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Spatial Variability of Steppe Soil Heavy Metal Content and Contamination Assessment: A Case Study of Daqing City and the Surrounding Areas, China

草原土壤重金属含量空间变异与污染评价——以大庆市及周边地区为例



全 文 :!24" !1#
 Vol.24  No.1
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ACTA AGRESTIA SINICA
   2016$  1%
  Jan.  2016
犱狅犻:10.11733/j.issn.10070435.2016.01.002
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¬»`ÞJ&?m%ºF

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,Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni6AsTŸ/®Æ[犆0/(犆0+犆)]L25%~75%,‘m%<ºèep<º(Ç
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:X53    ABCDE:A     AFG@:10070435(2016)01001209
犛狆犪狋犻犪犾犞犪狉犻犪犫犻犾犻狋狔狅犳犛狋犲狆狆犲犛狅犻犾犎犲犪狏狔犕犲狋犪犾犆狅狀狋犲狀狋犪狀犱犆狅狀狋犪犿犻狀犪狋犻狅狀
犃狊狊犲狊狊犿犲狀狋:犃犆犪狊犲犛狋狌犱狔狅犳犇犪狇犻狀犵犆犻狋狔犪狀犱狋犺犲犛狌狉狉狅狌狀犱犻狀犵犃狉犲犪狊,犆犺犻狀犪
ZHANGJizhou1,YUZhimin1,SUNTao2,3,WANGLimin1,LVPin1,4
(1.InstituteofNaturalResourcesandEcologyHeilongjiangAcademyofSciences,NationalandProvincialJointEngineeringLaboratory
ofWetlandsandEcologicalConservation,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150040,China;2.ColegeofResourcesandEnvironment,
NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150030,China;3.SuihuaMeteorologicalBureau,Suihua,Heilongjiang
Province152000,China;4.ColegeofLifeScience,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150030,China.)
犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:Soilheavymetalpolutionisapotentialhazardousfactortograsslandecologyhealth.Giventhis,
studiesfocusedonheavymetalcontent,spatialvariabilityandthedegreeofcontaminationinsoilofDaqing
cityandthesurroundingareasarefresh.Inthestudy,contentsofCd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni,HgandAsin
thesteppesoilofDaqingcityandthesurroundingareaswereanalyzedafterfieldinvestigation.Thespatial
variabilityofthoseheavymetalelementsmentionedaboveandtheirpolutionpotentialintheregionwere
evaluatedbyusinggeostatisticscombinedwithclassicheavymetalpolutionassessmentmethods.There
sultsshowedthat:Heavymetalcontentsvariedinmiddlelevelintermsofspatialdistributioninthesoil
withvariationcoefficientsrangedfrom28.3%to58.5%,eightkindsofheavymetalelementscouldbe
simulatedthroughexponentialmodel,Gaussmodelandsphericalmodel.Indexes犆0/(犆0+犆)ofCd,Cr,
Pb,Cu,Zn,NiandAswereintherangeof25%~75%showingthatthecontentsweredeterminedby
structuralfactors,suchassoilparentmaterial,topographyandthefactorsofnonstructural,suchashu
!1# ª«¬?:-.ÙC•¸¬»`m%<º´µÁM—jY¸¦|¹º_Žná
manactivities,while犆0/(犆0+犆)ofHgwasmorethan75%indicatingthattheyweremainlyaffectedby
thefactorsofnonstructuralandhumanactivities.Thedistributionpatternofheavymetalcontentinthe
regionpresentedaspatchy,banded,pointandislandmodes.Contentsoftheeightkindsofheavymetalele
mentsinthesoiloftheregionshowedatrendofaccumulation.However,contentof23.7%and1.7%
samplingpointsofAsandNiwereabovethesoilthresholdlevelsoftheSecondGradecriteriaof“theChi
neseenvironmentalqualitystandard”(GB156181995).TherewasthemildpolutionriskofAsinthesoil
oftheregionasshowedintheGeoaccumulationindex,whereastherewasnopolutionriskofothertested
elements.Nopotentialriskwasdetectedforeightkindsofheavymetalsanalyzedbythesinglefactoreco
logicalriskindexandthetotalpotentialecologicalriskindex.HeavymetalcontentsofsoilinDaqingcity
andthesurroundingareashadthespatialvariationofmoderateintensity.Thoughindividualheavymetal
elementsexceededthesoilthresholdlevelsoftheSecondGradecriteriaof“theChineseenvironmentalqual
itystandard”(GB156181995),overalthesoilqualityisgood.
犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:Geostatistics;Heavymetalpolution;Steppesoil;Indexofgeoaccumulation;Indexofpoten
tialecologicalrisk
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Fig.1 Thedistributionofsteppesoilsamplingpoints
1.3 >rPQW²³XY
=•Ã©ÙC•¸¬Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,
As| Hgà`,ÔdVCEM MARS6?SK”
T

{QUVWsXW)?šK”,HgÔdª‘
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ýüu©ÔdPerkinElmerOPTIMA8000DV`0
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(ICPOES)é(‘& As
dUðK°9âé
)。
1.4 ¥¦´‹wµ¶XY
(1)ÙC•¸¬QnoÝ—¹ÖÄA[24]:
犘=ÙC•¸¬»`^Á/›œžÙCn


犘≤1nöQno(ï¹Ö);1<犘≤1.5ni
A¹Ö
;1.5<犘≤2.0n&A¹Ö;2.0<犘≤2.5n
•A¹Ö
;犘>2.5nú•A¹Ö。
(2)_Ö¹´µ»ë[25]²ßºân:
犐犵犲狅 =犾狅犵2(
犆狀
犓·犅狀

â&
,犆nn-.ÙC^ÃT•¸¬»`,÷Ÿ
mg·kg-1;犅n n¬ÙCHlF`FÏ (GB
156181995)29FÏ&pH>7.52T•¸¬»`
ë

÷Ÿmg·kg-1,犓=1.5。
`1 /·¸¹lY>ºC»
Table1 Classificationcriteriaofgeoaccumulationindex
ÐÑ9ë
Risk
level
_Ö¹»ë<=
Rangeofgeo
accumulationindex
´µÄA
Contamination
degree
0 Igeo≤0
ï´µ
Nocontamination
1 0<Igeo≤1
iA´µ
Lightcontamination
2 1<Igeo≤2
&?´µ
Moderatecontamination
3 2<Igeo≤3
&?–´µ
Moderatestrongcontamination
4 3<Igeo≤4
–´µ
Strongcontamination
5 4<Igeo≤5
–úô•´µ
Strongveryseriouscontamination
6 5<Igeo
úô•´µ
Veryseriouscontamination
(3)NL9\ÐÑ»ë[26]T²ßºâ~œ:
犆犻犳 =犆

犆犻狀
犈犻狉=犜犻狉×犆犻犳
犚犐=∑

犻=1
犈犻狉
â&
,犚犐ncNL9\ÐÑ»ë;犈犻狉 n!犻G
•¸¬T÷5mNL9\ÐÑ»ë
;犆犻犳 n!犻G•
¸¬T´µ]ë
;犆犻 n-.•¸¬»`T^Á,
÷Ÿmg·kg-1;犆犻狀 »/0&n¬ÙCHlF`

(GB156181995)29FÏ&pH>7.52T•
¸¬»`ë

÷Ÿmg·kg-1;犜犻狉 n!犻G•¸¬
Tڏžë

üu Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cu,Ni,Cr|Zn
Tڏ]ë=¾n40,30,10,5,5,5,261。
1.5 ¥¦C»f”l¼½
»/0D/0ŽÙC•¸¬\‘ÙC•¸¬´
µÐÑÁM6DÙC\‘•¸¬T¹Ö8·¹Ö
ÄAÁM2

