全 文 :!24" !1#
Vol.24 No.1
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2016$ 1%
Jan. 2016
犱狅犻:10.11733/j.issn.10070435.2016.01.002
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犛狆犪狋犻犪犾犞犪狉犻犪犫犻犾犻狋狔狅犳犛狋犲狆狆犲犛狅犻犾犎犲犪狏狔犕犲狋犪犾犆狅狀狋犲狀狋犪狀犱犆狅狀狋犪犿犻狀犪狋犻狅狀
犃狊狊犲狊狊犿犲狀狋:犃犆犪狊犲犛狋狌犱狔狅犳犇犪狇犻狀犵犆犻狋狔犪狀犱狋犺犲犛狌狉狉狅狌狀犱犻狀犵犃狉犲犪狊,犆犺犻狀犪
ZHANGJizhou1,YUZhimin1,SUNTao2,3,WANGLimin1,LVPin1,4
(1.InstituteofNaturalResourcesandEcologyHeilongjiangAcademyofSciences,NationalandProvincialJointEngineeringLaboratory
ofWetlandsandEcologicalConservation,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150040,China;2.ColegeofResourcesandEnvironment,
NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150030,China;3.SuihuaMeteorologicalBureau,Suihua,Heilongjiang
Province152000,China;4.ColegeofLifeScience,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150030,China.)
犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋:Soilheavymetalpolutionisapotentialhazardousfactortograsslandecologyhealth.Giventhis,
studiesfocusedonheavymetalcontent,spatialvariabilityandthedegreeofcontaminationinsoilofDaqing
cityandthesurroundingareasarefresh.Inthestudy,contentsofCd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni,HgandAsin
thesteppesoilofDaqingcityandthesurroundingareaswereanalyzedafterfieldinvestigation.Thespatial
variabilityofthoseheavymetalelementsmentionedaboveandtheirpolutionpotentialintheregionwere
evaluatedbyusinggeostatisticscombinedwithclassicheavymetalpolutionassessmentmethods.There
sultsshowedthat:Heavymetalcontentsvariedinmiddlelevelintermsofspatialdistributioninthesoil
withvariationcoefficientsrangedfrom28.3%to58.5%,eightkindsofheavymetalelementscouldbe
simulatedthroughexponentialmodel,Gaussmodelandsphericalmodel.Indexes犆0/(犆0+犆)ofCd,Cr,
Pb,Cu,Zn,NiandAswereintherangeof25%~75%showingthatthecontentsweredeterminedby
structuralfactors,suchassoilparentmaterial,topographyandthefactorsofnonstructural,suchashu
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manactivities,while犆0/(犆0+犆)ofHgwasmorethan75%indicatingthattheyweremainlyaffectedby
thefactorsofnonstructuralandhumanactivities.Thedistributionpatternofheavymetalcontentinthe
regionpresentedaspatchy,banded,pointandislandmodes.Contentsoftheeightkindsofheavymetalele
mentsinthesoiloftheregionshowedatrendofaccumulation.However,contentof23.7%and1.7%
samplingpointsofAsandNiwereabovethesoilthresholdlevelsoftheSecondGradecriteriaof“theChi
neseenvironmentalqualitystandard”(GB156181995).TherewasthemildpolutionriskofAsinthesoil
oftheregionasshowedintheGeoaccumulationindex,whereastherewasnopolutionriskofothertested
elements.Nopotentialriskwasdetectedforeightkindsofheavymetalsanalyzedbythesinglefactoreco
logicalriskindexandthetotalpotentialecologicalriskindex.HeavymetalcontentsofsoilinDaqingcity
andthesurroundingareashadthespatialvariationofmoderateintensity.Thoughindividualheavymetal
elementsexceededthesoilthresholdlevelsoftheSecondGradecriteriaof“theChineseenvironmentalqual
itystandard”(GB156181995),overalthesoilqualityisgood.
犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊:Geostatistics;Heavymetalpolution;Steppesoil;Indexofgeoaccumulation;Indexofpoten
tialecologicalrisk
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Fig.1 Thedistributionofsteppesoilsamplingpoints
1.3 >rPQW²³XY
=éÙC¸¬Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,
As| Hgà`,ÔdVCEM MARS6?SK
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犆狀
犓·犅狀
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mg·kg-1;犅n n¬ÙCHlF`FÏ (GB
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Table1 Classificationcriteriaofgeoaccumulationindex
ÐÑ9ë
Risk
level
_Ö¹»ë<=
Rangeofgeo
accumulationindex
´µÄA
Contamination
degree
0 Igeo≤0
ï´µ
Nocontamination
1 0<Igeo≤1
iA´µ
Lightcontamination
2 1<Igeo≤2
&?´µ
Moderatecontamination
3 2<Igeo≤3
&?´µ
Moderatestrongcontamination
4 3<Igeo≤4
´µ
Strongcontamination
5 4<Igeo≤5
úô´µ
Strongveryseriouscontamination
6 5<Igeo
úô´µ
Veryseriouscontamination
(3)NL9\ÐÑ»ë[26]T²ßºâ~:
犆犻犳 =犆
犻
犆犻狀
犈犻狉=犜犻狉×犆犻犳
犚犐=∑
犿
犻=1
犈犻狉
â&
,犚犐ncNL9\ÐÑ»ë;犈犻狉 n!犻G
¸¬T÷5mNL9\ÐÑ»ë
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;犆犻 n-.¸¬»`T^Ã,
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(GB156181995)29FÏ&pH>7.52T
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÷mg·kg-1;犜犻狉 n!犻G¸¬
TÚë
;
üu Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cu,Ni,Cr|Zn
TÚ]ë=¾n40,30,10,5,5,5,261。
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Table2 Classificationcriteriaofthepotentialecologicalriskindex
NL9\ÐÑ犈犻狉<=
Rangeof犈犻狉
÷5m9\ÐÑ´µÄA
Contaminationdegreeof犈犻狉
cNL9\ÐÑ»ë犚犐<=
Rangeof犚犐
cTNL9\ÐÑÄA
Contaminationdegreeof犚犐
犈犻狉<40
ïÐÑ
Norisk
犚犐<150
ïÐÑ
Norisk
40≤犈犻狉<80
ßhÐÑ
Generalrisk
150≤犚犐<300
ßhÐÑ
Generalrisk
80≤犈犻狉<160
&?ÐÑ
Mediumrisk
300≤犚犐<600
&?ÐÑ
Mediumrisk
160≤犈犻狉<320
sÐÑ
Highrisk
600≤犚犐
sÐÑ
Highrisk
320≤犈犻狉
úsÐÑ
Extremehighrisk
`3 ÁÂÃÄÅÆÇWÈÉÊËÌ1C»(犌犅156181995)
Table3 BackgroundvalueofsoilinHeilongjiangProvinceandstandardofsoilenvironmentalqualityinChina
¸¬
Heavymetal
ÙCno
Soilbackground
valueinHeilongjiang
Province/mg·kg-1
19FÏ
Firstgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
29FÏSecondgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
39FÏThirdgradecriteria/
mg·kg-1
pH
¶·no
Naturalbackground
¶·no
Naturalbackground
<6.5 6.5~7.5 >7.5 >6.5
Cd 0.08 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0
Cr 58.6 90 150 200 250 300
Pb 24.2 35 250 300 350 500
Cu 20 35 50 100 100 400
Zn 70.7 100 200 250 300 500
Ni 22.8 40 40 50 60 200
Hg 0.04 0.15 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5
As 7.3 15 40 30 25 40
2 pqW>r
2.1 Z[\O12ÍÎÏ*µ
èg4Lã,Cd»`ÝsnÝT3.9
±
,
ߨR©n0.25mg·kg-1;Cr»`Ýs
nÝT3.2±,ߨR©n58.88
mg·kg-1;PbT»`ÝsnÝT3.9±,
ߨR©n23.02mg·kg-1;Cu»`Ýsn
Ý T 4.0 ±, ß ¨ R © n 45.73
mg·kg-1;Zn»`ÝsnÝT3.4±,ß
¨R©n96.82mg·kg-1;Ni»`ÝsnÝ
T7.8±,ߨR©n23.15mg·kg-1;
Hg»`ÝsnÝT11.7±,ߨR©
n0.106mg·kg-1;As»`ÝsnÝT6.5
±
,
ߨR©n20.54mg·kg-1。
8G¸¬»`T<º]ëL 28.3% ~
58.5%,n&?<º,ÝYTÚ Hg,ÝuTÚCr。8
Güu»`TcNR©<ºÄAèYduijkl
n
:Hg>Cu>Ni>As>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr。.G<
ºL§ç¶èçÃ)É!6>??ÉnÉ!TU
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51
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Table4 Theheavymetalcontentofsteppesoil
¸¬
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum/mg·kg-1
ÝY
Maximum/mg·kg-1
R©
Mean/mg·kg-1
FÏØ
SD/mg·kg-1
<º]ë
CV/%
Cd 0.13 0.51 0.25 0.08 32.0
Cr 32.02 101.56 58.88 16.65 28.3
Pb 11.11 43.25 23.02 7.52 32.7
Cu 23.09 93.27 45.73 17.99 39.3
Zn 54.52 184.62 96.82 32.71 33.8
Ni 7.77 60.41 23.15 8.77 37.9
Hg 0.041 0.48 0.106 0.062 58.5
As 6.42 41.63 20.54 7.40 36.03
ü(Note):n=59
`5 O12ÐX}Ñl´?fl
Table5 Semivariogramtheoreticalmodelsandparametersofsoilheavymetalcontentinsteppe
¸¬
Heavymetal
ÂF
Model
Ÿ
C0
®Æ
C0+C
Ÿ
/
®Æ
C0/(C0+C)/%
<Ä
Range/km
g©]ë
犚2
Cd
»ëÂF
Exponentialmodel
0.0054037 0.0072726 74.30 77.7 0.936
Cr
ÄÂF
Sphericalmodel
208.39 292.068 71.35 84.1 0.957
Pb
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
0.086179 0.118055 72.99 181.0 0.869
Cu
»ëÂF
Exponentialmodel
0.10888 0.157787 69.00 77.8 0.855
Zn
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
0.071961 0.107512 66.93 77.5 0.936
Ni
ÄÂF
Sphericalmodel
49.666 82.317 60.34 81.7 0.913
Hg
ÄÂF
Sphericalmodel
0.21612 0.2181581 99.06 181.0 0.924
As
sÃÂF
Gaussmodel
37.732 57.236 65.92 70.2 0.906
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Fig.2 Interpolationmapsofheavymetalcontentinsteppesoil
2.3 Z[\O£¤¥¦
2.3.1 ;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJK
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(犘>2.5)QR;AsTQFÝW98.3%,Ì«¯&
L&A¹Ö
(1.5<犘≤2.0)A¹Ö(2.0<犘≤
2.5)6úA¹Ö(犘>2.5)QR;ZnTQno
Ý©Q=¡70%;Cr,Pb6 NiTQnoÝ=¾
n47.5%,40.7%645.8%。
`6 O·¸Ó_
Table6 Theaccumulationsituationofsoilheavymetalsinsteppe
¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Qnoë
Qno¸á
Numbersand
proportionofexceed
backgroundvalues/%
¹Ö»ë=9QnoëQno¸á
Differentlevelsof犘
numbersandproportionofexceedbackgroundvalues/%
犘>1 犘≤1 1<犘≤1.5 1.5<犘≤2 2<犘≤2.5 犘>2.5
Cd 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 6(10.2) 10(16.9) 43(72.9)
Cr 28(47.5) 31(52.5) 26(44.1) 2(3.4) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Pb 24(40.7) 35(59.3) 20(33.9) 4(6.8) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Cu 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 13(22.0) 16(27.1) 6(10.2) 24(40.7)
Zn 42(71.2) 17(28.8) 24(40.7) 12(20.3) 5(8.5) 1(1.7)
Ni 27(45.8) 32(54.2) 21(35.6) 5(8.5) 0(0.0) 1(1.7)
Hg 59(100.0) 0(0.0) 13(22.0) 10(16.9) 7(11.9) 29(49.2)
As 58(98.3) 1(1.7) 1(1.7) 11(18.6) 13(22.0) 33(55.9)
ü:jÙCnonFÏ,´ {2nQno1ظá
Note:BaseonthestandardofsoilbackgroundvaluesofHeilongjiangProvince,valuesofproportionofexceedsoilbackgroundofHei
longjiangProvinceareinparentesis
2.3.2 ;<=>?@ABCDLMENOJK
(1)/0-.ÙC¸¬»`T´µQFÝ
2Ò GB(156181995)29FÏ,|ÃT8G
¸¬&
,
õ¡As6 Nie,ý¸¬üuîJQ
=¬29FÏ,& AsTQFÝn23.7%,Ni
TQFÝn1.7%。
}ϬFÏÁM
,
µv/0ÙC¸¬
T´µQFÝ6´µÄAÌ«¯&LAs6 Ni,I
QFÝÆ6s
。
·n/0TÙC¸¬¹ÖÄ
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,
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-.ÙC¸¬T´µÄA6D9\HlTN
LÐÑ
。
81
!1# ª«¬?:-.ÙC¸¬»`m%<º´µÁM—jY¸¦|¹º_ná
=3 Z[\O2ÔCÕ
Fig.3 Exceedingstandardrateof
heavymetalsofsteppesoil
(2)/0-.ÙC¸¬»`T_Ö¹»ë
´µÁM
}Ï_Ö¹»ëT^²8·
,
e/0^w
xö
,
=nï´µ
(Igeo<0)、iA´µ(´ µ»ë
0<Igeo≤1)2M?9,Æj.D/0\ÙC¸
¬T_Ö¹»ëÁM
。
èg7Lã,a¿259
MÔ:rJ¸¬ AsTú=_Ö¹»ëIgeoY
é0,1ظá7n3.4%,X7G¸¬üu
TIgeo©ué0,Uhj¬ÙCHlF`29FÏ
nÁMFÏ
,
ûd_Ö¹»ë\ÙC¸¬´µ
ÐÑÁM2
,
rJAs+LiA´µÐÑ,ý¸
¬©ï´µÐÑ
。
(3)/0-.ÙC¸¬»`TNL9\Ð
Ñ»ëÁM
èg8Lã,8G¸¬T÷5mÐÑ»ë犈ri
ÝY©é40,6ÞJNL9\ÐÑ(g2
¸
)。
÷5m9\ÐÑ»ëR©犈riÍYdu=¾
nCd>Hg>As>Ni>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu。a¿
2ÙC¸¬TNL9\ÐÑ»ëÝY犚犐n
60.09,ÓéïÐÑ?9(g2¸)。
`7 /¸·¹lÍÎÏ>r
Table7 Descriptivestatisticsindexofgeoaccumulation
¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum
ÝY
Maximum
R©
Mean
_Ö¹»ë6@9¾T:1ë1ظá
Numbersandproportionof
differentlevelsofgeoaccumulationindex/%
犐geo≤0 0<犐geo≤1
Cd -2.79 -0.82 -1.89 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Cr -3.55 -1.88 -2.73 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Pb -5.56 -3.60 -4.58 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Cu -2.70 -0.69 -1.82 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Zn -3.05 -1.29 -2.29 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Ni -3.53 -0.58 -2.06 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
Hg -5.19 -1.64 -3.99 59(100.0) 0(0.0)
As -2.55 0.15 -0.96 57(96.6) 2(3.4)
ü:´{2n_Ö¹»ë6@9¾1ظá
Note:Valuesofproportionofdifferentlevelsofgeo-accumulationindexareinparentesis
3
3.1 O1f >±
Í-.ÙC¸¬»`Tm%gëLã
,
Cd,Cr,Zn,Ni,Hg6AsTú=s©OPL
Wül2
,
YÀÖ
,
èð
、
1îÃ
、
、
Á`mn¿¤)
。
&D7
àã
。
èðîÃ=Ä&¤9 Ni,&TZn
»`7
,
Á`mîä9Y`Cd,Cr,Zn,
As|Hg[30]。
NiT»`sú=OPY¸¦。Y¸ÚÕÝ
YTÜSçã6èçðî_
,
J/0gh
,
Y¸è
ç&NiT»`ts[31],50$Tèç¼Ô6îÃ
#¸¬NiLYì¯t;ÆòY¸¦É,
,
%W7M%ã,¯ &p,òY`
`8 O¾(¿À¹l2ÍÎÏ*µ
Table8 Descriptivestatisticsofindexof
potentialecologicalrisk
¸¬üu
Heavymetal
Ýu
Minimum
ÝY
Maximum
R©
Mean
Cd 6.50 12.50 12.72
Cr 0.26 0.81 0.47
Pb 0.16 0.62 0.33
Cu 1.15 4.66 0.29
Zn 0.18 0.62 0.32
Ni 0.65 5.03 1.93
Hg 1.64 19.20 4.23
As 2.57 16.65 8.22
c9\ÐÑ»ë
Indexoftotal
potential
ecologicalrisk
13.11 60.09 28.51
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。
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8G¸¬üuLjd»ëÂF、sÃÂF6Ä
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,Cd,Cr,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni6AsTm%<º
Ì«èÇF?ep<º6ÉàÉ!?Èep<
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、
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、
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。
8G¸¬»`-_no¸¹Ö8
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。As6 NiTM¾:»`Q= GB15618
1995&T29FÏ。As+LiA´µÐÑ,X
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。
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