白蜡是一种由白蜡虫2龄雄若虫分泌的天然化工原料。传统白蜡生产采用"高山产虫、低山产蜡"的异地生产模式。本研究在白蜡虫生物学、生态学特征基础上构建白蜡虫同地产虫产蜡生产新模式。白蜡虫具有雌虫先孵化,雄虫后孵化特征,卵从10 ℃以上开始孵化。在15~20 ℃条件下,若虫16~20天孵化完毕,雌虫孵化高峰期在第9~11天,雄虫孵化高峰期在第14~15天; 在25 ℃条件下,若虫约12天孵化完毕,雌虫孵化高峰期在第4~5天,雄虫孵化高峰期在第10~11天; 在30 ℃条件下,若虫约10天孵化完毕,雌虫孵化高峰期在第3~5天,雄虫孵化高峰期在第6~8天。根据不同温度下白蜡虫孵化速率,建立雌虫孵化的回归方程为: D=12.5-0.35T。在自然状态下,根据白蜡虫孵化率与有效积温的关系建立回归方程: Ha(♀)=(33.767+0.465K)%。在同地产虫产蜡生产模式中,雌虫和雄虫分别放养在产虫区和产蜡区。根据雌虫先孵化、雄虫后孵化特征,将种虫在产虫区放养10,15和18天后转移到产蜡区。放养10天后转移,产虫区雌虫占65%左右,雄虫占15%左右; 放养15~18天后转移,产虫区雌虫占70%~80%,雄虫占65%~75%。在同地产虫产蜡生产模式中,培育种虫产量与传统产虫区相同; 产蜡量低于传统产蜡区,约为传统产蜡区70%左右,可以通过合理密植寄主植物和选择阴湿环境提高白蜡产量。分析和讨论高山产虫不产蜡、低山产蜡不产虫的原因。
Insect wax is an important raw industrial chemical excreted by 2nd instar male nymphae of the white wax scale Ericerus pela (Insecta). In the traditional technique for insect wax production, egg laying females(known as seed insects) are reared in high mountain areas in Yunnan Province and then the nymphae are transported over long distances to low mountain areas in Sichuan, Hunan Province where they produce wax. The breeding of white wax scale egg laying female and insect wax production presently do not take place in the same region. A new production model in which egg laying female rearing and wax production takes place in the same region has been developed based on biological and ecological characteristics of the white wax scale. When white wax scale eggs are incubated, the female nymphae are hatched before male nymphae. Eggs being incubated at RH 80%±10% nymphae started to hatch at 10 ℃. At 15－20 ℃ all eggs hatched in 16－20 days, with a hatching peak for female nymphae between 9－11 days, and a hatching peak for male nymphae between 14－15 days. At 25 ℃ all eggs hatched in 11－12 days, with a peak for the female nymphae between 4－5 days, and a peak for male nymphae between 10－11 days. At 30 ℃ all eggs hatched in 9－10 days, with a peak for female nymphae between 3－5 days, and a peak for male nymphae between 6-8 days. The hatching conditions for wax production were determined by the formula D =12.5-0.35 T based on the relationship between temperature and hatching rate. In the field, the formula H a(♀)=(31.91-0.224 K )% was established based on the relationship between effective accumulated temperature and hatch rate. In this new production model eggs were hatched in two different sites, but in the same region, and this model was able to reduce transportation costs. Based on the hatching character of white wax scale, eggs were incubated first at the egg laying female production site for 10, 15 and 18 days, and then transferred to the wax production. When egg laying females were transferred after 10 days incubation, about 65% female nymphae and 15% male nymphae were produced in the egg laying female sites. Later hatching at the wax production site resulted in 35% female nymphae and 85% male nymphae. If being transferred after 15－18 days incubation, there were about 70%－80% female nymphae and 25%－35% male nymphae produced in the egg laying female production site, while later hatching at the wax production site produced 65%－75% male nymphae and 20%－30% female nymphae. As compared to traditional wax production techniques, this new wax production model resulted in the same amount of egg laying insects, but wax production was about 30% less. Wax output using the new technique, however, can be improved by selecting the shade site and increasing the density of host plants at the wax production site. In this paper we analyze why only egg laying females are presently produced in high mountain areas and wax is produced in low mountain areas.
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