d¡›œžÙCno¬Ù
CHlF`FÏ&TpH>7.52T•¸¬»`ë

[2728](
g3)。
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»ŠžÒ_^²+T.ù6Òâ
[29]。
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Table2 Classificationcriteriaofthepotentialecologicalriskindex
NL9\ÐÑ犈犻狉<=
Rangeof犈犻狉
÷5m9\ÐÑ´µÄA
Contaminationdegreeof犈犻狉
cNL9\ÐÑ»ë犚犐<=
Rangeof犚犐
cTNL9\ÐÑÄA
Contaminationdegreeof犚犐
犈犻狉<40
ïÐÑ
Norisk
犚犐<150
ïÐÑ
Norisk
40≤犈犻狉<80
ßhÐÑ
Generalrisk
150≤犚犐<300
ßhÐÑ
Generalrisk
80≤犈犻狉<160
&?ÐÑ
Mediumrisk
300≤犚犐<600
&?ÐÑ
Mediumrisk
160≤犈犻狉<320
sÐÑ
Highrisk
600≤犚犐
sÐÑ
Highrisk
320≤犈犻狉
úsÐÑ
Extremehighrisk
`3 ÁÂÃ̛ÅÆÇWÈɚ›ÊËÌ1C»(犌犅156181995)
Table3 BackgroundvalueofsoilinHeilongjiangProvinceandstandardofsoilenvironmentalqualityinChina
•¸¬
Heavymetal
›œžÙCno
Soilbackground
valueinHeilongjiang
Province/mg·kg-1
19FÏ
Firstgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
29FÏSecondgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
39FÏThirdgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
pH
¶·no
Naturalbackground
¶·no
Naturalbackground
<6.5 6.5~7.5 >7.5 >6.5
Cd 0.08 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0
Cr 58.6 90 150 200 250 300
Pb 24.2 35 250 300 350 500
Cu 20 35 50 100 100 400
Zn 70.7 100 200 250 300 500
Ni 22.8 40 40 50 60 200
Hg 0.04 0.15 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5
As 7.3 15 40 30 25 40
2 pqW>r
2.1 Z[\Œš›œOž12ÍÎÏ*µ
èg4Lã,Cd»`Ýsn݀T3.9
±

‘ߨR©n0.25mg·kg-1;Cr»`Ýs
n݀T3.2±,‘ߨR©n58.88
mg·kg-1;PbT»`Ýsn݀T3.9±,‘
ߨR©n23.02mg·kg-1;Cu»`Ýsn
Ý €  T 4.0 ±,‘ ß ¨ R ©  n 45.73
mg·kg-1;Zn»`Ýsn݀T3.4±,‘ß
¨R©n96.82mg·kg-1;Ni»`ÝsnÝ
€T7.8±,‘ߨR©n23.15mg·kg-1;
Hg»`Ýsn݀T11.7±,‘ߨR©
n0.106mg·kg-1;As»`Ýsn݀T6.5
±

‘ߨR©n20.54mg·kg-1。
8G•¸¬»`T<º]ëL 28.3% ~
58.5%,n&?<º,ÝYTÚ Hg,ÝuTÚCr。8
Güu»`TcNR©<ºÄAèYduijkl
n
:Hg>Cu>Ni>As>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr。.G<
ºL§ç¶èçÃ)É!6>??ÉnÉ!TU
V

AL§ç¶ÙC¶BTnoTUV

2.2 Z[\Œš›œOž12Ÿ >±hi
ÏdˆÒØmëT²ßºâ\‘6@•¸¬ü
uTÂF&š

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ØmëÂFTžë
,8G•¸¬TˆÒØ&š:
ft`

g©]ëL0.869jS。
èg5Lã,õ Hgje7G•¸¬T[C0/(C0
+C)]L25%~75%ã%,gPn&?ÄATm%
¶ˆ‰

Uhep5u

ÙCÇF

6Èep
5u

èç¼Ô

æ<ûn6>??

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Table4 Theheavymetalcontentofsteppesoil
•¸¬
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum/mg·kg-1
ÝY
Maximum/mg·kg-1
R©
Mean/mg·kg-1
FÏØ
SD/mg·kg-1
<º]ë
CV/%
Cd 0.13 0.51 0.25 0.08 32.0
Cr 32.02 101.56 58.88 16.65 28.3
Pb 11.11 43.25 23.02 7.52 32.7
Cu 23.09 93.27 45.73 17.99 39.3
Zn 54.52 184.62 96.82 32.71 33.8
Ni 7.77 60.41 23.15 8.77 37.9
Hg 0.041 0.48 0.106 0.062 58.5
As 6.42 41.63 20.54 7.40 36.03
   ü(Note):n=59
`5 Œš›œOž12ÐX}Ñl´‹?‹f”l
Table5 Semivariogramtheoreticalmodelsandparametersofsoilheavymetalcontentinsteppe
•¸¬
Heavymetal
ÂF
Model
Ÿ
C0
®Æ
C0+C
Ÿ

®Æ
C0/(C0+C)/%

Range/km
g©]ë
犚2
Cd
»ëÂF
Exponentialmodel
0.0054037 0.0072726 74.30 77.7 0.936
Cr
ĉÂF
Sphericalmodel
208.39 292.068 71.35 84.1 0.957
Pb
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
0.086179 0.118055 72.99 181.0 0.869
Cu
»ëÂF
Exponentialmodel
0.10888 0.157787 69.00 77.8 0.855
Zn
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
0.071961 0.107512 66.93 77.5 0.936
Ni
ĉÂF
Sphericalmodel
49.666 82.317 60.34 81.7 0.913
Hg
ĉÂF
Sphericalmodel
0.21612 0.2181581 99.06 181.0 0.924
As
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
37.732 57.236 65.92 70.2 0.906
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Fig.2 Interpolationmapsofheavymetalcontentinsteppesoil
2.3 Z[\Œš›œO£¤¥¦
2.3.1 ;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJK 
2ҎnoFÏÁM

