全 文 ：General Survey on Development of Wild Edible
Fungi in Yunnan Province , China
SHEN Jie
( Yunnan Association of Edible Fung and Scientific and Technologic Department of theYunnan
ProvinceSupply and Marketing Society, Kunming 65000 , China)
CLC number : Q 938 Document Code : A Article ID: 0253 - 2700 ( 2009) Suppl.ⅩⅥ- 110 - 03
Yunnan Province is located at latitude from 21°8′
32″N to 29°15′8″N and longitute from97°31′39″E to
106°11′47″E, with elevations from76 .4 mto6 740 m,
covering an area of 383 , 000 square meters . 94% of
its territary are mountain areas, of which, 61% are
forests . And, 77% of its populations live in themoun-
tain areas . Affected by interactions between the warm
currents from thePacific Ocean and that fromthe India
Ocean, Yunnan has several quite distinctive climates,
including frigid zone, temperature zone, subtropical
zone, tropical zone, etc ., formed according to differ-
ent elevations . For the reason, Yunnan is a wonderful
place for natural reproduction of various plants, ani-
mals and fungi . There are more than 850 species of
wild edible fungi and medicinal fungi in Yunnan Prov-
ince, and it is oneof the important reserves of natural
resources in the world, especially mycorrhizal fungi
more indispensability for trees growth and development
in the forest . Among the wild mushrooms in Yunnan,
ectomycorrhizal edible fungi are most famous in the
world, including Chinese truffles ( Tuber indicum et
al . ) , matsutake ( Tricholoma matsutake-group ) ,
chanterelle ( Cantharellus cibarius) , porcini ( Boletus
cf . edulis) , milk cap ( Lactariusspp .) , green russsu-
la ( Russula virescens) , egg yellow mushroom ( Aman-
ita, hemibapha) , the deceiver ( Laccaria laccataet
al) , etc . Every year, when the raining season comes,
more than 200 species of wild edible mushrooms are
appeared for sale in fresh markets in Yunnan .
Current situation of edible fungi industry in
Yunnan Province
Edible fungi are produced throughout the prov-
ince . According to uncomplete statistics in 2006 , Yun-
nan province produced 660 .75 million tons of mushro-
oms, with value of RMB1 .74 billion . And, according
to the Kunming Customs, the province exported 8 ,
049 tons of mushrooms in the same year, with valueof
US＄ 91 .39 million dollars . During the period of Chi-
na′s Tenth Five-year Plan ( 2001 - 2005 ) , Yunnan to-
tally produced mushrooms of 162 , 000 tons, with val-
ue of RMB5 .07 billion yuan, and exported 33 , 000
tons with value of US＄ 32 .6 million . The annual
growth rates for its mushroomyields, output value, ex-
port volume and export value are 37 .3% , 25 .4% ,
20 .4% and 18 .3% , respectively . For many years,
the export value of mushrooms are ranked the second
among that of farm produce in the province, just fol-
lowingtobacco industry . And its exportof wildmushro-
oms are always listed the first among that of provinces
in China, and most of them are ectomycorrhizal edible
fungi, such as matsutake, Boletus edulis, Chinese
truffles, chanterelle, etc . All of ectomycorrhizal edible
mushrooms should be grown in the natural forests .
And, at present, the government of Yunnan province
are carryingout reforms on forestsmanagement system,
returning the right of management of 290 million mu
(1hectare = 15 mu) collective forests to farmers,
which are related to 36 million farmers in 129 counties
in the province . The collective groups make contracts
with farmers to manage forests . There are 6.288 million
poverty-stricken people in the 73 state-level anti-poverty
development counties distributingand living in mountain
areas . The reformwill greatly encouragefarmers to plant
trees and get-off poverty . Aiming at“mountain has its
owner, owner has his right, right has itsobligation, ob-
云 南 植 物 研 究 2009 , Suppl . ⅩⅥ : 110～112
Acta Botanica Yunnanica
ligation has its profits”, the reformis set off in Yunnan
province in 2006, with 195 . 6 million mu forests in 9
counties as experimental areas . Their experiences are
introduced to Pu′er City and Dali Prefecture this year .
