免费文献传递   相关文献

Evapotranspiration Characteristics of Two Lawn Species for Landscaping in Beijing

北京城市绿化2种常见草坪的蒸散特性


The evapotranspiration characteristics of the common lawn species of Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea in Beijing was investigated by the weighing method of Microlysimeter. The result revealed that the daily evapotranspiration of the lawn was high at noon and low in morning and evening, and the change pattern had appropriate ecology synchronism with solar radiation and other environmental factors. Daily mean evapotranspiration of P. pratensis , under full sunlight and half shade was 5.78 kg·m-2 and 3.86 kg·m-2 respectively. While the daily average of F. arundinacea , under full sunlight, half shade and all shade, was 4.41 kg·m-2, 3.03 kg·m-2 and 2.63 kg·m-2 respectively. According to physical and physiological characteristics of the grass after withdrawing water, soil moisture content of the lawn could be divided into three grades, sufficient water supply(water potential -0.18~-0.06 MPa), slight water deficit(water potential -0.44~-0.18 MPa) and medium water deficit(water potential -1.06~-0.44 MPa). Reduction of sunlight and soil moisture content could reduce evapotranspiration consumption of the lawn. Compared with full sunlight and sufficient water supply, and slight water deficit could reduce evapotranspiration of P.pratensis and F.arundinacea by 62.0% and 47.0% respectively. Evapotranspiration of F.arundinacea in half shade and medium water deficit could reduce 76.0%. Control of water supply and sunlight for the lawn could reduce consumption of water and save irrigation water.


全 文 :!D$
M !
""
"
% & " "

""
A
, J K L
0Z14a51L 019YL4 01a1ZL4
Y;+(D$$a;(""
a;c]$% & " "
œ‹ž¨
%
q‚ƒŸ 2¡¢É–
$
hl
"!%
!
‘’
"
!
“”•
%
#"(
\L,JK©(L
!
i¿
D"&&&D"( %(
õ%,J(L
!
õ%
"&&&CT%
3IJ
!!
Ÿ÷œÎ
(
³
(
_`
(
äD8Ž
KL#MN
" 0$T"(%!!!
EFOPQ
"L!!!
ERSN
""&&" A$DCC#%&""$"" A&"#D A&
jkÒ"
! %&"& A&# A%$(
²ÛÒ"
! %&"" A&C AT&&
H؈’
!
õ%÷O½LK5æçúOT¬Zˆ’)LælTSzæçúH„
#ZMmI9%&&CH%&"&% (
\L,JK©(L ˜Ô¤á¥é
ˆ’
#"&D A&"%%% &
$x´0^»nžG
&
E?-B7>4-26B14->172M=-4-@>3416>1@678,C7 0-C2(B3@136
8740-2;6@-B125 12+31c125
W*<[6^?:^?
"$%
!e:;<[P-?g?*
"
!K*9qJ?
%
#"(B1;0723Q=<09 Z;.T176.0I=>5=71607I2;) @189;=3=FI!B92;F692 D"&&&D( %(D1.E.;F 5=71607IZ;.T176.0I!D1.E.;F "&&&CT%
F.6>4-@>!!5:--c*_;=.*< X_-G?-X;V!=2 ,7201;6.6*I-?j?<[>*X?-?[:?<[,-=:;R ;VK?G.;+JX?,-=-.]5:-.-X^+=.-c-*+-R =:*==:-R*?+J-c*_;=.*=:-+*>< >*X:?[: *=<;;< *?< ,;.>?=: X;+*..*R?*=?;< *:*+VX:*R->*X($C d[-,
A%
*A%
.-X_-G=?c-+J]W:?+-=:-R*?+J*c-.*[-;V5Y27<;).;2812$ ^X^<+?[:=$ :*+VX:*R-**XD(D" d[-,
A%
$ T(&T d[-,
A%
*A%
.-X_-G=?c-+J]LGG;.R?<[=;_:JX?G*+
*?=:R.*>?<[>*=-.$ X;?+,;?X=^.-G;<=-<=;V=:-+*>< G;^+R O-R?c?R-R
?<=;=:.--[.*R-X$ X^V?G?-<=>*=-.X^__+J#>*=-._;=-<=?*+A&("C EA&(&2 K)*%$ X+?[:=>*=-.R-V?G?=#>*=-._;=-<=?*+
A&(DD EA&("C K)*% **=-.R-V?G?=#>*=-._;=-<=?*+A"(&2 EA&(DD K)*%]6-R^G=?;< ;VX^<+?[:=*,;?X=^.-G;<=-<=G;^+R .-R^G--c*_;=.*<]Z;,_*.-R >?=: V^+X^<+?[:=**=-.
X^__+J$ **=-.R-V?G?=G;^+R .-R^G--c*_;=.**=-.R-V?G?=G;^+R .-R^G-$2(&\]Z;<=.;+;V
>*=-.X^__+J*< G;^+R .-R^G-G;*=-.**=-.]
*3A C74;6!!^.O*< +*<( -c*_;=.**=-.,*<*[-,-<=
!!
õ%rsNӟD:Ÿ÷Â0
$
^?*üõ
%:úøçè
$
õ%„¬­ûµ(:Ÿ÷œ„<´
$
Ô
%&"&

$
œ„ãäå„X
2% 2$% :,
%
&
Ñ,Ã
@spúø

e¬&~U¶eWd:Ɗ
$
Puú
i‡#(UDkI
&
õ%
%&&
œ„Z¶gDU
%^
"(#
 
,
T
$
&™õ%Ÿ÷ãgDU:
(#
X32&
$ %&&%%&
@õ%:Ñ,œ„$
³&
/™(:›N
$
ƒõ%÷Ñ,œÎR“F:kl
$
ª
/
%&"&

$
õ%¬D-³ãäåX
# 2#D(#
:,
%
$
4\–„#Á·
#!=2 ,7201;6.6%
dÔì3
#5160<82 27<;).;2812%
^"
$
&³ãäå:
$T\&
³ÍrK‚<.”
$
“@ADEöè
$
œ„D
E8Ž:Ëõ
&
Ÿ÷œÎÍ:DEúŽdDEfgibÑ
,dѝLGæçˆõ
# *`<€G-d 1023Y$ "##$( K?+-.
1023Y$ "##C(
,;h&
$ %&&&(
È&
$ %&&%(

0&
$ %&&T(
c.–&
$ %&&(
ý%?&
$ %&&C%$
>
–f:æç~9y\@œÎÍ:à7ÚdZ¶Ý
Þ:HÎN
$
“ͳuDEúŽ‡m:äDZ¶
æç[¶Ü·
#9;^X=*^ 1023Y$ "##T( 0*+?-"##(
q¬z&
$ %&&&(
å·e&
$ %&&%(
¸¹°
&
$ %&&T(
¯)°&
$ %&&(
q–i&
$ %&"&(
¬þ
º&
$ %&"&%&
¨öd@ADE¹ºÂ³_`:
%
ó"#ç萑
$
O¶ÃÇŶ»ùRçè
¶·:d*
#
ì3æ
$ %&&T%$
²¸Sd8Ž:t
$
»âHΜ„:ðÁ[
#
Jä¨öœ
%
dë4
!!
""
" ý%?&
!
õ%Ÿ÷œÎ
%
UƒÖ³:_`1Ú
.J:@ADE&Ç
#
Jä@AD]
%$
d¼C:ï
Ê͈ƒúisT
$
ÃdZ<³_`ÚD:œ
„{úè
$
²2Z[³:(U_`
$
˜2Z[Z¶
gD
$
Xjä%DkI:’:
&
³æçë4„#
Á·dÔì3
%
Uõ%ƒÖ:³Â
$
»â“_`
tu:¬…
$
ÏÐ?"@ÅƨöœdÅÆ@A
DEŒZ:_`1Ú
$
¼êZ<_`Wñ½î:
¨öœd@ADE&Ç
$
^o$Ñ,œ„:ä
äD8ŽHÒH—
&
%$
ÀÎ-œÒ
"("!
QÀÉÂ
!
„#Á·dÔì3@õ%:Ÿ
÷œ„\ƒž^À³Á[BÁ[@ß,$
Ôì
3.à½
$
œVÁ[@q,\B©¨ŒvÅj:„
Ý
$
ú)\ƒÍÀ³^¨ö³
$
ß,³^º
¾½Â³
$
q,³B©¨ŒvÅj:³^¾
½Â³
&
¨g
540"TT%L
ÿötK¿…:\À¬
…ÅÆÁ[š›Z³:¨ö
$
€¨ö
E]^
!
À³
T %2& +g
ß,„
T$ %C& +g
q,
„
"C 2D& +g&
`aZeEFDdëD
%
óê
$
`a·OO¶_` ÁXD
"
á
#

&& ,9%$
e
EFD:–vz…ˆƒÁD
#

T&& ,9%$
wD
E:eEFG
$
ÍÅù67¶·¹º
$
ëD:–v
ÅTÁD
#
`a" w$?%º{Š:5Ö
$

ŠO_` [KÑC.Ö
$
Źº`aðñ
%&
z
UêZ„#Á·Â³Z¨ödº¾½
%
óD

$
Ôì3³Z¨ö

º¾½d¾½
T
óD

$
zóD

áËâ
&
"(%!
QÀ0Ê
!
³_`ÚD»ƒgÊÿ_` 
#K?G.;+JX?,-=-.%
…Ò
&
³`a¨gP:Êÿ_`
 
$
OEªäå
D$($"2 G,
%
:
)YZ
fl8ªDi
"C G,
:Ä9
&
ó
$
0¿giÐΜ
$
@CÂ
T
óÏÃ×{©
$
–NÁDŠDEd²_` \Äw
$
OŒb2(:ªDÆ&i
&
ë4õ%,J(L(
‚C³0öN:³ž^`a™l
$
ij
%&&%
¬Ã
$
¬ÃŠW¤^í*€Ä:Å@
$
@Aš›H
³01
$
’·q€Ä

²‘p-

Ô§01
&

Yn5
)YZ
8Cbäå/Æ:ÂË
#
nUwH$
-@Å°÷
%$
RO³Z:@A”ì_` 
$
TO
ÂË~@Nä
$
ÂËGnU~Ð@
$
Â˔ìväN
5_` :NÜ-
&
‚ƒ`aZt
$
_` :‡
#U^„#Á·
%&
ó
$
Ôì3
T&
ó
&
"(T!
ËÌÍlÎÉ
!
ë4¨ö:À³0ö
$

w˜ÈÛGB¬I¾Æ
(
º¾½d¾½:E
]ë4ß,dq,„
$
götÒÅÑ:ÇZ
õ
$
wÇZõ:¨ö@€¨ö$%
$
x_
` ÇZõ¿…\À:¨ö¨ö^
T %2& +g
$%

º¾½^
T$ %C& +g
$%

¾½^
"C 2D& +g
$%
&
ROœb2(:
)YZ
Ä9”ì@$
Ä9:
N¿5„ä-
$
TO”ƒÂË:_` Bì
)YZ
Ä9$
<ƒ„È
&
_` ÇZv
$
G3ŠÁD
$
0
Èv_` \:³ÂDÁ˜ˆƒúi
$
xVôÍ
`a¬…
&
"(D!
QÀ|}
!
ë4¡ÿ¿…˜™¬…
$
‚ƒ…L

$
³`aë4:¬…Š¸^
%&&2

#
A
"""%C
Ò
$#
A
"&
ÉIOO¶_` ÁXD
$
!
%
…#Ê
ôͬ…
$
ŒjëD³w$ò‚¥Ë^/
$
z…²
2! &&
ôÍ
$"C! &&
ðF
$

% :
¬…
"
á
&
"(!
Ï5#Ð
!
Í_`ºÈg
5k2T&
‹*…
…Ò
(
@A§DUg@ADEº…x
#K)KA%2%
…
Ò
&
@ADE12!Ù¤
!
`aôÍ·“n³
@A
$T
áËâ
$
O@-@6§qÓ6D@z
$
g
04Z
0Ń*rx
#
9z)
%
…ÒÅÆ(Lƒ*Z
:@A§DU
$
Z[:ƒ*Œ^
&("$&(%$&(T$
&($"(&$"($%(&$T(&$(&$"&(&$"(&$%&(& O*.$
z
0ƒ*Z:DE=Š ^
%
…
$
‚ƒO—:`a

$
–@A§DU
#\%
^íU
$
@AD]
#K)*$" O*.@&(" K)*%
^PíU
$
fg
0)00"%(&
˜
™ÙÚ¡9

†á~ˆ[

“9

89&
""
U!ٌ
ÿ:^T
$
[J^
#\$
ëÒ/;<9
$
Ó(G
^ÓÓ^T!Ù
&
^TðñYZ
!
S
X
"C(2D# %%(2$D+<
+
X
!
+
X
"-
C(2D#%a
6
%(2$D
$"&(##"
[$ S
X
^ @ A § D U
#]%$
+
X
^ @ A D ]
# AK)*%$$
^/;<9
&
!$
xy-#$
%("!
Ñ:Ò¨ÓÔ­
%
¼ÕÖlË̟O
!
²ò
"
V&
!
¨öŠ
$%
U³_`:ÒíÎH³Nü
ýþ×!Ù
$
#I<
$
\Àœ
$
5`©ëv¶.ƒ:
úøLÆêÚ
$
þw$@
"&! &&""D! &&
 
$D
…\_`Ó(#Á·Â³w$@
#
A
"%
Ò:
"%! &&""D! &&$
^
"(2%C d[-,
A%
$
Ôì3³w$
@
#
A
"T
Ò:
"%! &&""D! &&$
^
"("DT d[-,
A%
$
Ó

%
U³Çw$@
#
A
"
Ò:
"2! &&"
"C! &&$
E]^
&(T#&
d
&(%## d[-,
A%
$#
A
""
ÒÀ:¨öâKœ‹
$
@
"%! &&""D! &&
w$?
"
ó
Ìþ"
$
rKÔì3›#Á·“œ¨löè
$
Ìþ"
l½î
(
Z<¨ödîïTJ_`œ
$
Ò€_
#"
, J K L
D$
M
!
`ãU„#Á·Â³¨öŠ
($C d[-,
A%
$
º
¾½ Š
T(C2 d[-,
A%
$
Ô ì 3  ³ ¨ ö Š
D(D" d[-,
A%
$
º¾½Š
T(&T d[-,
A%
$
¾½Š
%(2T d[-,
A%
$
¨ö“_`œ<:¹º
$
À ›#Ê
dÉI#(
$
Z<¨ö_d*íþw$:Š 
$
f
_`:ÒíÎ!Ùí^I×
&
@ç蚛deEï
Ê_`:‰‡Z
$
ÅÆÍ:_`œÕÒKzk

$
²`aðñV–!w
!
#Á·›Ôì3:_
`d*œ
$
¨öŠÒ€_`U#Á·Â³›Ô
ì3³~
"(T$ d[-,
A%
&
ò
"!
eEFDŠÂ³_`:ÒíÎ
P?[]"!/*?+JV+^G=^*=?;< ;V-c*_;=.*< ?< X^V?G?-<=>*=-.X^__+J
%(%!
רÓÔ­
%
¼ÕÖlË̟O
!"%
@A§
DU“³_`:¹º
!
ëD`a:!
"
ᬅ%
@ÁDv:
"% :
˜™
$
@A„Í6?Ë*D
$
¢Š
@A§DU%&KÌ HDU
&

%
O}
!
³
@A:Ì HDU^
"#(2\$
™@A3KÌ HD

$
³:_`œÓ(
$
úijP
&
WU@A§
DUZT
$
³:_`UüHIZT\]
$
>@ÅÆ
:DEŒÏÐCZT:wÅ0-
$
™@A§D
U@
"(2\ E"#(2ÏÐC
$
³:_`U2¶Z
[
$
úi…Q]EjP
(
@A§DUJK
"(2Š
$
_`ôÍîïZ<
$
>§DU@
"(2\ E"%(2Ï
ÐC
$
²‚WN!³…Qúiˆƒ
$
!Åw67¶
·Í†
$
™@A§DUJK
"%(2Š
$
³w$6
7͆
$
W$^¿…:\À¯ɝËÎ
$
>ÀvV
h”‡â
$
ÔÉIŠV‡âjƒø
$
™@A§DUJ
ò
%!
@AeDâX\:³_`U
P?[]%!4c*_;=.*< ?< =:-
G;^.X-;VX;?+>*=-.+;X-R
K
#(2Š
$
³ZC¯ô¯
$
™@A§DUZT
Ô
$(2Š
$
³w$ò‚¥Ë
&
2#"
!!
""
" ý%?&
!
õ%Ÿ÷œÎ
%
UƒÖ³:_`1Ú
r¢VÖ
!
3KÅÆDEŒZ:@ADE“
³úi:¶WڍÅÆ:
$

%
ó5s
$
0@
ADE¶WÚTJ
$
ÍôÍ+ù67¶·Š:@
AD]
$
VÍ^@ADE:
)
¶WÚ5s
*$
ÔK
¢
$
ÍÏùeE:DEFG
$
JK¢
$
Íô
ͅi67¶·
(
†@ADEZTÔ¹ºÃˆ
ƒúi

TJͬÐڊ:@AD]
$
VÍ^@A
DE:
)
7Þ5s
*&
»â“³ÅÆ@ADE
ŒZúŽd‚aíÎ:¬…dEß
$
âãs$Â
³ @ A Ì   H D U  €  ^
"#(2\ #
D ]
A&(&2 K)*%$
DE¶WÚ5s^
A&("C K)*#
§
DU
"(2\%$
7Þ5s^
A"(&2 K)*#
§DU
#(2\%&
@Ì HDUÔ7Þ5sÏÐC
$

³o™DEEÇ8Ž
#
W
"%&
7
%$
Ÿ £#[ªêô2£#
,-./%$D4-;3678C->3469BBFD&Ç
k.*R-X;V>*=-.
G;<=-<=?< X;?+
D]
W*=-.
_;=-<=?*+8
# AK)*%
§DU
W*=-.
G;<=-<=#\%
Íúi1õ
)+*<=[.;>?<[G:*.*G=-.?X=?G
DE8Ž&Ç
k.*R-;V>*=-.
,*<*[-,-<=
DEeÊ
0^V?G?-<=>*=-.X^__+J
&("C E&(&2 "(2 E"#(2
úijP
I+;;,?<[[.;>?<[

0_-G?*+[.*R-
ɝŸD
0+?[:=+J>*=-.R?V?G?-&(DD E&("C "%(2 E"(2
úiˆƒ
$
67¶·Í†
a;.,*+[.;>?<[$
<;XJ,_=;,;V,;?X=^.-X=.-XX

k.*R-"
\ŸD
K-R?^,>*=-.R?V?G?-"(&2 E&(DD #(2 E"%(2
w$̊¥Ë
$
V‡â
$
ZC[U¯í¯
1,_-.,*<-<=
+*<[^?X:$+-*c-X*==:-+;>-.=.^
†Ç
k.*R-%
Ê˟D
0-.?;^X>*=-.R?V?G?-Q"(&2 b#(2
w$ ò ‚ Ú ¥ Ë
$
( U ¯  í ¯
$
ä ¦
)-.,*<-<=
+*<[^?X:$*+;=X;V+-*c-XO-G;,-J-+;>*!!
!!
YW
"
O}
!
™@ADE^Ì HDUÔ@A
DE¶WÚ5sÏЊ
$
@ADEdçïÊÂ
³Â_`:‡#
$
³úijP
$
¢Š:FD&Ç^
DEeÊ
$
3H@ADEeÊ:8Ž&Ç^1Ç
(
@@ADE¶WÚ5sÔ7Þ5sÂ VÄE
%
óDE&Ç
$
E]^ɝŸDd\ŸD
$
“G:
8Ž&Ç^0Çd†Ç
&
™súɝŸDŠ
$
³
_`d¨TZ<
$
>úiˆƒ
$
ÅW$67¶·Í
†
$
¢Å¹º¬ÐWñ
(
™sú\ŸDŠ
$
³
@ÔՊ¸Vdw$̊ÚËÎ
$
WUŸDŠ :
gIZC[U¯í¯
$
>“ãѬÐWñ¹º
Å(
&
%%
돨öd@ADE“Z<³_`:ž
g
!
V–»âZ[tuZ[¨ödFDv³:ä
DWe
&
äDWe
#\% @#
¨öeEFDŠ:Ò
_`U
A
Z[¨öBZ[FDv:Ò_`U
%8

¨öeEFDŠ:Ò_`U
U"&&\&
`a9ƒdN>tuðñÖW
%&
»âEß
³Â:úøL1Ú

³:Ë#ÚXd™„
:FD†‡
$
ÉVÒ³:DE8Ž&Çd¨
öœ
&
NY
$
„#Á·^•¨Ã
$
>@º¾
½š›Z_dˆƒúi
$
õ%Ñ,\¶(U:ß
,„
$
ŽU,Z„opN3@º¾½†‡
&
@DEÝä
$
„#Á·“@ADE›.öè
$
>
ɝŸDBë":\ŸDÇÅñ¹º4ˆƒú
i
&
‚ƒN>Eß
$
²Z[_`:t
$
„#Á
·Â³Së4º¾½iɝŸD
$
5¨öeE
FD/›
$
V–Z[
2%(&:_`U
$
Yñý0ë
4ɝŸD
$
dZ[
%#(#\$
Yñý0ë4º¾
½
$
5dZ[
T#(\&
7
!$
øùǤs£#¥>¦ç§Ÿ 2¡¢Z+”£›C
,-.!$E?-B7>4-26B14->172-2;.32381>786-?125 C->3478<-C2
³UŒ
F?<
¨öœ
0^<+?[:=
Ò_`U
4c*_;=.*A%
%8
äDWe
I-<-V?=;VX*c?<[>*=-.#\%
eEFD
0^V?G?-<=>*=-.X^__+J
ɝŸD
0+?[:=+J>*=-.R?V?G?-\ŸD
K-R?^,>*=-.R?V?G?-„#Á·
!Y,7201;6.6
¨ö
P^+X^<+?[:= ($C8& D(&8%#(# "(T#8$2(&
º¾½
h*+VX:*R- T(C28T#( %(DT82%(& "(%C8C&(&
Ôì3
5Y27<;).;2812
¨ö
P^+X^<+?[:= D(D"8& %($&8TC($ "(%&8$%($
º¾½
h*+VX:*R- T(&T8T"(T %(TD8D$(& "(&28$2(&
¾½
P^+X:*R- %(2T8D&(D "(2#82"(C &(##8$$(2
!!
!!
Ôì3:à7Údà½ÚÇ#œK„#Á
·
$
@Ÿ÷¬IEY:ߑÑ.„Ð
$
ff¨öÊ
ËÅÊ
$
Vt^¾½
&
²W
%
V&
!
5¨öe
EFD/›
$
YñÒÔì3³º¾½ÉŸD
$
V
$#"
, J K L
D$
M
!
–Z[
D$(&:_`U
$
¾½ÉŸDVZ[
2"(C\$
º¾½\ŸDVZ[
$2(&\$
¾½ŸDVZ[
$$(2\$
rKº¾½\ŸDd¾
½\ŸDZ[_`:Wñ±
$
J@\ŸDš
›Z
$
9¶¤#0྽
&
#$
xï-îï
@eEFDš›Z
$
„#Á·dÔì3
%
U
³_`:Òí΀üþ×!Ù
&
@ADEeÊ
Š
$
Ò  € _ ` U # Á ·  ³ ¨ ö Š
($C d[-,
A%
$
º¾½Š
T(C2 d[-,
A%
(
Ôì3³
¨öŠ
D(D" d[-,
A%
$
º¾½Š
T(&T d[-,
A%
$

¾½Š
%(2T d[-,
A%
&
VÖÆ0ÂU:_`U¨
ö
Q
º¾½
Q
¾½
$
/ƨöš›Z#Á·Â³
:_`U(KÔì3³
$
¢
$
ë4Ôì3›ë4
#Á·dZ[@A:DEAÚ
$
²2ä%Z¶gD
&
‚ƒëDv³w$:0<ØúŽd‚aí
Î
$
VO³:FDE^DEeÊ

ɝŸDd\
ŸD
T
ó&Ç
$
/G:DE8Ž&Ç^1Ç

0Çd
†Ç
$
~&Ç:D]ÏÐE]^
A&("C EA&(&2$
A&(DD EA&("C$ A"(&2 EA&(DD K)*&
“³D
Eo$EÇ8ŽÅoŶeE:úŽdúøLµ
ƒ
$
2i_{Ty%8Ž:‡#
&
Ÿ÷\~óÅÆ
ì[:œ„“Ÿ÷:¹ºÅÆ:
$
ƒ¢VOŸ÷
œ„E^Ëõ„¸œ„

áËõ„¸œ„d0}„
¸œ„
$
/G„“œ„DE¨g1Ç

0Çd†Ç8
Ž
&
“³DE˜™EÇ8ŽOä%(UZ¶
gD
&
³:_`ù¨öd@ADE:ùƏ%
$
Ò
_`UW¨ö:Z<2Z[
$
_W@A§DU:T
J2Z[
$
@w³úiˆƒ
$
ÅTJ¬ÐWñ:
·“Z
$
»â돨öd@A§DU
$
V–XjZ[
DEAÚ:’:
&
‚ƒ`aðñ
$
„#Á·Â³
Së4º¾½iɝŸD
$
5¨öeEFD/›
$
V–Z[_`U
2%(&\$
Yñý0ë4ɝŸD
#
Qº¨ö
%$
dZ[_`U
%#(#\$
Yñý0
ë4º¾½
#
QºeEFD
%$
5dZ[_`U
T#(\(
Ôì3³º¾½ÉŸD
$
V–Z[_
`U
D$(&\$
¾ ½ É  Ÿ D V Z [ _ ` U
2"(C\$
º¾½\ŸDVZ[_`U
$2(&\&
Â
³:@ADEV»âJpZ¶œdZ¶á9•–
ë
$
¨öœ5V»âJpœ„UÃð2•–
ë
$
GnUO³¬Ã@,©Z
$
#Á·.•¨
$
S¬Ã@ß,C
$
,C¨öœ/™Kšù„:
$&$%
$
Ÿ÷Ñ,œ„0}…Mœ.Ô
$
V–»
âÅ¢Jpœ„:¨öEÁ
$
fœ„DEAÚ3K
.[†ø
&
C D E F
õ%÷Ñ,œÎR
]%&&(
õ%Ÿ÷Ñ,œÎ+Kklˆ‰
]
õ%
!
õ%w&
$D2 A$( DC% ADC2]
X32
$
ce
]%&&%(
õ%„-³ÚDU…ÒÝÞ3‡DU”
ß
]
äDZ¶
$#% ! "% A"D]
¯)°
$
È
!
·
$
ÊLþ
]%&&(
Ÿ÷Ñ,äDZ¶©ª:Gg$†
3sa\]
]
˜1Â$
$ ""#2% ! %C AT"]
,;h
$
äÓ*
$
ÓrÔ
$
&
]%&&&(
±øLƒt54Ì
T
UÝÞ_Õ
…:›.æç
]
,JKLæç
$ "T#D% ! T2& AT2]
c.–
$
Ö
!
×
$
ý—á
$
&
]%&&(
€U"#œÎÛUÃGÚD1Ú
:æç
]
Bõ,LéLÜ
$ %&#"% ! %# ATT]
å·e
$
È
!

$
¸¹°
]%&&%(
67¶·“ÃG_ÕÚD:¹º
]
ú
øLÜ
$ %%##% ! "TC& A"TC2]
x´0
$
ýæÌ
$
,
!

]%&&T(
õ%„-€óÛUÚDڛ.:æ
ç
]
õ%,J(LLÜ
$ %#%% ! " A$]
x´0
$
ý%?
$
ê°ð
$
&
]%&&#]
õ%÷"#Ñ,œÎÍÚD
Ú3äDZ¶Z¶æç
]
õ%
!
\z,Jw&
]
¬þº
$
ä]Ø
$
ýîz
$
&
]%&"&("%
èöΙl_`U3ÿ7
Ú:æç
]
\z„LÜ
$T%#"% ! D& AD$]
ý%?
$
x´0
$
ÙY6
$
&
]%&&C(
õ%
$
UÑ,Í3¡ÿÁ[œ
„gDU…u
]
,JKL
$DD#"&% ! 2T A2C]
ì3æ
]%&&T(
ÍúŽL
]
õ%
!
KLw&
$D$ A22]
q¬z
$
å·e
$
=zÚ
]%&&&(
ÛGà71Ú34Žæç
]
õ%
!
\z,Jw&
$ "% A%2]
q–i
$
q"œ
$
åÛ®
$
&
]%&"&(
(¬÷ƒÖ³:_ÕÚD1
2
]
®õ,J(LLÜ
$TC#T% ! $ A2&]
¸¹°
$
å·e
$
KsÜ
$
&
]%&&T(
67¶·“ÃG_ÕÚDÒíÎ
:¹º
]
õ%,J(LLÜ
$ %#T% ! D% AD$]
È
!

$
å·e
$
¸¹°
]%&&%(
õÝ"#C,ÛUÃG_ÕÚD1
Úæç
]
õ%,J(LLÜ
$ %D# 82% ! & A]
*`<€G-d ]`"##$(0=;,*=*++?,?=*=?;< ;V_:;=;XJ<=:-X?X*X*V-G=-R OJ>*=-.
X=.-XX*%
G;9;^X=*^ /$ k.**=-.V+^g=:.;^[:
K*..?=?,-_?<-#!.;<6,.;26017L?=]%
&
I;.[:-=?K$ k.*G- $`
6*XG:?L]W*=-.=.*Z*,O.?[-lK?+-.I $` Z+?<=;< )W$ I^G:*< k/$ 1023]"##C(5.**?<[>?=: R?V-.-<=
_*X=^.- ^"C#C 8#% ! $ AC%]
0*+?-*=-.
X=*=^X;< X=;,*=*+.-X_;X;?+R.;^[:=?< D20<32 =88.)1;023.6])+*<=*$ "#2#%% ! T$ AT22]
!
%&(
!
ÆÇÈ
"
C#"