全 文 ：Mycorrhization: Tuber borchii Vittad . Competitivity with
Respect to Other Species of Tuber
Donnini D. ? , Baciarelli Falini L . , Di Massimo G .,
Benucci G . M . N ., Bencivenga M .
( Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74-I 06121 Perugia, I taly)
Abstract: In truffle beds planted inenvironments not suitablefor thetruffle species chosen, mychorrhizal substitution usu-
ally takes placeafter a period of time . The present work was aimed at verifying the capacity of mycorrhization of Tuber
borchii Vittad . in the presence of other Tuber species in the soil . Some young plants of Quercus pubescens Willd . were in-
oculated in the sameconditions usingtwodifferentsubstrates (natural andartificial substrate) and different species of Tuber
as inoculum . In fall 2004 , spring2005 and in spring2006 , thepercentage of mycorrhization for each of the species of fungi
involved was assessed in32% of the plants in each inoculation test . Themost abundant mycorrhizae of T. borchii were de-
tected inroots of plants grown in natural soil . But T. brumale Vittad . shows remarkablepercentages of mycorrhization ( up to
50% ) and seems to substitute T. borchii in somecases . Theresults indicatethat trufflebedsof T. melanosporumVittad . and
T. aestivumVittad . planted in soils containing propagation elements of T. borchii do not givethe desired production .
Key words: Mycorrhization; Fungal competition; Tuber; Truffle cultivation
CLC number : S 646 Document Code : A Article ID: 0253 - 2700 ( 2009) Suppl.ⅩⅥ- 100 - 03
Introduction
Different speciesof Tuber vary in their capacity to
form ectomycorrhizae with symbiotic host plants . In
truffle beds planted in environments not suitable for the
truffle species chosen, mycorrhizal substitution usually
takes place after a period of time . In some cultivated
truffle beds the production of T. melanosporumVittad .
has been seen to gradually decrease and be substituted
by T. borchii Vittad ., T. aestivum Vittad . or T. br-
umale Vittad . . On this issue a number of ecological
studies have been carried out ( Chevalier, 1978; Ben-
civenga, 1994 , 2005; Raglione et al. , 2001; Vinay
and Pirazzi , 2001; Granetti et al. , 2005 ) , partly ex-
plaining the phenomenon as due to unsuitable environ-
mental conditions for T. melanosporum . An example is
a truffle bed planted near Spoleto (Central Italy) using
mycorrhized plants with Tuber melanosporum that pro-
duces a large quantity of Tuber aestivum: 50 - 150 kg?
ha ( in this case the ecological aspects are suitable for
T. aestivum) (Donnini et al. , 2008) . Nonetheless, it
is also hypothesized that in thepresence of propagation
elements of different species of truffle, themycorrhiza-
tion taking place is not random .
The present work was aimed at verifying the ca-
pacity of mycorrhizationof T. borchii in thepresenceof
other Tuber species in the soil .
Materials and Method
In spring 2004 some young plants of Quercus pu-
bescens Willd . were inoculated with Tuber borchii . In
order to assess the competitivity of Tuber borchii in
comparison with other species of Tuber , some further
plants of Quercuspubescenswereinoculated in the same
conditions using the same quantity of inoculating mate-
rial: 1 g . per plants . The other test inoculums used
were: T. borchii vs . T. melanosporum; T. borchii vs .
T. aestivum; T. borchii vs . T. brumale; T. borchii
vs . T. melanosporumand T. aestivum, T. borchii vs .
T. melanosporum and T. brumale . Two types of sub-
strates were used to grow the plants, thefirst (To) was
madeup of artificial components available on the mar-
ket, namely agriperlite, vermiculite and peat in equal
云 南 植 物 研 究 2009 , Suppl . ⅩⅥ : 100～102
Acta Botanica Yunnanica
? ?Author for correspondence; E-mail : domizia@unipg. it, Tel . + 390755856434 , Fax + 390755856069
proportions .Thesecond substrate (Te) wasmadeupof
amixtureof natural soil and sand in equal proportions .
Root tips were counted and percentages were cal-
culated for mycorrhizaeof each species somemonths af-
ter the inoculum . The data of mycorrhization for each
species werepresented in termsof thepercentageof pr-
esence: i . e . how many times the species were present
with respect to the total number of samples analysed in
each inoculation test .
Results
In fall 2004 , spring 2005 and in spring 2006 , the
percentageof mycorrhization for each of the species of
fungi involved was assessed in 32% of the plants in
each inoculation test . The most abundant mycorrhizae
of T. borchii were detected in roots of plants grown in
natural soil (Te) (Fig. 1) . In particular, observingthe
percentage of each species in the context of the total
number of samples analysed, Tuber borchii ( presence
= 75% ) showed strong competitivity with respect to
T. melanosporum ( presence = 11% ) and T. aestivum
( presence= 8% ) . Yet compared to T. brumale ( pres-
ence= 67% ) the competitivity is less strong in the ar-
tificial substrate ( Fig. 2) . In fact, T. brumale shows
Fig. 1 Percentage of presenceof Tuber in natural soil
Fig. 2 Percentage of presenceof Tuber in artificial substrate
101增刊ⅩⅥ Donnini D. et al. : Mycorrhization: Tuber borchii Vittad . Competitivitywith Respect to Other . . .
Fig. 3 Percentageof presence of Tuber in each substrate over three years
remarkable percentages of mycorrhization ( up to 50% )
(Fig. 3 ) and seems to substitute T. borchii in some
cases: i . e . when the substrate is made up of the peat
mixture (To) and mainly in the second year ( Fig. 2) .
Discussion
With regard to mycorrhization the results clearly
show that T. borchii prevails over other Tuber . T. br-
umale is an exception . This indicates that truffle beds
of T. melanosporum and T. aestivum planted in soils
containing propagation elements of T. borchii do not
give thedesired production . When choosing which spe-
cies of Tuber to cultivate, the presence of propagation
elements of T. borchii renders ecological respect even
more important . Integrated ecological studies are im-
portant, studies regarding: climate, soil , flora and ve-
getation, which means: ecologists, botanists and
pedologists on the field .
Acknowledgements : Financial support for this researchwas pro-
vided by the project FIRB RBAU01KX52 , Principal Investigator:
Prof . M . Bencivenga .
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