It isplanned to be accomplished in 2008 . When theob-
jectives of forest reform is realized, the environment for
wild mushrooms will effectivelly preserved, which will
greatly slow down the disappearance of mushroom spe-
cies resources, and will improve the quality of wild
mushrooms . It will also provide a wide range of forest
species for scientific research on wild ectomycorrhizal
mushrooms, and lay a solid fundation for introduction
and domestication of wild mushrooms .
Farmers′ contribution to the conservation
and utilization of wild edible mushrooms
Most of the 36 million farmers inYunnan province
are living in mountain areas . They make their liveli-
hood on forests and conserve them, and havedeep feel-
ings with forests, because edible mushrooms grown in
forests are major resources of their economic incomes .
Farmers in Yunnan province made two contributions to
the conservation and utilization of wild edible mushro-
oms . One is, some farmers and village supervisors in
villages such as Xiaoshao of Yiliang county, Songheof
Eryuan county and Anhuaof J iangchuan county, etc .,
initiated to tentatively contract forests in the late 1990′
s . By the way of contractor management, the produc-
tion of wild mushrooms is increased and their quality is
improved . Meanwhile, natural resources are effectively
preserved . Both farmers and village collective groups
arebenefited fromthe experiment . Consequently, eco-
nomic benefit, social efficiency and ecological efficien-
cy are harmoniously increased . The other is Mr Li
Hongbin′s morel cultivation at his courtyard . Mr Li
Hongbin, a farmer in Ludian village, Yulong county,
Lijiang City in northwest Yunnan Province, pioneered
morel experimental cultivation in his courtyard in 2002
after several years of trading morel . He was succeeded
in 2003 , and kept on his cultivation through these
years, with output value of more than RMB20 , 000
per mu ( 1 hectare= 15 mu) . About400 households in
the village followed him to cultivate morel . Experts
considered it as bio-cultivation after preliminary identi-
fications . It has been directing scientific research on
morel artificial cultivation .
Scientific research on wild mushroom intro-
duction , domestication and conservative pro-
moted cultivation for the past years
Scientitists and technologists in the field of mush-
roomshavedone a lotof research works . Themost suc-
cessful researches on mushroom introduction and dom-
estication are as follows: (1) Supported by theGovern-
ment of Yunnan province in 1982 , Mr . Liu Zhengnan,
a researcher from Kunming Edible Fungi Research In-
stitute, and Mr . Li Yuanxi from Yunnan Non-staple
Foodstuffs & Fruits Company, jointly organized a re-
search team on wild tremella resources . They made a
general survey on tremella resources and worked on ar-
tificial introduction and domestication of it . For their
complete research, at present, cultivations by both logs
system and bags systemare conducted in Yunnan prov-
ince, with productions according to market demand;
( 2 ) Research on artificial promotion production and
conservative management of matsutake, which started
in 1997 , was headedby Prof . GongMingqinof Guang-
dong Forest Scientific Research Institute . He carried
out his research work at Haitang village of Baoshan
City, and, made some achievement . In addition, fol-
lowing the way Ms . Su Kaimei and her collegues from
Chuxiong Forest Research Institute undertook a scien-
tific research project for Yunnan Science & Technology
Burea in 2000 on conservative promoted cultivation of
matsutake . They developed a complete techniques,
which was applied in 140 , 000 mu forest land in
Chuxiong, and increased theyields and improvequali-
ties of matsutake, with production of 72 tons andvalue
of 20 million yuan . The similar research was also con-
ductedby senior engineer Mr . WangYukangof Nanhua
Forest Bureau, who also undertook a project aided by
funds of Yunnan Science & Technology Bureau and
made research on conservation promoted cultivation of
matsutake in 1999 . His achievement was also widely
applied in Wujie Villageof Nanhua County, and dem-
onstrated in the whole county . ( 3 ) in 1986 , through
111增刊ⅩⅥ SHEN Jie: General Survey on Development of Wild Edible Fungi in Yunnan Province, China
many years of experienceof domestication and selective
cultivation, Mr . LuoXingye, an associatedprofessorof
