`2§KՕÉ,k
c‘f’PQCO2 ZÊVWa”ÊÆˋC0N0>
C0N1>C1N1;… C0N0 ²u,C0N1 “ C1N1 ¨©
CO2 ZÊVWa”pÙ×Ø4.05%“7.79%,Ì2
“ÙÚ
(犘<0.05),W C0N1 … C1N1 í2“£Ù
Ú

ÁB

K$…ŽX¶c«‘f’KՕ
ÉCO2 VW×Ø\ÅYÙÚ。
2.1.2 4xyv犆犗2 BCzp , Š£¶¨©
2§KՕPQCO2 VW›”(Æ1)F3525.83~
4152.13kg·hm-2ìí。…C0N0 ¨©²u,C0N1
¨©‘f’KՕCO2 VW›”F2014“2015
ôpÙ×Ø3.12%“5.67%,nd2“ÙÚ(犘<
0.05);W C1N1 ‘f’KՕ CO2 VW›”F
2014“2015ôpÙ×Ø6.52%“7.67%,Ì2“
ÊÙÚ
(犘<0.05)。…C0N1 ²u,C1N1 ¨©‘f
’KՕCO2 VW›”F2014“2015ôpÙ×
Ø4.69%“2.12%,Ì*d2“ÙÚ。¶¿,uâ
‘f’KՕCO2 VW›”ôõ—˜öË,…2014
ô²u
,2015ôC0N0、C0N1、C1N1 ¨©CO2 VW
›”pÙ²]ÙÚ×Ø8.03%、10.45%“9.16%
(犘<0.05)。›U÷, Š£¶¨©í“£¶ôõ
í`KՕCO2 VW›”2“ÊÙÚ(Æ1)。
2.2 456789:;0<=>?@犆犎4 wpF
GH
2.2.1 VW(犆犎4 BCwp Ö¨©kc‘f’
PQCH4 VWa”F-16.08~-73.96μg·m
-2
·h-1ìí,Ì£¶¨©íVWa”•–TrH;
+,ÎJ

ÆÇkc‘f’PQ‹yTCH4 `îï
ðñ

KՕâ+,•ïð\]YÙÚ

Å3)。
C0N0、C0N1 “C1N1 ¨©`PQCH4 ZÊïða
”F2014ôKՕpً48.97、47.64“41.12
μg·m
-2·h-1,F2015ôZpً47.33、46.95
“44.68μg·m
-2·h-1;…C0N0 ²u,C0N1 ¨©2
ô`KՕCH4 ZÊïða”×Ø1.78%,C1N1
ZZÊÙÚ×Ø10.81%(犘<0.05);… C0N1 ²
u
,C1N1 ¨©`CH4 ZÊïða”F2014“2015
ôpÙ×Ø13.67%“4.82%。Ý[,K$“Ž
Ê×،kc‘f’PQCH4 `ZÊïða”,
ò¤PQCH4 VW。
2.2.2 4xy犆犎4 BCzp Æ1Ù;,‘f’
KՕC0N0、C0N1 “C1N1 ¨©PQCH4VW›”
F2014ôpً-1.60、-1.56“-1.38kg·hm-2,
\A¨Æ;f’#æQü¿í
;MS“FSpÙÆ;f’KՕ“€†+,È;X¶
Å2 £¶¨©kc‘f’PQCO2 a”rl—˜
Arrowsdenotethedateofmaizebroken.MSandFSdenotethemaizegrowingseasonandfalowseason,
respectively.Thesameasbelow
Fig.2 DynamicofCO2fluxindryspringmaizefarmlandwithdifferenttreatments
91216È         BCD,%:K$…Žkc‘f’PQCO2 “CH4 VW’—`žŸ
{1 <=>4xy|}st犆犗2、犆犎4 BCzpuBCij
Table1 DifferencesinCO2,CH4cumulativeandintensityemissionwithdifferent
treatmentsduringthespringmaizegrowingseason
¨©
Treatment
CO2VW›”
CO2cumulativeemission
/(kg·hm-2)
CH4VW›”
CH4cumulativeemission
/(kg·hm-2)
(CO2+CH4)VWœ
CO2+ CH4emissionintensity
/(kg·t-1)
ø”
Yield/(t·hm-2)
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
C0N0 4152.13a 3818.63a -1.60b -1.40b 5464.35c 3688.87c 2.76c 3.76c
C0N1 4022.50a 3602.10b -1.56b -1.38ab 1661.11b 1295.32b 8.90b 10.10b
C1N1 3881.35b 3525.83b -1.38a -1.34a 1425.03a 1191.29a 9.90a 10.75a
&

¶]£¶@^Æ;¨©í2“_0.05oZ,¶º“pÙÆ;¨©Éôõí2“_`0.05“0.01oZ;X¶。
Note:Thevalueswithincolumnsfolowedbydifferentlettersaresignificantldifferentsesat0.05level,whiletheand withinthe
samerowindicatesignificantdifferencebetweenyearsat0.05and0.01level,respectively.Thesameasbelow
Å3 £¶¨©kc‘f’PQCH4 a”rl—˜
Fig.3 DynamicofCH4fluxindryspringmaizefarmlandwithdifferenttreatments
F2015ôpً-1.40、-1.38“-1.34kg·
hm-2;…C0N0 ¨©²u,C0N1 ¨©×،‘f’
KՕPQCH4 ïð›”,uF2014“2015ôp
Ù×Ø2.23%“1.59%,é2“Ê£ÙÚ;C1N1 ¨
©ZpÙ²]×Ø13.61%“4.21%,Ì2014ô_
`ÙÚoZ
(犘<0.05);…C0N1 ¨©²u,C1N1 ¨
©2014ôKՕCH4 ïð›”5ÙÚ×Ø。¶
¿

u⣶ôõKՕCH4 ïð›”öË,2015
ô£¶ Š¨©`CH4 ïð›”Êu²]`2014
ô¨©×Ø


,^
2p–ÄÅÆÇ

Æ1),‘f
’KՕCH4 VW›”F Š£¶¨©í2“æ
_bÙÚoZ

ÌôõíX¨©…ôõ¥c\]2
“ÊbÙÚ
(犘<0.01)。
2.3 456、89:;0?@<=>~pu犆犗2
A犆犎4 BCijFGH
   ŠÈí£¶K$、Ž¨©f’ø”Xu
CO2 “CH4 VWœ[Æ1。…C0N0 ²u,C0N1
¨©2014、2015ôf’ø”pÙÙÚò¤222.5%
“168.6%,¶È C1N1 ¨©ZpÙÙÚò¤Œ
288.7%“185.9%(犘<0.05); Š²¶¨©ôõ
í`f’ø”2“5Ê_ÙÚoZ

¶¿

…C0N0
²u
,C0N1 ¨©2014、2015ô‘f’KՕCO2+
CH4 VWœpÙÙÚ×Ø69.60%“64.89%,
¶ÈC1N1 ¨©ZpÙÙÚ×Ø73.92%“67.71%
(犘<0.05); Š²¶¨©ôõí`KՕCO2+
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