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2.5)6ú•A¹Ö(犘>2.5)QR;ZnTQno
Ý©Q=¡70%;Cr,Pb6 NiTQnoÝ=¾
n47.5%,40.7%645.8%。
`6 Œš›œO·¸Ó_
Table6 Theaccumulationsituationofsoilheavymetalsinsteppe
•¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Qnoë
Qno¸á
Numbersand
proportionofexceed
backgroundvalues/%
¹Ö»ë=9QnoëQno¸á
Differentlevelsof犘
numbersandproportionofexceedbackgroundvalues/%
犘>1 犘≤1 1<犘≤1.5 1.5<犘≤2 2<犘≤2.5 犘>2.5
Cd 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 6(10.2) 10(16.9) 43(72.9)
Cr 28(47.5) 31(52.5) 26(44.1) 2(3.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Pb 24(40.7) 35(59.3) 20(33.9) 4(6.8) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Cu 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 13(22.0) 16(27.1) 6(10.2) 24(40.7)
Zn 42(71.2) 17(28.8) 24(40.7) 12(20.3) 5(8.5) 1(1.7)
Ni 27(45.8) 32(54.2) 21(35.6) 5(8.5) 0(0.0) 1(1.7)
Hg 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 13(22.0) 10(16.9) 7(11.9) 29(49.2)
As 58(98.3) 1(1.7) 1(1.7) 11(18.6) 13(22.0) 33(55.9)
  ü:j›œžÙCnonFÏ,´ {2nQno1ظá
Note:BaseonthestandardofsoilbackgroundvaluesofHeilongjiangProvince,valuesofproportionofexceedsoilbackgroundofHei
longjiangProvinceareinparentesis
2.3.2 ;<=>?@ABCDLMENOJK 
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heavymetalsofsteppesoil
  (2)/0Ž-.ÙC•¸¬»`T_Ö¹»ë
´µÁM
}Ï_Ö¹»ëT^²8·

eš/0Ž^w


=nï´µ
(Igeo<0)、iA´µ(´ µ»ë
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ÐÑÁM2

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ÝY©€é40,6ÞJNL9\ÐÑ(g2ˆ
¸
)。
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nCd>Hg>As>Ni>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu。a¿Ž
2ÙC•¸¬TNL9\ÐÑ»ëÝY犚犐n
60.09,ÓéïÐÑ?9(g2ˆ¸)。
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Table7 Descriptivestatisticsindexofgeoaccumulation
•¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum
ÝY
Maximum
R©
Mean
_Ö¹»ë6@9¾T:1ë1ظá
Numbersandproportionof
differentlevelsofgeoaccumulationindex/%
犐geo≤0 0<犐geo≤1
Cd -2.79 -0.82 -1.89 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Cr -3.55 -1.88 -2.73 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Pb -5.56 -3.60 -4.58 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Cu -2.70 -0.69 -1.82 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Zn -3.05 -1.29 -2.29 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Ni -3.53 -0.58 -2.06 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Hg -5.19 -1.64 -3.99 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
As -2.55 0.15 -0.96 57(96.6) 2(3.4)
  ü:´{2n_Ö¹»ë6@9¾1ظá
Note:Valuesofproportionofdifferentlevelsofgeo-accumulationindexareinparentesis
3 ˆ‰
3.1 Œš›œOž1fŸ >±
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As|Hg[30]。
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YTÜSçã6èçðî_

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ç&NiT»`ts[31],50$Tèç¼Ô6îÃ
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Table8 Descriptivestatisticsofindexof
potentialecologicalrisk
•¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum
ÝY
Maximum
R©
Mean
Cd 6.50 12.50 12.72
Cr 0.26 0.81 0.47
Pb 0.16 0.62 0.33
Cu 1.15 4.66 0.29
Zn 0.18 0.62 0.32
Ni 0.65 5.03 1.93
Hg 1.64 19.20 4.23
As 2.57 16.65 8.22
c9\ÐÑ»ë
Indexoftotal
potential
ecologicalrisk
13.11 60.09 28.51
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