Kunming Edible Fungi Research Institute, obtained
strains of Schizophyllumcommune from a stake of yel-
lowoak in western Yunnan province by the way of tis-
sue isolates . After purgation and selective cultivation,
he developed pure strains of wild Schizophyllum com-
muneof Yunnan province, and was succeeded in his
experimental cultivations of tens thousand of bags in
different places and different seasons . His techniques
was granted patent on August 4 , 2004 in Yunnanprov-
ince, with letters patent No . ZL001 12649 .0 . ( 4) In
August 2002 , professor Liu Peigui and his co-workers
from Kunming Botany Research Institute of China Sci-
ence Academy, conducted an experimental cultivation
of milk cap ( Lactarius spp .) on forest land of 38 mu
in HebianVillageof Qianmai Townof LancangCounty,
an anti-poverty programsupported village by the insti-
tute . Under conditions of natural draught in 2005 ,
2006 , 2007 and 2008 , large quantity of the mushroom
have been produced, with an average yields of 1 kg
mushroomper squaremeter, harvested fromJuly toNo-
vember . Almost no wild mushroom is produced in the
surrounding forests . However, every household of 80 in
the village can earn about 1 , 000 yuan from their
mushroomcultivation, even 1 , 600 yuan for themost .
The program is quite popular among the local farmers .
And now, it is being introduced to other villages, even
to the whole county . ( 5 ) As for research on artificial
cultivation and conservative promoted cultivation of
GanBaJun ( Thelephora ganbajun Zang) and Chinese
truffles ( Tuber indicum) et al . , professor Li Zhuo,
fromMicrobiology Research Institute of Yunnan Univer-
sity, Mr . ZhouBin fromLife ScienceResearch Institute
of YunnanUniversity, andother experts fromYongsheng
Lvdiyuan Corporation and Kunming Research Institute
have been making experimental research, successively,
and havepreliminary good results . But manyworks still
needed to bedoneon this regards .
Policy of Government on Edible Fungi Industry
In order to developing the edible fungal character-
istic industry of Yunnan province, fostering structural
adjustment amongindustries and helpingpoverty-strick-
en farmers in mountain areas to be rich, the People′s
Government of Yunnan Province issued the document
Re: Opianions on Fostering Development of Edible
MushroomIndustry ( Yun Zheng Fa No . [2001 ] 170)
in 2001 , which considered mushroom as an industry
and listed it on the governmental agenda . And, in
2007 , the provincial government once again issued the
office document Re: Opinions on Pushing on Further
Development of EdibleMushroomIndustry (No . [2007]
21) , with 8 items and 24 articles, totally . Its main
contents are as follows: fully understanding the great
significanceof pushingon further development of edible
mushroomindustry: ways and objectives of pushing on
further development of edible mushroom industry;
transforming the current mode of management to up-
grade the development and utilization of wild mushro-
oms; making great effort to develop mushroom cultiva-
tion to enlarge edible mushroom industry; enhancing
high-tech processing products development to improve
economic efficiency of the industry; actively expanding
markets both at home and abroad to establish the brand
“YunnanMushrooms”; establishingscientific platformto
provide technique support for pushing on further devel-
opment of edible mushroom industry; emphasizing on
services to keep fast and healthy development of mush-
roomindustry .
At present, thedevelopment of Yunnan ectomycor-
rhizal ediblemushroomis at the stageof experiment and
research . Both the reforms on themanagement of forests
and policies of Yunan provincial government for further
development of ediblemushroomindustry provide a fun-
damental condition and policy support for the develop-
ment of wild ectomycorrhizal mushroom . Research on
ectomycorrhizal mushroom technology and widely appli-
cation of their results will become anew flash in thede-
velopment of wild edible mushrooms in Yunnan Prov-
ince, and lead the continuous development of mushroom
industry—one of the characteristic industry of Yunnan
Province . We sincerely welcome experts and entrepre-
neurs fromall over theworld to come toYunnan to make
scientific research and invest in ediblemushroomindus-
try, for common sustainable development and bi-wins .
211 云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊ⅩⅥ