全 文 ：TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica—APrimaryAnalysis
MAJin灢Shuang*
(ShanghaiChenshanPlantScienceResearchCenter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai201602,China)
Abstract:Basedonvariousreportsbothinprintandonline,533specieshavebeenselectedasinvasivespecies
orpotentialinvasiveplantsfromNorthAmerica.Inordertobetterunderstandtheirinvasivenature,thepri灢
marydataontheseinvasiveorpotentialinvasiveplantsinNorthAmericaarereported,includingthecomposi灢
tionofplanttaxa,theirhabits,invasiveorigin,introducedtime,meaningsofintroduction,mostinvasive
habitats,invasivegrades,anddistributionineachstates/provincesofNorthAmerica.
Keywords:Invasiveplants;NorthAmerica;Analysis
CLCnumber:Q948暋暋暋暋DocumentCode:A暋暋暋 暋暋ArticleID:0253灢2700(2010)Suppl灡桗桏灢001灢18
Introduction
NorthAmericanorthofMexicoistheyoun灢
gestcontinentandalsotheonethathasseenthe
mostimmigrationinthe world,notonlyin
termsofhumansfrom worldwide,butalsoin
termsofcultivatedplantswereintroducedalong
withthem.Theseplantswereintroducedeither
intentionalyoraccidentalyinvariousways,ev灢
ersincethefirstimmigrantsarrivedfrom Eu灢
ropeinthelate1600s.However,mostofthese
invasiveplantsweremainlyimportedduringthe
pasttwohundredyearsbetween1800s-1900s.
Theywerenotconsideredinvasivespeciesuntil
itwastoolate,whenmajoreconomicalandeco灢
logicaldamageandinfluenceonsettledlandoc灢
curredbroadlyandsignificantly.
Mostofthedataontheseinvasiveplantsof
NorthAmericanorthofMexicoisspreadover
various publications worldwide and different
documentsonline (Loweetal灡,2000;Mack,
2003;Timmons,2005),butthereisnoreport
onwholehow,when,wheretheywereintro灢
ducedinhistoryandwhatisbeingcausedtoday
(Rejmanek,2005;Sutherland,2004).TheFed灢
eralInteragencyCommitteefortheManagement
ofNoxiousandExoticWeeds(1998)statedthat
thenumbersofnativeandnonnativeweedsin
UShasupto1365nonnativespecies,65%,
comparedto735nativespecies,35%.Howev灢
er,thereare46789 weedsspeciesworldwide,
70% ofal weedspecies,asopposedto2083
weedsspeciesin US,whichis30%.Among
North America North of Mexico,California,
Hawai,Ilinois,New YorkandPennsylvania
arethehigheststatesofnonnativespecies.Esti灢
matedFederalAgencyExpendituresonInvasive
Plants(FY1997)recordedGeneralWeedsRe灢
search (ARS,FS,USGS)costing morethan
$18milion.WeedBio灢control(ARS)recorded
morethan$7milion,theNationalForestSys灢
tem (FS)recordedmorethan$4milion,Bio灢
controlProjects (APHIS)recorded morethan
$2milion,andtheWitchweedEradication(A灢
PHIS)recordedabout$2 milion,asidefrom
communitydamage(bothphysicalandecologi灢
cal)orlossofvariousplantcompositions(Jen灢
kinsand Pimm,2003;Huston,2004;Levine,
2000;LohrerandWhitlatch,2002;Macketal灡,
2000;Maronetal灡,2004;McKinney,2004;
PetersonandVieglais,2001;Pimentaletal灡,
2000;Pimentaletal灡,2005;Pine,2002;Pysek
etal灡,2002);insomecases,itisverydifficult
toassessor estimate (Whiteand Schwarz,
1998;Zalbaetal灡,2000).
云 南 植 物 研 究暋2010,Suppl灡桗桏:1~18
ActaBotanicaYunnanica暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋
* Authorforcorrespondence;E灢mail:jinshuangma@gmail灡com
Materials
Basedonvariousreportsbothinprint(Al灢
lenand Humble,2002;Bartonetal灡,2004;
Macketal灡,2000)anddocumentsonline(see
belowfordetails),atotalof533specieshave
beencolectedasInvasivePlants(seeappendix
fordetail),includingthosenotoriousinvasive
species,thosewithsmal areainvasivenessor
thosewiththepossibilitytobecomeinvasivein
thefuture(Foxetal灡,2003;Goodwinetal灡,
1999;Higginsetal灡,1999).Theconceptofin灢
vasivecitedheremainlyistakenfromtheExec灢
utiveOrder13112ofFebruary3,1999,signed
byPresidentWiliamClinton(PresidentialDoc灢
uments1999),withseveralrelateddocuments
orreports(Huennekeetal灡,1988;Lonsdale,
1999;NationalInvasiveSpeciesCouncil,2006;
RicciardiandCohen,2007;Richardsonetal灡,
2000).Theonlineresourcesforthisanalysisin灢
cludes,butnotlimited,tofolowing栙:
1,WeedsGoneWild:AlienPlantInvaders
ofNaturalArea(http://www灡nps灡gov/plants/
alien/)
2,InvasivePlantsoftheEastern United
States:identificationandcontrol(http://www灡
invasive灡org/eastern/)
3,SoutheastExoticPestPlantCouncilIn灢
vasivePlantManual(http://www灡se灢eppc灡org/
manual/index灡html)
4,Invasive Plantsof California曚s Wild灢
lands,C.C.Bossard,J.M.Randal & M.C.
Hosbovsky,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2000.
5,InvasivePlantsofNaturalHabitatsin
Canada (http://www灡cws灢scf灡ec灡gc灡ca/publi灢
cations/inv/cont_e灡cfm)
6,FloridaExoticPestPlantCouncil曚s2005:
ListofInvasiveSpecies(http://www灡fleppc灡
org/list/05List灡htm).
7,InvasivePlantsoftheThirteenSouthern
States,J.H.Miler,E.B.Chambliss& C.
T.Bareronat(http://www灡invasive灡org/sew灢
eeds灡cfm,2009)
8,CenterforInvasivePlantManagement灢
WorstWeedsintheWest(http://www灡weed灢
center灡org/inv_plant_info/worst灡html)
9,Hawai曚s MostInvasive Horticultural
PlantsofHawai灢PacificWeedRiskAssessment
byCurtDaehler (Universityof Hawai)and
JulieDenslow (USDAForestService)at(http://
www灡state灡hi灡us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/)
10,Plant Conservation Aliance曚s Alien
PlantGroupLeastWanted灢FactSheets(http://
www灡nps灡gov/plants/ALIEN/fact灡htm)
暋暋11,GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase(http:
//www灡issg灡org/database/welcome/)
12,TheGlobalInvasiveSpeciesTeam (ht灢
tp://www灡invasive灡org/gist/index灡html)
13,NationalInvasiveSpeciesInformation
Center灢USDANAL(http://www灡invasivespe灢
ciesinfo灡gov/index灡shtml)
14,NatureServe(http://www灡natureser灢
ve灡org/explorer/index灡htm#)
Andprintedresourcesaremainlyfrom,but
notlimited,folowing:
15,InvasivePlants:WesternNorthAmeri灢
ca,CenterforInvasive Plant Management,
JamesKavanagh,2003,12pages,Waterford
PressLtd.
16,WorldWeeds灢naturalhistoriesanddis灢
tribution,LeRoyHolm,JerryDol,EricHolm,
JuanV.Pancho,&JamesP.Herberger,1997,
1129pages,JohnWiley&SonsInc.
17,InvasiveSpeciesinthePacificNorth灢
west,P.D.Boersma,S.H.Reichard,& A.
N.VanBuren,2006,276pages,Universityof
WashingtonPress.
18,SynthesisoftheNorthAmericaFlora
(CDedition),JohnT.KarteszandChristopher
A.Meacham.
19,ManualofCultivatedTreesandShrubs,
AlfredRehder,2ed,1940,996pages,The
MacmilanCo.
2暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋云暋南暋植暋物暋研暋究暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋增刊桗桏
栙 Mostofthedatawascolectedduring2005-2009when
theauthorworkedattheBrooklynBotanicGarden,but
notal ofthesewebsitescouldbeaccessedfromany灢
whereintheworldforvariousreasons.
20,Manualof Woody LandscapePlants,
MichaelA.Dirr,ed.5,1998,1187pages,Sti灢
pesPublishing,L.L.C.
Methods:
Folowingstandardswereusedinthisreport:
1,Nativeareasfrom whencetheinvasive
plantscameweredividedintothefolowingcate灢
gories,throughtheseweredifferentingeogra灢
phy(Sax,2001;Stohlgrenetal灡,1999;Telfer
etal灡,2002):Pantropics,Old World:Tropic
& Temperate,Eurasia,Europe,Asia(e,s,c,
w,n),Africa,Austrasia,Australia,NewZeal灢
and;andNew World:CentralAmerica,South
America,NativeinNorthAmerica:s,se,e,n,
ne,nw,s,sw.
2,IntroducedTime:Plantimmigrantsin
North Americaarrivedfrom Europe withthe
firsthumanimmigrants,mostlyproductsofthe
intenseincentiveearlycolonistsfelttotransplant
Europeanagricultureintothe western Hemi灢
sphere(Mack,2003;McKinney,2002).The
invasiveplantsintoNorthAmericaweredivided
intofolowingperiods:Beforecolonialtime,Co灢
lonialtime,Detailtimebyyear,Beforecertain
timebyyear,andn/a:nodataavailable.
3,MeansofIntroductionweredividedinto
twomajorsources:Intentionaly,butwithdif灢
ferentmeansofintroduction:byagriculturalin灢
troduction,forest,horticultural(landscape,or灢
nament,bonsai,etc;RichardandWhite,2001;
McKinney,2002),food (culinary,vegetable,
drink,etc.),grass,environmentalindustry
(sand,erosion soilcontrol,etc), medicine
(herbs,etc.),fiberindustry,forage,crops(oil
crop,etc.);andAccidentaly:introducedwith
boat,balast,inputviasea way,etc.,with
food,seeds,plants,etc.,withpeoples,immi灢
gration,etc.,withgoods(porcelain,.etc),not
applicable:nativetonorth America,andun灢
known.
4,TheHabitatofInvasivePlantsinNorth
Americaisdividedintofolowing:Inagriculture
(farm land,cultivatedfield,vegetablefield,
etc.),aquatic(waterway,canal,river,reser灢
voir,lakes,wetland,etc.;HoulahanandFind灢
lay,2004),desert(arid,dryorsemi灢wildarea,
especialyinsw NorthAmerica),forest(mar灢
gin,undershade,orshine,etc.(Richardson,
1998),landscape(gardens,nurseries,arboreta,
turf,etc.),pastures(grassland,meadows,for灢
age,etc.),shoreline (beach,sanddunenear
beach,etc.),urban(residentialarea,wastear灢
ea,roadsideordisturbedarea,etc.),wetland
(marsh,bogs,ricefield,ponds,etc.),andin
thewild(morethan3varioushabitatscombina灢
tionofabovebutwithoutonemajoridentifying
habit;McKinney,2002).
5,InvasiveGrades:Folowingfivegrades
hasbeenusedinthispaper.I:mostaggressive
andcausingthemosteconomicandenvironmen灢
tallosses (Pimental,2000;Pimentaletal灡,
2005),suchas Euphorbiaesulain midwest
NorthAmerica,andPuerariamontanainsouth灢
eastUSA;II:aggressivewithecologicandeco灢
nomicloss,butlesslargelyorbroadly,suchas
Centaurea (Asteraceae), Tamarix (Tamari灢
caceae),etc;III:commonweedsorunwelcome
treesorshrubs,withlessornotsoevidentdam灢
age,suchas Agrostic (Poaceae),Artemisia
(Asteraceae),etc.;IV:localyaggressive,es灢
pecialyinHI,FL,PR,VI,andCAetc;V:in灢
vasiveoccasionaly,rarely,sparsely,scattered,
oronceinvasiveorwidespreadbutnowfeweror
lessinvasive,ornoinvasiveyetbutwithpoten灢
tialinthefuture(includingthoseonthewatc灢
hinglist).
6,PlantsHabits:Tree,shrub,annual,bi灢
ennial,perennial,vine (includingboth woody
andherbal),parasite(includingsemi灢parasite),
aquatic(includingannual,biennialandperenni灢
al,andwetlandetc)havebeenusedasusual.
However,somespeciesmayhavemorethanone
characteristicsuchasbothbiennialandperennial
sothetotalforindividualcharacteristicsmaybe
morethanthetotalnumberinstatistics.
3增刊桗桏暋暋暋暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica—APrimaryAnalysis暋暋暋暋暋暋暋
7,Distributiondatainthestatesandprov灢
incesofNorth Americawere mainlycolected
fromtheonlineresourcesfromtheUSDAPlant
Database(http://plants灡usda灡gov/),andNa灢
tureServe.Org(http://www灡natureserve灡org/)
sinceSeptember2005,buttherewasalsosome
informationcolectedfromlocalreportsandon灢
lineresources.
Analysis
Basedonabovedataandsources,folowing
analysishasbeencarriedinthiswork:
1,Taxa
Total533speciesofinvasiveplantsinNorth
America(seeappendix)hasbeenselectedinthis
work,andtheyarerepresentedbyfolowing
characters.
a,LargestFamilies:Amongthetotalinva灢
siveplantsof533speciesinNorthAmerica,fol灢
lowingfamiliesarerepresentedbythelargest
taxa(morethan9species):Poaceae188spe灢
cies,Asteraceae54species,Fabaceae44spe灢
cies,Rosaceae39species,Brassicaceae18spe灢
cies,Lamiaceae14 species,Polygonaceae11
species,Solanaceae11species,andScrophurali灢
aceae10species.
b,LargestGenera:Amongthetotalinva灢
siveplantsof533species,folowinggeneraare
representedbythelargesttaxa (morethan3
species):Centaurea10species (Asteraceae),
Solanum8species(Solanaceae),Bromus7spe灢
cies(Poaceae),Lonicera7species (Caprifoli灢
aceae),Cuscuta6species(Cuscutaceae),Penn灢
isetum6species(Rosaceae),Ligustrum5spe灢
cies (Oleaceae),Rosa5species (Rosaceae),
Tamarix5species(Tamaricaceae),Carduus4
species(Asteraceae),Cyperus4species(Cyper灢
aceae),Eragrostis4species(Poaceae),Lolium
4species(Poaceae),Poa4species(Poaceae),
Polygonum4species(Polygonaceae),Rubus4
species(Rosaceae),andSetaria4species(Poaceae).
2,MostHabits
Amongthetotalinvasiveplantsof533spe灢
cies(644calculatedsincesometaxawithmore
thanonehabits),folowinghabitsarerepresen灢
tedby mosttaxa:Perennial212 (including5
ferns),annual143,shrubandsubshrub95,
trees77,vine45 (includingherbvine27,and
woodyvine18),biennial36,aquatic28,and
semi灢parasitic8.
3,Origin
Amongthetotalinvasiveplantsof533spe灢
cies,folowingoriginarerepresentedby most
taxa:Asia135species(CaucasustoCentralAsia
2,W Asia1,S& SEAsia8,CentralAsia1,
East& NorthAsia2,EastAsia62,including
10fromChina,2fromJapan,and1fromHima灢
layaonly),Eurasia97species,Europe73spe灢
cies,OldWorld45species(OldTropics17and
OldTemperate5),Africa41species(including
14fromSAfrica,and2fromMadagascaronly),
TropicalAsia40species,Australia14species
(including New Zealand1),Mediterranean35
species,NorthTemperate11,andBothHemi灢
spheres5 (including1from Pantropics,and3
fromTropics).
However,thenumberofinvasiveplants
fromtheNew Worldisverysmal,especialy
comparedwiththeOld World.Theyinclude4
speciesfromtheNew World,22speciesfrom
CentralAmerica (Mexico3,Central& South
America9),23speciesfromSouthAmerica,17
speciesfrom Tropical America (Central &
NorthAmerica1,NewTropics2),and16spe灢
ciesfromNorthAmericaitself(includingE&N
America7;McKinney,2002).
4,Time
SincethediscoveryoftheAmericas,nearly
400yearshavepassedfromthetimethefirstin灢
vasiveplantwasbroughtintoNorthAmericaby
humanactivities.However,mostofthem were
introduced during past two hundreds years
(Timmons,2005).Amongthetotal533species
ofinvasiveplants,129specieswereintroduced
during1800-1899,and134specieswereduring
1900-1999.However,duringtheearly200
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yearsfrom1599-1799,thepercentageofinva灢
siveplantsintroducedintoNorthAmericaisless
than25,withabout94speciesonly,besides141
unknownand36notapplicable(native).
5,MeaningsofIntroduction
Therearebasicalytwomajorwaysforthe
invasivespeciestofindtheirwayintoNorthA灢
mericafromtheiroriginalplaceornativedistrib灢
utedarea:intentionalyoraccidentaly.Oura灢
nalysisshowsthattheintentionalintroductionis
representedbyabout2/3oftotalinvasivespe灢
cies,andaccidentalintroductionisbyabout1/
3,representedby440speciesand220speciesre灢
spectively (morethan533usedbecausesome
specieshasmorethanonepurposeofintroduc灢
tion,suchashorticultureandmedicinetogeth灢
er;McKinney,2002).Amongthesepurposes,
folowingobjectsarethemost:243speciesas
horticultural,49speciesasforage,44speciesas
medicinal,30speciesasindustrial,20speciesas
food,12speciesasfruits,forestandenviron灢
menteach,7speciesasvegetable,5speciesas
crops,4speciesaspastures,and2speciesasa灢
quatictrade.Andamongthoseaccidently:112
specieswithseeds,82specieswithpeople,14
specieswithaquatics,4species withfood,3
specieswithmedicine,2specieswithanimals,2
specieswithindustry,and1specieswithforage,
besides36speciesnotapplicableand15species
whoseoriginsareunknown.
6,Grades
Accordingtobotheconomicandecological
damagecausedbyinvasiveplantsinNorthA灢
merica,folowing5gradeshavebeenclassified:
Grade1:Total12species(2灡25%),with
the mostandthebiggestdamage,especialy
withagreatamountoffinanciallossormoney
spenttocontrolorremovethem,andtheyare:
Aegilopscylindrica (Poaceae),Ailanthusalti灢
ssima(Simaroubaceae),Centaureastoebessp.
micranthos(Asteraceae),Cirsiumarvense(As灢
teraceae),Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiace灢
ae),Euphorbiaesula(Euphorbiaceae),Hydril灢
laverticilata(Hydrocharitaceae),Lythrumsal灢
icaria (Lythraceae), Myriophylum spicatum
(Haloragaceae),Puerariamontana(Fabaceae),
Reynoutriajaponica (Polygonaceae).Among
them,4speciesareasaquatic(includingwet灢
land),3speciesaspastures,2speciesasagri灢
cultureandurbaneach,and1speciesasforest.
Anotherinterestingfactoristhatmostofthem
(8/12species)haveasexualreproductionoreven
bothsexualandasexual.
Grade2:Total33species(6灡18%),with
greatfinanciallossesincurredfromcontroling
orremovingthem,orgreatecologicaldamage,
andtheyare:Acroptilonrepens(Asteraceae),
Albiziajulibrissin (Fabaceae),Alternanthera
hiloxeroides (Amaranthaceae), Avena fatua
(Poaceae), Carduus nutans (Asteraceae),
Celastrusorbiculatus(Celastraceae),Centaurea
diffusa(Asteraceae),Centaureajacea (Aster灢
aceae),Cirsiumvulgare(Asteraceae),Conium
maculatum (Apiaceae),Convolvulusarvensis
(Convolvulaceae), Echinochloa crus灢gali
(Poaceae),Egeriadensa (Hydrocharitaceae),
Elaeagnusangustifolia(Elaegnaceae),Falopia
auberti (Polygonaceae),Heracleum mantegaz灢
zianum (Apiaceae), Myriophylum aquaticum
(Haloragaceae),Onopordum acanthium (As灢
teraceae),Panicumrepens(Poaceae),Pastina灢
ca sativa (Apiaceae), Phragmites australis
(Poaceae),Salviniamolesta(Salviniaceae),Se灢
tariafaberi (Poaceae),Solanum viarum (So灢
lanaceae),Sorphumhalepense(Poaceae),Tae灢
niatherumcaput灢medusae (Poaceae),Tamarix
chinensis (Tamaricaceae), Tamarix galica
(Tamaricaceae),Tamarixparviflora (Tamari灢
caceae),Tamarixramosissima(Tamaricaceae),
Thlaspiarvense(Brassicaceae),Tripleurosper灢
mumperforate(Asteraceae),Xanthiumspino灢
sum (Asteraceae).Amongthem,14speciesare
asagriculture,9speciesasaquatic (including
wetland),5speciesaspastures,3speciesasur灢
ban,and1speciesashorticultureandwildeach.
Fromgrade1and2,wecouldseethatagri灢
5增刊桗桏暋暋暋暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica—APrimaryAnalysis暋暋暋暋暋暋暋
culturehasthemostinvasivespeciesby16spe灢
ciesintotal,aquaticwith13species,pastures
with8species,urban with5species,forest,
horticultureandwildwithonly1specieseach.
TheyaremainlyinAsteraceaeby9speciesand
Poaceaeby8species,whichoccupiedmorethan
onethirdoftotal45speciesingrade1and2.
Grade3:Mostofthespeciesareweedsor
becomingweeds,andwithlessfinancialandeco灢
logicaldamage,andtheyarerepresentedby226
species(42灡32%,seeappendix).
Grade4:Lessdamageorpartialdamage
botheconomicalyandecologicaly,especialy
comparedwiththewholeofNorthAmerica,but
largelyorseriouslyfromalocalstandpointorin
smalareas,suchassouthFloridaorHawai,et
al.Theyarerepresentedby90species(16灡85%,
seeappendix).
Grade 5:No evident damage has been
provedbutwithpotentialinvasivenesspossible,
especialyfromanecologicalstandpoint.They
arerepresentedby173species(32灡40%,seeap灢
pendix).
7,MostInvasiveHabitats
Aseachplanthasabestgrowthcondition
wheretheycouldperformbetterthanothers,so
doinvasiveplantsaswel.Amongthetotalin灢
vasiveplantsof533speciesinNorthAmerica,
themajorhabitatsarerepresentedbyUrbanarea
(wherethehumanactivityhasbeenorcould
beenreached;McKinney,2002)with125spe灢
cies,Agriculturewith116species,Horticulture
with106species,AquaticandWetlandwith62
species,Forestswith56species,Pastureswith
49species,Shorelines with10species,Wild
with7species,andDesertwith3species.
8,DistributionbyStatesandProvinces
Themostinvasivespeciesoftotal533inva灢
siveplantsinNorthAmericabyStatesorProv灢
incesaremainlyintheeastcoast,withFLby
311species,VA299species,NY291species,
PA289species,TX283species,MA282spe灢
cies,MD282species,NC282species,NJ280
speciesbesidesCA297speciesin westcoast;
moreinvasiveplantsinnextlevelrepresentedby
GA273species,IL275species,LA263spe灢
cies,OH261species,AL259species,CT252
species,KS253species,KY256species,OR
255species,SC256species,TN252species,
ON251species,MI250species;moderateby
IN241species,WA241species,MO240spe灢
cies,WV235species,DE233species,MS228
species,AR224species,HI222species,ME
206species,IA200species,VT200species,
DC218species,QC212species,WI210spe灢
cies,andbyNH199species,UT198species,
RI197species,BC193species,ID191species,
NM187species,NE185species,MT183spe灢
cies,OK182species,CO182species,AZ181
species,NS178species,MN176species,NB
172species,andthelowby WY155species,
NV154species,SD147species,MB133spe灢
cies,ND138species,PE126species,SK126
species,AB123species,NF120species,and
lowestbyAK84species,LB40species,NT44
species,andYT56species.
Summary
Themosttroublesomeandaggressiveinva灢
siveplantsarethoseforeignoralienspeciesthat
haveinvadedtheNorthAmericancontinentfrom
regionselsewhereintheworld.Bycomparison,
fewerandlessaggressiveinvasiveplantsaren灢
ativespecies.Foreignspeciesareamongthe
mostconspicuousandabundantspeciesinplaces
thatareheavilyaffectedbythehumankind,such
asurban,agriculture,horticultureetc,inclu灢
dingthefarmingregionsoftheAmericanheart灢
land.Theaggressivenessoftencomesfromthe
developmentareaofcrops,andtheroadsideand
waste灢groundruderalinvasivearemostlyofthe
OldWorldorigin.Moreover,mostoftheorna灢
mentalspeciesinparksandgardensarealien.In
otherwords,theshowiestandmostconspicuous
plantsinthefloraarefrequentlythosewhoseev灢
olutionarydevelopmentoccurredelsewherein
6暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋云暋南暋植暋物暋研暋究暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋增刊桗桏
theworld,butwhosearrivalinNorthAmerica
wasinstigatedbytheactivitiesofhumankind
andwhosepresenceinthefloraismaintainedby
continuinghumanactivities (StuckeyandBar灢
kley,1993;McKinney,2002).
However,moreworkeitherfromtaxonom灢
icview (Boufford,2001;Buckleyetal灡,2003;
Daehler,1998;Delisleetal灡,2003;Huebner,
2003;Ma,2010;Pyseketal灡,2004),indeep
understandingoftheirinvasivemechanism (Cal灢
lawayand Aschehoug,2000;Chong etal灡,
2001;CorbinandD曚Antonio,2004),orpredic灢
tinginvasiveplants (Reichardand Hamilton,
1997;Lockwoodetal灡,2001),certainlyshould
bedoneinordertobetterunderstandthemand
controlthembeforeitistoolate(Carruthers,
2004;McKinney,2002).
Acknowledgements:Theoriginalmanuscripthasbeenpre灢
paredsince2002whenauthorworksinBrooklynBotanic
Garden,NewYork,andthelibrariesbothinthere,New
YorkBotanicalGardenandHarvardUniversityBotanical
Librarieshavebeenfrequentlyconsulted duringthese
years.Withoutthekindandendlesshelpoftheirstaff,
thiscouldnothavebeenfinished.However,theauthoris
fulyresponsibleforanymistakeorerrorsinthereport.
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Appendix:InvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Abrusprecatorius Crab曚s灢eye Fabaceae woodyvine Pantropics/Asia <1932
Acaciaauriculiformis Ear灢leafAcacia Fabaceae tree Austrasia <1932
A灡confusa FormosanKoa Fabaceae tree TropicalAsia 1915
A灡mearnsi AustralianAcacia Fabaceae tree,shrub Australia <1911
Acerplatanoides NorwayMaple Aceraceae tree Europe,WestAsia 1756
Acinosarvensis Mother灢of灢thyme Lamiaceae annual,perennial Europe unknown
Acroptilonrepens RussianKnapweed Asteraceae perennial Eurasia 1900s
Adenantherapavonina CircassianBean Fabaceae tree TropicalAsia n/a
Aegilopscylindrica JointedGoatgrass Poaceae annual Europe,WestAsia late1800s
Aegopodiumpodagraria Goutweed Apiaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime
Aesculushippocastanum HorseChestnut Hippocastanaceae tree Europe 1576
Aethusacynapium Fool曚sParsley Apiaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Agavesisalana SisalHemp Agavaceae shrub Mexico 1900s
Ageratinaadenophora Eupatory Asteraceae shrub Mexico 1900s
Agropyroncristatum CrestedWheatgrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia 1906
Agrostemmagithago CommonCorncockle Caryophylaceae annual Europe early1900s
Agrostiscapilaris ColonialBentgrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia n/a
A灡gigantea BlackBentgrass Poaceae perennial Europe n/a
Ailanthusaltissima TreeofHeaven Simaroubaceae tree China 1784
Ajugareptans Carpet灢bugel Lamiaceae perennial Eurasia n/a
Akebiaquinata ChocolateVine Lardizabalaceae woodyvine EastAsia 1845
Albiziajulibrissin SilkTree Fabaceae tree Asia/China 1745
A灡lebbeck Woman曚sTongue Fabaceae tree Australia,TropicalAsia 1880s
Alhagimaurorum Camelthorn Fabaceae shrub CentralAsia 1915
Aliariapetiolata GarlicMustard Brassicaceae annual,biennial Eurasia 1868
Aliumvineale FieldGarlic Liliaceae perennial OldWorldTemperate <1892
Alnusglutinosa EuropeanAlder Betulaceae tree OldWorldTemperate colonialtime
Alopecurusmyosuroides PacificMeadowFoxtail Poaceae annual EuropeandMediterranean n/a
Alstoniamacrophyla Deviltree Apocynaceae tree TropicalAsia <1949
Alternantheraphiloxeroides Aligatorweed Amaranthaceae perennialaquatic SouthAmerica 1935
A灡sessilis SessileChaff灢flower Amaranthaceae perennialsemi灢aquatic Tropics notapply
Amaranthusretroflexus RedrootPigweed Amaranthaceae annual Central&EastNAM notapply
A灡viridis SlenderAmaranth Amaranthaceae annual New World notapply
Ambrosiaartemisifolia Ragweed Asteraceae annual NorthAmerica notapply
A灡tomentosa Skeleton灢leafBursage Asteraceae perennial n,nw&swNorthAmerica notapply
Ammophilaarenaria Europeanbeachgrass Poaceae perennial Europe,NorthAfrica 1869
Ampelopsisheterophyla PorcelainBerry Vitaceae woodyvine EastAsia 1870
Anthriscussylvestris CowParsley Apiaceae annual/biennial Mediterranean,cAsia colonialtime?
Antigononleptopus LoveChain Polygonaceae perennialvine CentralAmerica unknown
Apteniacordifolia Redapple Aizoaceae perennial SouthAfrica unknown
Araliaelata JapaneseAngelica灢Tree Araliaceae tree EastAsia 1830
Arctium minus LesserBurdock Asteraceae biennial Eurasia colonialtime
Ardisiacrenata CoralArdisia Myrsinaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1900s
A灡eliptica ShoebuttonArdisia Myrsinaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1900s
Arenariaserpylifolia Thyme灢leafSandwort Caryophylaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Aristolochialittoralis ElegantDutchman曚sPipe Aristolochiaceae perennialvine Brasil unknown
Arrhenatherumelatius TalOatgrass Poaceae perennial Europe 1900s
Artemisiaabsinthium CommonWormwood Asteraceae perennial OldWorldTemperate 1841
A灡vulgaris Mugwort Asteraceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime
Arthraxonhispidus Joint灢headArthraxon Poaceae annual East&SouthAsia 1930s
Arundodonax GiantReed Poaceae perennial OldWorldTemperate 1800s
Asclepiascurassavica ScarletSilkweed Asclepiadaceae subshrub,perennial TropicalAmerica unknown
Asparagusdensiflorus Sprenger曚sasparagusfern Liliaceae perennial SouthAfrica unknown
Asphodelusfistulosus Onion灢weed Liliaceae annual,perennial Mediterranean 1930s
1InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild FL.
environment 5 forest,urban,wild HI.
forest 4 pastures,wetland,urban CA,HI.
horticulture 3 forest,urban,wild CT,DC,DE,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,NC,NH,NJ,
w/seeds? w/people? 3 agiculture,urban,wild CT,ID,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MT,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,VT,
w/seeds 2 agriculture,pastures,urban AR,AZ,CA,CO,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MI,MN,MO,MT,ND,NE,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
w/seeds 1 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MI,MO,MT,ND,
food,medicine,horticulture 3 landscape,urban,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wild CT,IA,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,
medicine,w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AL,CT,DE,IL,IN,KY,MA,ME,MI,MN,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,WI,
fiberindustry 5 urban,horticulture,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 4 agriculture,horticulture,urban CA,HI.
forage 5 pastures,agriculture,urban AK,CA,CO,CD,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MI,MN,MT,ND,
w/seeds 6 horticulture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 pastures,agriculture,wetland AK,AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,
forage 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 1 urban,forest,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,
horticulture,medicine 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 4 horticulture,urban,wetland CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,NC,NJ,NY,OH,
horticulture 2 urban,wetland,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,
horticulture 4 agriculture,forest,urban CA,FL,HI,TX,PR,VI.
w/seeds 4 wetland,urban,wild AZ,CA,CO,ID,NM,NV,TX,UT,WA.
food,medicine 3 wetland,urban,forest AK,AR,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
food?vegetable?w/others? 5 pastures,agriculture,urban AK,AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wetland CT,DC,DE,IA,IL,IN,KS,MA,MI,MN,MO,NJ,NY,OH,PA,TN,
w/seeds? 5 agriculture,urban,wild AL,CA,DC,DE,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MS,NC,NJ,NM,
forest 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI.
w/boat 2 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,IL,KY,LA,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA,PR.
notapply 4 wetland,urban,horticulture AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,LA,MD,MS,SC,TX,PR,VI.
notapply 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AZ,AR,FL,GA,HI,LA,MA,MI,MS,NC,NM,NY,OK,PA,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
notapply 3 agriculture,pastures,wild AZ,CO,IA,ID,IL,KS,MO,MT,ND,NE,NM,NN,SD,TX,UT,WI,WY.
environment 4 shoreline CA,HI,MD,OR,PA,WA;BC,NS.
horticulture 3 urban,wetland,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,KY,MA,MD,MI,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,
medicine? w/seeds? 4 urban,pastures,wild CT,ID,IL,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,VA,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,SC,TX,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wetland CA,FL,OR.
horticulture 5 urban,forest,wild CT,IL,MA,MI,NH,NJ,NY,PA,WI;ON.
w/food? w/peoples? 3 urban,pastures,agriculture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI,LA.
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI.
w/seeds? w/people? 3 horticulture,urban,agriculture AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 pastures,wetland,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,
medicine 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,
medicine 3 horticulture,agriculture,urban AK,AL,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 agriculture,urban,wetland AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 wetland,urban,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,IL,KS,LA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NM,NV,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,agriculture CA,FL,HI,LA,PR,TN,TX,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest CA,FL,HI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild CA,NM,TX.
1NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,ON,PE,QC.
NM,NV,OH,OK,OR,SD,TX,UT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,ON,SK.
NE,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV,WY.
NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
VA,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,QC.
WV;NB,NS,ON,QC.
NE,NH,NM,NV,NY,OK,OR,SD,TX,UT,WA,WY;AB,BC,MB,NS,NT,ON,QC,SK,YT.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MT,NC,ND,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MI,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NF,NS,ON,QC.
PA,RI,SC,VA,WV.
MS,NC,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WV.
MI,MN,MO,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,QC.
MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,ON,QC.
VT,WI;NS,ON.
NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TX,VA,WA,WV;MB.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
SC,TN,TX,VA,VI
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
RI,VA,WI.
VT,WA,WI;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PI,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC.
ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,UT,VT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
NC,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
OK,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WV.
Continuoustable 2
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Asystasiagangetica Chinese灢violet Acanthaceae perennialvine OldTropics 1925
Atriplexsemibaccata AustralianSaltbush Chenopodiaceae perennial,subshrub Australia 1901
Avenafatua WildOats Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
A灡sterilis AnimatedOats Poaceae annual Mediterranean unknown
Barbareavulgaris YelowRocket Brassicaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Bassiahyssopifolia Five灢hookBassia Chenopodiaceae annual Eurasia 1915
Bauhiniavariegata Orchid灢tree Fabaceae tree East&SouthAsia <1900
Begoniacuculata ClubBegonia Begoniaceae perennial SouthAmerica unknown
Berberisthunbergi JapaneseBarberry Berberidaceae shrub EastAsia 1864
B灡vulgaris CommonBarberry Berberidaceae shrub Europe colonialtime?
Berteroaincana Hoary灢alyssum Brassicaceae annual,biennial,perennial Eurasia unknown
Betulapendula SilverBirch Betulaceae tree Europe unknown
Bischofiajavanica Bishopwood Euphorbiaceae tree TropicalAsia 1900s
Brassicarapa FieldMustard Brassicaceae annual,biennial Eurasia colonialtime?
B灡tourneforti Saharamustard Brassicaceae annual Mediterranean 1927
Bromuscatharticus RescueGrass Poaceae annual,biennial SouthAmerica 1850s
B灡commutatus HairyBrome Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
B灡inermis SmoothBrome Poaceae annual Europe 1800s
B灡japonicus JapaneseBrome Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
B灡rubens RedBrome Poaceae annual Mediterranean 1848
B灡secalinus RyeBrome Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
B灡tectorum Cheatgrass Poaceae annual Eurasia 1861
Broussonetiapapyrifera PaperMulberry Moraceae tree EastAsia 1750
Buddlejadavidi ButterflyBush Loganiaceae shrub EastAsia <1900s
B灡lindleyana Lindley曚sButterfly灢bush Loganiaceae shrub EastAsia 1840
B灡madagascariensis Smokebush Loganiaceae shrubvine Africa unknown
Butomusumbelatus Flowering灢rush Butomaceae perennialaquatic Eurasia 1897
Cabombacaroliniana Fanwort Cabombaceae perennialaquatic New World notapply
Caesalpiniadecapetala Cat曚sClaw Fabaceae tree,shrub TropicalAsia <1910
Calisiafragrans Basket灢plant Commelinaceae perennial Mexico <1940
Calystegiasepium HedgeBindweed Convolvulaceae perennialvine NorthTemperate notapply
Campanularapunculoides CreepingBelflower Campanulaceae perennial Europe unknown
Cannabissativa Marijuana Cannabaceae annual CentralAsia colonialtime
Caraganaarborescens SiberianPeashrub Fabaceae shrub Eurasia 1752
Cardamineimpatiens NarrowleafBittercress Brassicaceae annual,biennial Eurasia 1950
Cardariachalepensis Lens灢poddedHoaryCress Brassicaceae perennial Eurasia 1898
C灡draba Heart灢poddedHoaryCress Brassicaceae perennial Eurasia 1875
Cardiospermumhalicacabum BaloonvineHeartseed Sapindaceae annual,biennial,perennialvine Tropics&Subtropics notapply
Carduusacanthoides PlumelessThistle Asteraceae annual,biennial Eurasia 1879
C灡nutans MuskThistle Asteraceae biennial Eurasia late1800s
C灡tenuiflorus SlenderFlowerThistle Asteraceae annual Europe <1956
C灡pycnocephalus ItalianThistle Asteraceae annual Eurasia 1912
Carpobrotusedulis HighwayIceplant Aizoaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1900s
Carexkobomugi AsiaticSandSedge Cyperaceae perennial EastAsia 1929
Casuarinacunninghamiana Cunningham曚sCasuarina Casuarinaceae tree Australia unknown
C灡equisetifolia AustralianPine Casuarinaceae tree Australia late1800s
C灡glauca WaxyCasuarina Casuarinaceae tree Australia <1924
Celastrusorbiculatus OrientalBitterSweet Celastraceae woodyvine EastAsia 1836
Centaureabenedicta BlessedThistle Asteraceae annual Mediterranean colonialtime
C灡stoebessp灡micranthos SpottedKnapweed Asteraceae biennial Europe,WesternAsia 1883
C灡calcitrapa PurpleStartThistle Asteraceae annual,biennial,perennial Mediterranean <1886
C灡cyanus Corn灢flower Asteraceae annual Europe unknown
C灡x灢moncktoni MeadowKnapweed Asteraceae perennial Europe 1910s
C灡diffusa DiffuseKnapweed Asteraceae biennial Europe 1800s
2InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
horticulture 5 horticulture,wetland,urban FL,HI,PR,VI.
forage 5 urban,wild,desert AZ,CA,HI,NM,NV,TX,UT.
w/people? w/seeds? 2 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/people? w/seeds? 5 agriculture,urban,wild CA,NJ,OR,PA;ON,QC.
w/seed? w/peoples? 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed 3 urban,wild,shoreline AZ,CA,CO,HI,IA,ID,KY,MA,ME,MT,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OR,SD,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild CA,FL,LA,PR,TX.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wetland FL,GA,HI,PR.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,NC,
horticulture 3 forest,urban,horticulture CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,
w/seed? w/peoples? 3 horticulture,urban,wild AK,AR,CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
horticulture 5 forest,wetland,urban CO,CT,IA,IL,IN,KY,MA,ME,MI,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,VA,
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,forest FL,HI.
vegetable,oil 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed 4 desert,agriculture,urban AZ,CA,NM,NV,TX.
forage 3 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,DC,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,
forage 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
forage 3 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
forage 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AZ,CA,HI,ID,MA,MD,MT,NM,NV,NY,OR,SC,TX,UT,VA,WA.
forage 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture,fiberindustry 3 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,
horticulture 3 urban,horticulture,wetland CA,CT,GA,HI,IL,KY,MA,MD,MI,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,PR,
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,wetland AL,AR,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX.
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,wetland FL,HI,PR.
horticulture 3 aquatic,wetland,urban CT,ID,IL,IN,ME,MI,MN,MT,ND,NE,NY,OH,PA,SD,VT,WI;
notapply 3 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MI,MO,
rancefence 5 forest,urban,wild HI,PR.
Medicine,Food 5 horticulture,urban,wetland FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
notapply 3 urban,horticulture,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 urban,horticulture,wild AK,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
medicine,food,fiberindustry 6 AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest AK,CA,CO,IA,ID,IL,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,ND,NE,NM,
medicne?Food? 3 urban,horticulture,wetland CT,DE,KY,MA,ME,MI,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,VT,WV;
w/boat 3 wild,forest,pastures CA,CO,IA,ID,IN,KS,MO,MT,ND,NE,NM,NV,OR,SD,UT,
w/boat 3 wild,forest,pastures AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
notapply 5 urban,landscape,wild AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MI,MO,
horticulture 3 pastures,agriculture,urban CA,CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,NC,
w/boat 2 pastures,agriculture,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MN,
w/seeds? w/peoples? 5 pastures,agriculture,urban CA,NJ,OR,PA,TX,WA.
w/seeds? w/peoples? 4 pastures,agriculture,urban AL,AR,CA,HI,ID,NY,OR,SC,TX,WA.
environmentalindustry 4 horticulture,urban,shoreland CA,FL.
w/goods 4 shoreland,urban,wetland DE,MA,MD,NC,NJ,OR,RI,VA.
forest 4 urban,forest,shoreland FL,PR.
forest 4 urban,forest,shoreland FL,HI,PR,VI.
forest 4 urban,forest,shoreland FL,HI.
horticulture 2 urban,forest,horticulture AR,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,NC,NH,NJ,
medicine 3 horticulture,pastures,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,FL,GA,ID,IL,MA,MD,MS,NC,NY,OR,SC,
w/seeds 1 pastures,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/seeds? 3 pastures,urban,wild AL,AZ,CA,DC,IA,IL,IN,MD,NJ,NM,NY,OR,PA,UT,VA,WA;ON.
horticulture 6 horticulture,urban,wetland AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 3 pastures,urban,wild CA,CT,ID,IL,MA,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,
w/seeds 2 pastures,agriculture,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MI,MO,MT,NE,NJ,NM,
2MN,MO,MS,MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
TX,UT,WA,WY;AB,BC.
ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,PA,RI,SD,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
VT,WA,WI;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,QC,PE,SK,YT.
MS,NC,ND,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA;AB,ON.
ME,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,NU,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH ,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,ON,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NS,ON,QC,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK,YT.
MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
SC,TN,VA,WA,WV;BC.
AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MS,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA.ON.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
OR,SD,UT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,ON,QC,SK,YT.
NB,ON.
WA,WY;AB,BC,MB,ON,SK.
MN,MO,MT,ND,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MS,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,PR.
ND,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SD,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NS,ON,QC.
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,SK.
NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV;NB,ON,QC.
TN,UT,VA,WA,WI;NB,NS,ON.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NS,ON,QC,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
PA,RI,VA,VT,WA,WI;BC,NS,ON,QC.
NV,OH,OR,TN,UT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,ON,QC,SK,YT.
Continuoustable 3
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
C灡jacea BrownStarthistle Asteraceae perennial Europe 1906
C灡melitensis Tocolote Asteraceae annual Mediterranean colonialtime
C灡solstitialis YelowStarthistle Asteraceae annual Mediterranean 1849
C灡nigrescens TyrolKnapweed Asteraceae perennial Europe 1800s
C灡triumfetti SquarroseKnapweed Asteraceae perennial Mediterranean unknown
Cestrumdiurnum DayJassamine Solanaceae aquaticshrub TropicalAmerica <1930s
Chelidonium majus Celandine Papaveraceae perennial EurasiaandAfrica 1672
Chenopodiumalbum WhiteGoosefoot Chenopodiaceae annual NorthTemperate notapply
C灡ambrosioides WormseedGoosefoot Chenopodiaceae annual,biennial,perennial Central&SouthAmerica <1900s
C灡murale NetterleafGoosefeet Chenopodiaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Chondrilajuncea RushSkeletonweed Asteraceae perennial Mediterranean 1872
Chrysopogonaciculatus GoldenBeardgrass Poaceae perennial TropicalAsia unknown
Cichoriumintybus Chicory Asteraceae perennial EurasiaandAfrica colonialtime?
Cinchonapubescens RedCinchona Rubiaceae tree SouthandCentralAmerica 1868
Cinnamomumcamphora CamphorTree Lauraceae tree EastAsia 1875
Cirsiumarvense CanadianThistle Asteraceae perennial Eurasia 1600s
C灡vulgare BulThistle Asteraceae biennial Eurasia colonialtime
Citrusreticulata Tangerine Rutaceae tree TropicalAsia 1800s
Clematisterniflora JapaneseVirgin曚s灢bower Ranunculaceae perennialvine EastAsia unknown
Cocciniagrandis IvyGourd Cucurbitaceae perennialvine OldTropics unknown
Colocasiaesculenta WildTaro Araceae perennial South&SoutheastAsia <1910
Colubrinaasiatica AsiaticColubrina Rhamnaceae shrub OldTropics 1937
Commelinabenghalensis Tropicalspiderwort Commelinaceae annual,perennial OldTropics 1909
C灡communis AsiaticDayflower Commelinaceae annual Asia <1873
Conicosiapugioniformis Narrow灢leafediceplant Aizoaceae perennial SouthAfrica early1900s
Convalariamajalis Lily灢of灢the灢valey Liliaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Coronilavaria CrownVetch Fabaceae perennialvine OldWorld 1950s
Conium maculatum PoisonHemlock Apiaceae biennial Mediterranean <1800s
Convolvulusarvensis FieldBindweed Convolvulaceae perennialvine Eurasia 1730s
Conyzacanadensis ButterWeed Asteraceae annual,biennial NorthTemperate notapply
Cordiadichotoma FragrantManjack Boraginaceae tree TropicalAsia&Australia unknown
Coronopusdidymus Swinecress Brassicaceae annual,biennial NTemperate?SAmerica? unknown
Cortaderiajubata JubataGrass Poaceae perennial SouthAmerica 1800s
C灡seloana PampasGrass Poaceae perennial SouthAmerica 1775
Crataegusmonogyna Single灢seedhawthorn Rosaceae shrub Europe,NorthAfrica,Himalayas early1900s
Cruciatapedemontana PiedmontBedstraw Rubiaceae annual Europe unknown
Crupinavulgaris CommonCrupina Asteraceae annual Mediterranean unknown
Cryptostegiamadagascariensis MadagascarRubber灢vine Asclepiadaceae woodyvine Madagascar unknown
Cupaniopsisanacardioides Carrotwood Sapinadaceae tree Australia 1955
Cuscutaapproximata AlfalfaDodder Cuscutaceae annualorpereenialparasite Mediterranean unknown
C灡epilinum FlaxDodder Cuscutaceae perennialparasite SouthwestAsia unknown
C灡epithymum CloverDodder Cuscutaceae perennialparasite Europe& WestAsia unknown
C灡japonica JapaneseDodder Cuscutaceae annualparasite EastAsia <1965
C灡pentagona FieldDodder Cuscutaceae annualparasite NorthAmerica notapply
C灡suaveolens FringedDodder Cuscutaceae perennialparasite SouthAmerica unknown
Cyatheacooperi AustralianTreeFern Cyatheaceae tree Australia <1950s
Cynanchumlouiseae BlackSwalow灢wort Asclepiadaceae perennial Europe 1854
C灡rossicum EuropeanSwalow灢wort Asclepiadaceae perennial Europe late1800s
C灡vincetoxicum Whiteswalow灢wort Asclepiadaceae perennial Europe late1800s
Cynaracardunculus ArtichokeThistle Asteraceae perennial Mediterranean <1860s
Cynodondactylon BermudaGrass Poaceae perennial OldWorld middle1800s
Cynoglossumofficinale CommonHound曚s灢tongue Boraginaceae biennial Eurasia middle1800s
Cyperusentrerianus DeeprootedSedge Cyperaceae perennial SouthAmerica 1990
C灡involucratus UmbrelaSedge Cyperaceae perennial Africa unknown
3InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
horticulture 2 pastures,agriculture,urban CA,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MT,NH,NJ,
w/seeds?,w/peoples? 3 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,AZ,CA,GA,HI,IN,MA,MO,NJ,NM,NV,OR,PA,SC,TX,
w/seeds 1 pastures,agriculture,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,FL,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,MI,MN,MO,
w/seeds,w/boat 3 agriculture,pastures,urban CA,CT,DC,ID,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MT,NE,NH,NJ,NY,
w/seeds?,w/peoples? 4 agriculture,pastures,urban CA,MI,NV,OR,UT.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,pastrues FL,HI,PR,TX,VI.
medicine,horticulture 3 urban,horticulture,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
food,medicine 3 urban,horticulture,agriculture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
w/seeds?,w/peoples? 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,LA,MA,
w/food 3 pastures,agriculture,urban CA,DC,DE,GA,ID,IN,MD,MI,MT,NJ,NY,OR,PA,VA,WA,WV;
unknown 5 wild HI.
food,medicine 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
medicine 5 forest,urban,wild HI.
forest,industry 5 forest,urban,wetland AL,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,PR,SC,TX,PR,VI.
w/seeds 1 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seeds 2 pastrues,forest,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
fruit 6 horticulture,forest,urban FL,PR.
horticulture 4 landscape,urban,forest AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,
food,medicine 5 agriculture,urban,forest FL,HI,TX,VI.
food 5 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,PA,PR,SC,TX.
food,medicine 4 forest,urban,wetland FL,HI.
w/seeds? w/peoples? 4 agriculture,wetland,urban CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,NC,PR.
w/seeds? w/peoples? 3 horticulture,urban,agriculture AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture? 5 urban,shoreland CA.
horticulture 5 forest,urban AL,AR,CT,DE,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,
environmentalindustry 3 urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 2 wild,wetland AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed 2 agriculture,horticulture,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
notapply 3 urban,pastrues,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
fruit 6 horticulture,urban FL,HI.
w/seeds? w/peoples? 3 urban,shoreland,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 4 shoreline,wetland,urban CA,HI,OR.
horticulture 4 shoreline,wetland,aquatic AL,CA,GA,LA,NJ,OR,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA.
horticulture 3 urban,forest,wild AR,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,IL,KY,MA,ME,MI,MT,NH,NJ,NY,OH,
unknown 5 urban,wild AL,AR,GA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,MS,MT,NC,OH,OK,
unknown 4 agriculture,pastures,urban CA,ID,MA,OR,WA.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wetland FL,PR.
horticulture 5 shoreline,wetland,forest FL.
w/ssed 3 agriculture,urban,wild CA,CO,ID,MT,ND,NE,NM,NV,OR,UT,WA,WY;BC.
w/seed 3 agriculture,urban,wild DE,MA,MD,MI,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VT,WA;MB,ON,QC.
w/seed 3 agiculture,horticulture,urban CA,CT,IA,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MT,ND,NE,NJ,NM,NV,
w/seed 5 agriculture,horticulture,urban FL,SC,TX.
notapply 3 agriculture,horticulture,forest AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
unknown 5 agriculture,horticulture,forest AL,CA,MD,NM,OH,SD,TX.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest HI.
horticulture 3 horticulture,forest,urban CA,CT,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,NE,NH,NJ,NY,
horticulture 3 horticulture,forest,urban CT,IN,MA,MI,MO,NH,NJ,NY,PA;BC,ON,QC.
horticulture 5 horticulture,forest,urban MI,NY;ON.
vegetable,w/people 4 pastures,urban,wild CA,OR,WA.
horticulture 3 pastures,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,
w/seed 3 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
w/seeds? w/peoples? 5 wetland,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,LA,MO,MS,OK,PR,TX.
horticulture 5 aquatic,wetland,urban AZ,CA,FL,HI,LA,MS,NY,TX,PR.
3NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,ON,QC.
UT,WA,WI;BC.
MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,MB,ON,SK.
OH,OR,PA,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NS,ON,QC.
NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,PR,VI;NS,ON,QC.
MD,ME,MI,MO,MT,NC,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY,PR,VI;NB,ON,QC,SK.
BC,ON.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OK,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WV;ON.
MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WI,WV;ON,QC.
NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MO,MS,NC,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC.
OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WV.
NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,VA,VT,WA,WV,WY;BC,NB,ON.
MD,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,SK.
OH,PA,RI,VT,WI;ON,QC.
LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV;BC.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
Continuoustable 4
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
C灡prolifer MiniatureFlatSedge Cyperaceae perennial Africa unknown
C灡rotundus PurpleFlatsedge Cyperaceae perennial TropicalAsia unknown
Cytisusscoparius ScotchBroom Fabaceae shrub Europe 1850
Dactylisglomerata OrchardGrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia 1760
Dalbergiasissoo IndianRosewood Fabaceae tree SouthAsia unknown
Daturastramonium Jimsonweed Solanaceae annual SouthAmerica colonialtime
Daucuscarota WildCarrot Apiaceae biennial Mediterranean colonialtime
Delaireaodorata CapeIvy Asteraceae perennialvine SouthAfrica 1850
Dianthusarmeria DeptfordPink Caryophylaceae annual,biennial Europe unknown
Digitalispurpurea Foxglove Scrophulariaceae biennial,perennial Mediterranean 1940s
Dioscoreaalata WaterYam Dioscoreaceae perennialvine TropicalAsia <1930s
D灡bulbifera ClimbingYams Dioscoreaceae perennialvine TropicalAsia 1800s
D灡polystachya ChineseYam Dioscoreaceae perennialvine EastAsia <1970
Dipsacusfulonum Fuler曚sTeasel Dipsacaceae biennial Europe 1700s
D灡laciniatus Cut灢leafTeasel Dipsacaceae biennial Europe 1700s
Duchesneaindica IndianMock灢strawberry Rosaceae perennial EastandSouthAsia unknown
Echinochloacrus灢gali BarnyardGrass Poaceae annual TropicalAsia 1843
Echiumvulgare CommonViper曚s灢bugloss Boraginaceae biennial Europe,WestAsia unknown
Emexaustralis Three灢cornerJack Polygonaceae annual SouthAfrica unknown
E灡spinosa Devil曚sThorn Polygonaceae annual Mediterranean <1901
Egeriadensa Egeria Hydrocharitaceae perennialaquatic SouthAmerica 1893
Eichhorniacrassipes WaterHyacinth Pontederiaceae perennialaquatic SouthAmerica 1884
Ehrhartacalycina PerennialVeldtgrass Poaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1929
E灡erecta PanicVeldtgrass Poaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1930
E灡longiflora LongfloweredVeldtgrass Poaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1996
Elaeagnusangustifolia RussianOlive Elaeagnaceae shrub,tree Europe,WestAsia late1800s
E灡pungens Silverthorn Elaeagnaceae shrub EastAsia 1830
E灡umbelata AutumnOlive Elaeagnaceae shrub EastAsia 1830
Eleusineindica IndiaGoosegrass Poaceae annual Africa unknown
Elymusrepens Quackgrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia 1672
Epipremnumpinnatum CentipedeTongavine Araceae HerbVine TropicalAsia unknown
Eragrostiscilianensis Stinkgrass Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
E灡curvula WeepingLovegrass Poaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1927
E灡lehmanniana Lehmann曚sLovegrass Poaceae perennial SouthAfrica 1932
E灡pilosa IndianLovegrass Poaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Eremochloaophiuroides CentipedeGrass Poaceae perennial TropicalAsia 1916
Eucalyptusglobulus BlueGum Myrtaceae tree Australia 1853
Eugeniauniflora SurinamCherry Myrtaceae shrub Brasil 1931
Euonymusalata WingedBurningBush Celastraceae shrub EastAsia 1860
E灡fortunei ClimbingEuonymus Celastraceae shrubvine EastAsia 1907
Euphorbiadentata ToothedSpurge Euphorbiaceae annual NorthAmerica notapply
E灡esula LeafySpurge Euphorbiaceae annual Eurasia 1827
E灡heterophyla MexicanFireplant Euphorbiaceae annual,perennial SouthUSAtoTropicalAm notapply
Falopiaauberti ChinaFleeceVine Polygonaceae perennial China 1899
Fatouavilosa MulberryWeed Moraceae annual TropicalAsia 1964
Ficusaltissima Counciltree Moraceae tree TropicalAsia unknown
F灡carica EdibleFig Moraceae tree Mediterranean 1575
Firmianasimplex ChineseParasolTree Sterculiaceae tree EastAsia 1757
Flacourtiaindica Governor曚s灢plum Flacourtiaceae tree OldTropics unknown
Flueggeavirosa SimpleleafBushweed Euphorbiaceae shrub OldTropics unknown
Foeniculumvulgare Fennel Apiaceae perennial Mediterranean colonialtime
Frangulaalnus GlossyBuckthorn Rhamnaceae shrub OldWorld <1800s
Fumariaofficinalis DrugFumitory Fumariaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Galegaofficinalis Goatsrue Fabaceae perennial Mediterranean 1891
4InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
horticulture 5 aquatic,wetland,urban FL,HI.
unknown 3 agriculture,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,KY,LA,MD,MN,MO,MS,
horticulture 3 urban,agriculture,pastures AL,CA,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,ID,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MT,NC,NH,
forage 3 horticulture,urban,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
forest 5 agriculture,forest,urban FL,PR.
medicine 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
vegetable 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 4 wetland,urban,wild CA,HI,MT,OR.
horticulture 3 wetland,urban,wild AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture,medicine 5 horticulture,urban,wetland AK,CA,CO,CT,ID,MA,MD,ME,MI,MT,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,
food,horticulture 5 urban,wetland,forest FL,GA,LA,PR,VI.
food 5 forest,landscape,urban FL,HI,LA,MS,PR,TX.
horticulture 4 urban,wetland,forest AL,AR,CT,DC,FL,GA,KY,MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NJ,OH,PA,
fiberindustry? w/seed? 3 urban,horticultue,forest AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,
horticulture 4 urban,horticultue,forest CO,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,MI,MN,MO,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OR,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wetland AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MD,MI,MO,
w/seed? w/people? 2 agriculture,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
medicine? Horticulture? 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
unknown 5 urban,wild CA.
w/seed? w/people? 5 agriculture,horticulture,pastures CA,FL,HI,MA,NJ,TX.
aquariumtrade 2 aquatic AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
horticulture 1 aquatic AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,KY,LA,MO,MS,NC,NJ,
pastures 5 forest,pastures,shoreland CA,HI,TX.
pastures 5 forest,pastures,shoreland CA,HI.
pastures 5 forest,pastures,shoreland CA.
horticulture 2 agriculture,wetland,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild AL,DC,FL,GA,KY,LA,MA,MS,NC,SC,TN,VA.
horticulture 3 forest,pastures,urban AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/seed? w/people? 3 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
w/seed? 3 horticulture,urban,pastures AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,HI,PR.
w/seed? w/people? 3 horticulture,urban,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,
environment 5 urban,horticulture,wild AZ,CA,NM,OK,TX,UT.
w/seed? w/people? 3 urban,horticulture,agriculture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,FL,GA,LA,MA,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.PR.
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,forest CA,HI.
horticulture,fruit 5 forest,pastures,horticulture FL,HI,PR.
horticulture 4 forest,agriculture,urban CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,MI,MO,MT,NC,NH,NJ,
horticulture 4 forest,agriculture,urban AL,CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,MI,MO,MS,NC,NJ,
notapply 4 urban,agriculture,forest AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MI,MO,MS,
w/seed? w/people? 1 pastures,forest,agriculture AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
notapply 4 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NM,PR,TX,VI.
horticulture 2 horticulture,urban,forest CA,CO,MA,MD,MI,NM,NY,PA,UT,VA,WA.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,HI,IN,KY,LA,MO,MS,NC,OH,OK,PR,SC,
environmentalindustry 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL.
fruit 4 urban,horticulture,wild AL,CA,DC,FL,GA,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MS,NC,NY,PA,PR,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,PR.
notknown 5 urban PR.
food,medicine 3 urban,wild,pastures AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 forest,wetland,urban CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NE,NH,NJ,NY,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,LA,MA,MD,ME,
forage 4 pastrures,urban,horticulture CO,CT,MA,MD,ME,NE,NY,PA,UT,WA;ON.
4NC,NJ,NY,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,PR,VI.
NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,SC,TN,UT,VA,WA,WV;BC,NS,PE.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
PA,UT,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC.
SC,TN,VA,WV.
MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,ON,QC.
PA,VA,WI,WV;ON.
MS,NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WI,WV;BC,ON.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MO,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,PR,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA;BC.
NY,OR,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA;ON.PRVI.
NC,ND,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;ON.
MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,NU,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MS,NC,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV.PR.
MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NS,ON,QC.
NY,OH,PA ,RI,SC,VA,VT,WI,WV;ON.
NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,WI;ON.
NC,NJ,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,SD,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
TN,TX,VA,WA.
SC,TN,TX,VA.
MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,ON,QC.
OH,PA,RI,TN,VT,WI,WV,WY;MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,SC,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
Continuoustable 5
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Galiumaparine CatchweedBedstraw Rubiaceae annual NorthTemperate notapply
G灡molugo WhiteBedstraw Rubiaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Genistamonspessulana FrenchBroom Fabaceae shrub Mediterranean 1850s
Glechomahederacea GroundIvy Lamiaceae perennial Eurasia <1800s
Halogetonglomeratus Halogeton Chenopodiaceae annual Eurasia <1930s
Hederahelix EnglishIvy Araliaceae perennialvine Eurasia colonialtime
Hedychiumcoronarium WhiteGinger Zingiberaceae perennial TropicalAsia 1900s
H灡gardnerianum KahiliGinger Zingiberaceae perennial TropicalAsia <1950s
Helianthusciliaris Blue灢weedSunflower Asteraceae perennial swUSA notapply
Hemerocalisfulva CommonDaylily Liliaceae perennial EastAsia 1800s
Heracleummantegazzianum GiantHogweed Apiaceae perennial CaucasusandCAsia 1917
Hesperismatronalis Dame曚sRocket Brassicaceae biennial,perennial Europe 1600s
Hibiscustiliaceus SeaRosemalow Malvaceae shrub,tree TropicalAsia unknown
H灡trionum Flowerofanhour Malvaceae annual OldWorld colonialtime
Hieraciumaurantiacum OrangeHawkweed Asteraceae perennial Europe 1875
Hieraciumcaespitosum MeadowHawkweed Asteraceae perennial Europe 1828
Hiptagebenghalensis Hiptage Malpighiaceae shrubvine TropicalAsia unknown
Holcuslanatus CommonVelvetGrass Poaceae perennial Europe <1900s
Humulusscandens JapaneseHop Cannabaceae perennialvine EastAsia <1900s
Hydrilaverticilata Hydrila Hydrocharitacae perennialaquatic OldWorld 1950s
Hydrocharismorsus灢ranae EuropeanFrog灢bit Hydrocharitacae annualaquatic Eurasia 1932
Hygrophilapolysperma EastIndianHygrophila Acanthaceae annual/perennialaquatic TropicalAsia 1945
Hymenachneamplexicaulis WestIndianMarshGrass Poaceae perennial BothHemsphere 1968
Hyoscyamusniger BlackHenbane Solanaceae annual/biennial Eurasia colonialtime
Hypericumperforatum St.Joh曚s灢wort Clusiaceae perennial OldWorld colonialtime
Impatiensglandulifera Himalayanbalsam Balsaminaceae annual Himalayas 1850s
Imperatabrasiliensis BrazilianSatin灢tail Poaceae perennial central&southAmerica 1920s
I灡cylindrica CogonGrass Poaceae perennial eastAsia 1912
Indigoferahirsuta HairyIndigo Fabaceae annual OldTropic colonialtime
Ipomoeaaquatica Water灢Spinach Convolvulaceae aquaticperennialvine China 1979
I灡hederacea MorningGlory Convolvulaceae annualvine central&southAmerica unknown
I灡purpurea CommonMorningGlory Convolvulaceae annualvine central&southAmerica unknown
Irispseudacorus YelowIris Iridaceae perennialaquatic Mediterranean&Europe 1911
Isatistinctoria Dryer曚sWoad Brassicaceae perennial CaucasustoAsia colonialtime
Jasminumdichotomum GoldCoastJasmine Oleaceae shrubvine WestAfrica 1920s
J灡fluminense BrazilianJasmine Oleaceae shrubvine WestAfrica 1920s
J灡sambac ArabianJasmine Oleaceae shrubvine TropicalAsia unknown
Koelreuteriaelegans GoldenRainTree Sapindaceae tree TropicalAsia 1915
Kochiascoparia MexicanSummerCypress Chenopodiaceae annual OldWorld unknown
Kummerowiastipulacea Korean灢clover Fabaceae annual EastAsia 1919
K灡striata CommonKorea灢clover Fabaceae annual EastAsia 1846
Lactucasaligna Wilow灢leafLettuce Asteraceae annual/biennial Mediterranean&Europe unknown
Lamiumamplexicaule CommonDeadnettle Lamiaceae annual/biennial Eurasia unknown
Landoltiapunctata DottedWater灢flaxseed Lemnaceae perennialaquatic AustraliaandAsia 1930s
Lantanacamara Lantana Verbenaceae shrub Central&SouthAmerica 1800s
Lapsanacommunis CommonNipplewort Asteraceae annual Europe&West&NorthAsia 1800s
Lathyruslatifolius PerennialSweetPea Fabaceae perennialvine Europe colonialtime
Lemnaminor Commonduckweed Lemnaceae annualaquatic WorldwideTemperate notapply
Leonuruscardiaca CommonMother灢wort Lamiaceae perennial Europe colonialtime
Lepidiumlatifolium PerennialPepperweed Brassicaceae perennial Eurasia 1900s
Lespedezabicolor ShrubbyLespedeza Fabaceae shrub EastAsia 1856
L灡cuneata ChineseLespedeza Fabaceae shrub EastAsia 1896
L灡thunbergi Thunberg曚sBushclover Fabaceae shrub EastAsia 1837
Leucaenaleucocephala LeadTree Fabaceae tree CentralAmerica 1900s
5InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
notapply 3 urban,horticulture,agriculture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 4 urban,horticulture,agriculture CA,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MS,
horticulture 4 forest,pastures,wetland CA,OR,WA.
medicine 3 horticulture,agriculture,urban AK,AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
forage? 4 pastures,urban,wild AZ,CA,CO,ID,MT,NE,NM,NV,OR,SD,UT,WA,WY.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,ID,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 5 horticulture,forest,urban FL,GA,HI,LA,PR.
horticulture 4 forest,urban,wild HI.
notapply 5 urban,agriculture AZ,CA,CO,IL,KS,NE,NM,NV,OK,TX,UT,WA.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban AL,AR,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 2 urban,wetland,wild CT,IL,ME,MI,NY,OR,PA,WA;BC,NB,ON,QC.
horticulture,medicine 3 urban,wetland,wild AK,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture,medicine 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,HI.
horticulture? 3 horticulture,urban,wild AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 urban,pasture,wild AK,AR,CA,CO,CT,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 3 urban,pasture,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,NC,NH,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI.
w/seeds 3 forest,wetland,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
industry 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
w/aquariumtrade 1 aquatic AL,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,LA,MD,ME,MS,NC,PA,SC,
horticulture 4 aquatic NY;ON,QC.
w/aquariumtrade 4 aquatic FL,TX,VA.
w/bird 4 aquatic FL,PR.
medicine 3 wild,urban,horticulture CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,
horticulture,medicine 3 agriculture,forest,pasture AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 4 wetland,urban,horticulture CA,CT,ID,MA,ME,MI,MT,NY,OR,VT,WA;BC,MB,NB,NF,
forage,environmentalindustry 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,FL,LA,MS,SC.PR.
forage,environmentalindustry 4 agriculture,forest,urban AL,FL,GA,LA,MS,OR,SC,TX,VA.
fiberindustry 5 urban,wild,pastures AL,FL,GA,PR,SC.
vegetable 4 aquatic,wetland,urban CA,FL,HI,PR.
w/seeds? 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/seeds? 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
horticulture 3 wetland,aquatic,urban AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
fiberindustry 3 urban,wild,wetland CA,CO,DC,ID,IL,MT,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OR,UT,VA,WA,WV,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,LA,MS,TX.
horticulture 3 pastures,desert,wild AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,ME,MI,MN,MO,
forage 3 pastures,forest,urban AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MI,MO,MS,
forage? 3 pastures,forest,urban AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,MS,
w/seeds? w/people? 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MI,MO,
vegetable,medicine 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/aquariumtrade?w/people? 4 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,
horticulture 3 horticuture,urban,wetland AL,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,OK,PR,SC,TX,VI,UT.
w/people?w/seeds?w/others 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
notapply 3 aquatic,wetland,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
medicine 3 pastures,uran,wild AL,AR,AZ,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
w/seed 3 agriculture,wetland,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,MO,MT,NE,NM,NV,NY,OR,
horticulture 4 urban,forest,horticulture AL,AR,CT,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,
agriculturecrop 3 agriculture,forest,pastrues AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 4 urban,forest,horticulture AL,AR,CT,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,NC,NJ,NY,
fiberindustry,environment,medicine 4 agricutlure,forest,pastures AZ,CA,FL,TX.
5MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MT,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MO,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV;BC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MO,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV;ON,QC.
TN,TX,VA,WA.
NM,NV,NY,OR,PA,SD,UT,VT,WA,WI,WY;AB,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
NS,ON,PE,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WI,WV;ON.
MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
WY;BC,NF,ON,QC.
MS,MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WI,WV.
NC,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
NC,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,QC,SK.
NC,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NS,ON,QC.
MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,ON,QC,SK.
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
TX,UT,WA,WY;AB,BC,MB,QC.
MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV;ON.
MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WI,WV;ON.
OH,PA,SC,VA,WI;ON.
Continuoustable 6
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Leucanthemumvulgare Ox灢eyedaisy Asteraceae perennial Europe 1900s
Ligustrumjaponicum JapanesePrivet Oleaceae shrub Japan 1845
L灡lucidum GlossyPrivet Oleaceae shrub EastAsia 1794
L灡obtusifolium BorderPrivet Oleaceae shrub EastAsia 1860
L灡sinense ChinesePrivet Oleaceae shrub EastAsia 1852
L灡vulgare EuropeanPrivet Oleaceae shrub Europe& Mediterranean colonialtime
Limnophilasessiliflora AsianMarshweed Scrophulariaceae perennialaquatic Asia <1965
Linariagenistifolia DalmatianToadflax Scrophulariaceae perennial Eurasia 1874
L灡vulgaris YelowToadflax Scrophulariaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime
Lithospermumarvense CornGromwel Boraginaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Livistonachinensis Chinesefanpalm Arecaceae tree EastAsia 1800s
Loliumarundinaceum TalFescue Poaceae perennial Europe 1800s
L灡perenne PerennialRyegrass Poaceae perennial Europe& Mediterranean unknown
L灡pratense MeadowFescue Poaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
L灡temulentum DarnelRyegrass Poaceae annual Mediterranean unknown
Lonicerafragrantissima Fragranthoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub Eurasia 1845
L灡japonica JapaneseHoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae woodyvine EastAsia 1806
L灡maacki Amurhoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub East& NorthAsia 1896
L灡morrowi Morrow曚shoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub Eurasia 1875
L灡standishi Standish曚sHoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub Eurasia 1845
L灡tatarica Tartarianhoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub Eurasia 1752
L灡xylosteum Dwarfhoneysuckle Caprifoliaceae shrub Eurasia colonialtime
Lotuscorniculatus Birds灢footTrefoil Fabaceae perennial OldWorld 1920s
Ludwigiagrandiflora WaterPrimrose Onagraceae aquaticshrub North&SouthAmerica notapply
Lunariaannua Silverdolar Brassicaceae annual/biennial Europe unknown
Lupinusarboreus Yelowbushlupine Fabaceae shrub NorthAmerica notapply
Lycopuseuropaeus Gypsywort Labiatae perennial Europe unknown
Lygodiumjaponicum JapaneseClimbingFern Lygodiaceae fernvine Asia&TropicalAustralia 1932
L灡scandens OldWorldclimbingfern Lygodiaceae fernvine OldTropics 1965
Lysimachianummularia CreepingJennie Primulaceae perennial Europe& WestAsia unknown
Lythrumsalicaria PurpleLoosestrife Lythraceae perennial Eurasia 1814
Macfadyenaunguis灢cati Cat曚s灢clawvine Bignoniaceae woodywine TropicalAmerica 1947
Mahoniabealei Beale曚sOregon灢grape Berberidaceae shrub China unknown
Manilkarazapota Sapodila Sapotaceae tree CentralAmerica colonialtime
Marsileaquadrifolia Europeanwaterclover Marsileaceae aquaticfern Eurasia 1862
Medicagolupulina BlackMedic Fabaceae annualtoperennial Eurasia colonialtime
M灡sativa Alfalfa Fabaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime
Melaleucaquinquenervia Paperbarktree Myrtaceae tree AustraliatotropicalAsia 1906
Melastomacandidum Asianmelastome Melastomataceae treeorshrub TropicalAsia 1916
M灡malabathricum Bank曚sMelastoma Melastomataceae shrub TropicalAsiatoAustralia unknown
Meliaazedarach Chinaberrytree Meliaceae tree TropicalAsiatoAustralia 1830
Melilotusofficinalis Yelowsweetclover Fabaceae annualtoperennial Europe 1800s
Melinisminutiflora MolassesGrass Poaceae perennial Africa unknown
Menthapulegium Pennyroyal Lamiaceae perennial Europe colonialtime
Merremiatuberosa Yelow Morning灢glory Convolvulaceae perennialvine TropicalAmerica unknown
Mesembryanthemumcrystalinum Crystalineiceplant Aizoaceae annualorbiennial SouthAfrica colonialtime
Mikaniacordata Heartleafhempvine Asteraceae perennialvine TropicalAsia unknown
M灡micrantha FalsoGuaco Asteraceae perennialvine TropicalAmerica unknown
Miconiacalvescens VelvetTree Melatomataceae tree TropicalAmerica 1960
Microstegiumvimineum JapaneseStiltGrass Poaceae annual East&SouthAsia 1919
Miliumvernale SpringMiletGrass Poaceae annual Eurasia 1987
Mimosapigra BlackMimosa Fabaceae shrub CentralAmerica 1953
M灡diplotricha Giantsensitiveplant Fabaceae shrub CentraltoSouthAmerica unknown
Miscanthussinensis ChineseSilvergrass Poaceae perennial Asia 1900s
6InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
horticulture 3 pasture,wild,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,TX.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild CT,DC,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,MI,MO,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,CT,FL,GA,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NJ,OK,RI,SC,
horticulture,medicine 5 urban,horticulture AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,NC,
aquaticplant灢Gras/Horticulture? 5 aquatic,wetland,urban FL,GA,TX.
horticulture 3 pasture,agriculture,forest AZ,CA,CO,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,ME,MI,MN,MT,ND,NE,NH,NM,
horticulture 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture? Medicine? 3 urban,wild,horticulture AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,wetland FL,HI.
forage 3 pastures,uran,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 pastures,uran,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
forage 3 pastures,uran,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
forage 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,GA,KY,LA,MD,MS,NC,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,UT,VA.
horticulture 3 urban,forest,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
horticulture 3 urban,forest,horticulture AR,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,MI,MO,MS,NC,ND,
horticulture 3 urban,forest,horticulture AR,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,IL,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,NC,NH,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild IL,KY,MD,NY,PA,VA.
horticulture 3 urban,forest,horticulture AK,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild CT,DC,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
notapply 4 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,CA,DC,FL,GA,KY,LA,MO,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OK,OR,
horticulture? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
EnvironmentalIndustry 5 shoreline,urban,wild CA,OR,WA;BC.
medicine? 5 wetland,urban,wild AL,DE,IL,IN,LA,MA,MD,MI,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,WI,
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,PA,PR,SC,TX.
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL.
horticulture 3 urban,horticulture,wetland AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 1 wetland,urban,wild AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
horticulture 4 forest,pastures,urban FL,GA,HI,LA,PR,SC,TX,VI.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,horticulture AL,DC,FL,GA,MD,NC,SC,VA.
fruit 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,PR,VI.
horticulture 3 aquatic,wetland,urban CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,NC,NJ,NY,
w/people?w/seeds?Orforage? 3 agriculture,pastures,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 agriculture,pastures,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI,LA,PR.
horticulture 4 forest,wild,urban HI.
medicine? 5 horticulture,urban,wild HI.
horticulture 3 horticulture,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MO,MS,NC,NM,NY,OK,SC,TN,
forage 3 pastures,agriculture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
forage 5 pastures,agriculture,urban FL,HI,PR.
medicine? 5 wetland,urban,wild CA,HI,MD,NJ,OR,PA,WA;BC.
horticulture? 5 agriculture,forest,urban FL,HI,PR,TX,VI.
w/balet 5 horticulture,urban,wild AZ,CA,PA.
w/people? w/seeds? 4 forest,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,LA,MS,TX.
w/people? w/seeds? 5 forest,urban,wild DC,PR.
horticulture 4 urban,forest,wetland HI.
w/industry 3 agriculture,forest,wetland AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,
unknown 5 agriculture,pasture,urban ID.
horticulture 4 wetland,agriculture,urban FL,TX,PR.
horticulture? 5 wetland,agriculture,urban HI,PR.
horticulture 3 urban,horticulture,wetland AL,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,MS,
6MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
TN,VA,VT.
TN,TX,VA.
NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV;BC,NS,ON.
NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SD,UT,VT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NS,ON,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,ON,QC,SK,YT.
MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WI,WV;ON.
NE,NJ,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WI,WV;ON.
NJ,NM,NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;NB,ON,QC,SK.
MN,MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;AB,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
VA,VT,WI;NB,ON,QC.
MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WV.
MT,NC,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WV;BC,MB,NS,ON,QC.
WV;BC,NS,ON,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
OH,PA;ON.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
TX,UT,VA.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV,PR.
NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,WV;ON.
Continuoustable 7
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Monochoriavaginalis CordateMonochoria Pontederiaceae annualtobiennialaquatic TropicalAsia unknown
Morelafaya FireTree Myricaceae shrub Africa 1800s
Morusalba Whitemulberry Moraceae tree China colonialtime
Mosladianthera Miniaturebeefsteakplant Lamiaceae annual Asia unknown
Murdanniakeisak MarshDewflower Commelinaceae annual EastAsia 1935
Murrayaexotica OrangeJasmine Rutaceae tree TropicalAsiatoAustralia unknown
Myosotisscorpioides WaterForgetmenot Boraginaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Myriophylumaquaticum ParrotFeatherWatermilfoil Haloragaceae perennialaquatic SouthAmerica 1890
M灡spicatum EurasianWatermilfoil Haloragaceae perennialaquatic OldWorld <1940s
Najasminor Brittlewaternymph Najadaceae annualaquatic Europe 1930s
Nandinadomestica Nandina Berberidaceae shrub Asia 1804
Nardusstricta Moor灢matGrass Poaceae perennial OldWorld <1950s
Nepetacataria Catnip Lamiaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Nephrolepiscordifolia Erectswordfern Dryopteridaceae fern TropicalAsiatoAustralia <1930s
N灡hirsutula AsianSwordfern Dryopteridaceae fern OldTropics unknown
Neriumoleander Oleander Apocynaceae tree,shrub OldWorld unknown
Neyraudiareynaudiana BurmaReed Poaceae perennial TropicalAsia 1916
Nymphoidespeltata Floatingheart Menyanthaceae perennialaquatic Eurasia 1880
Oeceocladesmaculata SpottedAfricanOrchis Orchidaceae perennialaquatic Africa 1974
Onopordumacanthium ScotchCotton灢thistle Asteraceae biennial Eurasia 1800s
Ochrosiaeliptica Elipticyelowwood Apocynaceae tree SoutheastAsiatoAustralia unknown
Origanumvulgare Wildmarjoram Lamiaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Ornithogalumumbelatum CommonStar灢of灢bethlehem Liliaceae perennial Europe unknown
Orobancheminor CommonBroomrape Orobanchaceae annual/perennialparasitic Mediterranean&Europe unknown
O灡ramosa BranchedBroomrape Orobanchaceae annual/perennialparasitic Europe unknown
Oryzasativa CultivatedRice Poaceae annual TropicalAsia unknown
Otteliaalismoides Duck灢lettuce Hydrocharitaceae perennialaquatic TropicalAsiatoOceania 1939
Oxalisstricta Yelow Wood灢sorrel Oxalidaceae annual/perennial NorthTemperate notapply
Paederiafoetida Skunkvine Rubiaceae woodyvine TropicalAsia <1897
Panicum miliaceum ProsoMilet Poaceae annual Asia colonialtime?
P灡repens Torpedograss Poaceae perennial OldTropics <1876
Papaverrhoeas Cornpoppy Papaveraceae annual Mediterranean&Europe colonialtime?
Paspalumconjugatum Hilograss Poaceae perennial TropicalAmerica notapply
P灡dilatatum Dalisgrass Poaceae perennial SouthAmerica <1842
P灡notatum BahiaGrass Poaceae perennial TropicalAmerica notapply
P灡scrobiculatum IndiaPaspalum Poaceae annual/perennial TropicalAsia colonialtime?
Pastinacasativa WildParsnip Apiaceae biennial/perennial Europe beforecolonialtime
Paulowniatomentosa PrincessTree Scrophlariaceae tree China 1834
Peganumharmala HarmelPeganum Zoggophylaceae perennial Meditterean 1931
Pennisetumclandestinum Kikuyugrass Poaceae perennial easttropicalAfrica 1918
P灡macrourum Africanfeathergrass Poaceae perennial Africa,Yemen unknown
P灡pedicelatum Kyasumagrass Poaceae annual Africa,India unknown
P灡polystachion WestIndiesPearl灢milet Poaceae perennial Africa,India unknown
P灡purpureum Napiergrass Poaceae perennial Africa 1913
P灡setaceum FountainGrass Poaceae perennial NorthAfrica 1914
Perilafrutescens Beef灢steakPlant Lamiaceae annual Asia unknown
Phalarisaquatica HardingGrass Poaceae perennial Mediterranean unknown
P灡arundinacea Reedcanarygrass Poaceae perennial NorthTemperate notapply
Phylanthustenelus Maricao Euphorbiaceae annual TropicalAsia unknown
Phleumpratense MeadowTimothy Poaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Phoenixreclinata Senegaldatepalm Arecaceae tree Africa unknown
Phormiumtenax NewZealandflax Agavaceae subshrub NewZealand unknown
Phragmitesaustralis CommonRead Poaceae perennial NorthernTemperate notapply
Phylostachysaurea GoldenBamboo Poaceae tree China 1882
7InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
unknown 5 aquatic,wetland,urban CA,HI.
horticulture,medicine 4 agriculture,forest,urban HI.
industry 3 urban,forest,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
unknown 5 urban,wild,horticulture GA,IN,KY,NC,TN.
unknown 5 wetland,aquatic,urban AL,AR,DE,FL,GA,KY,LA,MD,MS,NC,OR,SC,TN,VA,WA.
unknown 5 urban,forest,wild FL,PR,VI.
horticulture? w/people? 3 urban,horticulture,pastures AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 2 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,ID,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,
w/balet 1 aquatic,wetland,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/balet? 3 aquatic AL,AR,CT,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MI,MO,MS,NC,NH,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX,VA.
? 5 pastures,urban,wild ID,MA,MI,NH,NY,OR,VT;NF,NS,ON,QC.
medicine? 3 urban,wild,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture? 5 forest,urban,wetland AL,FL,GA,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture? 5 urban,horticulture,forest HI.
horticulture,medicine 4 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AZ,CA,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX,UT,PR,VI.
horticulture 4 agriculture,forest,urban FL.
horticulture 3 aquatic,wetland,urban AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,NH,NJ,
horticulture? 5 agriculture,forest,urban FL,PR,VI.
horticulture 2 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,
horticulture?forest? 5 urban,horticulture,wild FL.
horticulture,food 5 urban,horticulture,wild AR,CA,CT,DE,IL,MA,MD,MI,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,VA,
horticulture? 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/seed 3 urban,horticulture,wild DC,DE,FL,GA,MD,NC,NJ,NY,OR,PA,SC,VA,VT,WA,WV.
w/seed 5 urban,horticulture,wild CA,IL,KY,NC,NJ,TX.
food 5 agriculture,urban,wetland AL,AR,CA,GA,IL,LA,MO,MS,NC,OK,SC,TN,TX,VA,PR,VI.
w/seed 4 aquatic,wetland,urban CA,LA,MO,TX.
notapply 3 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
fiberindustry 4 forest,urban,wetland FL,GA,HI,LA,NC,SC,TX.
food 3 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture,forage 2 agriculture,wetland,urban AL,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX.
horticulture?food? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,FL,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,ME,MI,
notapply 5 agriculture,urban,horticulture AL,FL,HI,LA,MS,PR,TX,UT,VI.
horticulture 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,DC,FL,GA,HI,IL,KY,LA,MD,MO,MS,NC,
notapply 3 pasture,horticulture,agriculture AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,HI,IL,LA,MS,NC,NJ,OK,PR,SC,TN,TX,
w/seed? w/people? 4 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,GA,HI,MD,NJ,TX.
food,vegetable 2 agriculture,horticulture,urban AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 3 forest,urban,wetland AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,
medicine,dye灢industry,religious 5 urban,wild,wetland AZ,CA,MT,NM,NV,OR,TX,WA.
forage,horticulture 4 forest,pasture,urban CA,HI,PR,VI.
forage,horticulture 5 urban,wild,wetland CA,HI,TX.
forage,horticulture 5 urban,wild,wetland FL.
forage,horticulture 5 urban,wild,wetland FL,HI,PR.
forage 4 pasture,urban,horticulture CA,FL,HI,PR,TX,VI.
horticulture 4 desert,pastures,urban AZ,CA,CO,FL,HI,LA,NM,OR,TN.
medicine,horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,
forage 5 agriculture,urban,wetland AZ,CA,DC,HI,MS,MT,NC,OR,SC,TX,VA.
notapply 3 wetland,aquatic,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,
unknown 5 urban,horticulture,wild AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,PR,SC,TN,TX.
forage? 3 pasture,agriculture,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
fruit,horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL.
horticulture,fiberindustry 5 wetland,aquatic,urban HI.
notapply 2 aquatic,wetland,agriculture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture,forest 4 urban,wild,wetland AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,OR,SC,TN,TX,VA.
7MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,ON,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
MS,MT,NC,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV;BC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,ON,QC.
NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,VA,VT,WV;ON.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,TN,TX,VT,WA;ON,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC.
VT,WA;BC,NS,ON,PE,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
NJ,NM,OK,OR,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
VA,VI.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV;ON.
MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
Continuoustable 8
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Piceaabies Norwayspruce Pinaceae tree Eurasia colonialtime?
Pinussylvestris Scotspine Pinaceae tree Europe colonialtime?
P灡thunbergiana JapaneseBlackPine Pinaceae tree EastAsia 1855
Pistiastratiotes Waterlettuce Araceae perennialaquatic tropics notapply
Plantagoaristata Large灢bractPlantain Plantaginaceae annual/perennial USA notapply
P灡lanceolata EnglishPlantain Plantaginaceae annual/biennial/perennial Europe unknown
Poaannua AnnualBluegrass Poaceae annual Europe unknown
P灡compressa CanadaBluegrass Poaceae perennial OldWorld unknown
P灡pratensis KentuckyBluegrass Poaceae perennial OldWorld unknown
P灡trivialis ScribnerBluegrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Polygonumaviculare Prostrateknotweed Polygonaceae annual Eurasia unknown
P灡posumbu AsiaticWaterPepper Polygonaceae annual Asia 1910
P灡perfoliatum MileaMinuteWeed Polygonaceae annualvine Asia 1930s
P灡persicaria Lady曚sThumb Polygonaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Poncirustrifoliata HardyOrange Rutacea tree China 1850
Populusalba WhitePoplar Salicaceae tree Eurasia 1748
P灡nigra Lombardypoplar Salicaceae tree Europe colonialtime?
Potamogetoncrispus Curlypondweed Potamogetonaceae perennialaquatic Eurasia 1840
Potentilarecta SulphurCinquefoil Rosaceae perennial Eurasia <1900
Prunelavulgaris Self灢heal Lamiaceae perennial NorthTemperate notapply
Psidiumcattleianum PurpleStrawberryGuava Myrtaceae shrub Brasil 1884
P灡guajava CommonGuava Myrtaceae shrub TropicalAmerica 1765
Pterisvittata LadderBrake Pteridaceae fern Asia unknown
Ptychospermaelegans AlexanderPalm Arecaceae tree Australia unknown
Puerariamontana Kudzu Fabaceae perennialvine Asia 1876
Pyruscaleryana BradfordPear Rosaceae tree Asia 1908
Quercusacutissima SawtoothOak Fagaceae tree EastAsia 1862
Ranunculusbulbosus BulbousButter灢cup Ranunculaceae perennial Europe colonialtime?
R灡ficaria LesserCelandine Ranunculaceae perennial OldWorld unknown
R灡repens Creepingbuttercup Ranunculaceae perennial OldWorld unknown
Raphanusraphanistrum WildRadish Brassicaceae annual/biennial Eurasia unknown
Rapistrumrugosum AnnualBastard灢Cabbage Brassicaceae annual OldWorld unknown
Rhamnuscathartica CommonBuckthorn Rhamnaceae treeorshrub Eurasia unknown
Reynoutriajaponica JapaneseKnotweed Polygonaceae perennial EastAsia 1800s
Rhodotyposscandens Jetbead Rosaceae shrub EastAsia 1866
Rhodomyrtustomentosa Downyrosemyrtle Myrtaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1920
Rhoeospathacea Oysterplant Commelinaceae perennial CentralAmerica <1933
Ricinuscommunis Castorbean Euphorbiaceae annualtopennialshrub TropicalAfrica colonialtime?
Robiniapseudoacacia BlackLocust Fabaceae tree seUSA notapply
Rorippasylvestris CreepingYelow灢cress Brassicaceae annual/perennial Eurasia unknown
Rosamultiflora MultifloraRose Rosaceae shrub EastAsia 1868
R灡bracteata Macartneyrose Rosaceae shrub EastAsia 1793
R灡eglanteria Sweetbriar Rosaceae shrub Europe colonialtime?
R灡laevigata Cherokeerose Rosaceae shrub SouthAsia 1790
R灡rugosa Japaneserose Rosaceae shrub EastAsia 1845
Rottboeliacochinchinensis Itchgrass Poaceae annual OldWorldTropics unknown
Rubusargutus SawteethBlackberry Rosaceae subshrub S&SEUSA notapply
R灡discolor HimalayanBlackberry Rosaceae shrub NAfrica& WEurope 1885
R灡elipticus YelowHimalayanRaspberry Rosaceae shrub E&SAsia 1960
R灡phoenicolasius Wineberry Rosaceae shrub EAsia 1890
Rueliacaerulea Britton曚sWild灢Petunia Acanthaceae subshrub TropicalAmerica unknown
Rumexacetosela SheepSorrel Polygonaceae perennial Eurasia 1870s
R灡crispus CurlyDock Polygonaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Saccharumspontaneum WildSugar灢cane Poaceae perennial OldWorldTropics unknown
8InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
forestry,horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest CT,IL,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,
forestry,horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest CT,DE,,IA,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest DE,MA,NC,NJ,NY,SC,VA.
notapply 4 aquatic,wetland,urban AZ,CA,CO,DE,FL,GA,HI,KS,LA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
w/seed? w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,pastures,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,pastures,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,pastures.Urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,pasture,horticulture AK,AL,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AL,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed 4 forest,urban,wetland DC,DE,MD,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,VA,WV.
w/seed? w/people? 3 forest,urban,wetland AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wetland AL,AR,DE,FL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
horticulture 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulutre 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/boat 3 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulutre? 3 urban,horticulture,wild AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
notapply 3 urban,horticulture,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture,fruit 4 agriculture,forest,urban FL,HI,PR.
fruit,medicine 4 agriculture,forest,urban FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
horticulture? 5 urban,forest,horticulture AL,CA,DC,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,PR,SC,TX,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL.
horticulture,forage,environ灢
mentalindustry 1 forest,wild,urban AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 forest,horticulture,urban AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MD,MS,NC,NJ,OH,OK,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,GA,LA,MD,MS,NC,PA,VA.
medicine,horticulture 3 pastures,urban,horticulture AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 3 forest,urban,wetland CT,DC,DE,IL,KY,MA,MD,MI,MO,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,
horticulture? 3 pasture,horticulture,urban AK,AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
w/people? 3 pasture,horticulture,urban AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed? w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,wild CA,HI,IL,IN,LA,MA,MO,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,
horticulture 3 forest,urban,wild CA,CO,CT,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
horticulture,environmentalindustry 1 urban,wetland,shoreland AK,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest AL,CT,DC,DE,IL,IN,KY,MA,MO,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,SC,VA,
horticulture,fruit 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI.
horticulture 4 forest,urban,wild FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
oilcrops,horticulture 3 wetland,urban,agriculture AL,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,KS,LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,
notapply 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 3 horticulture,urban,agriculture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 agriculture,forest,urban AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 3 pastures,forest,urban AL,AR,FL,GA,KY,LA,MD,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,ME,MI,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX,VA.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,shoreland AK,CT,DE,IL,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,pasture,urban AR,FL,GA,IN,LA,MS,NC,PR,TX.
notapply 5 horticulture,urban,forest AL,AR,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MO,MS,
agriculture,fruit 3 agriculture,forest,wetland AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,DC,DE,HI,ID,IL,KY,MA,MO,MT,NJ,NM,
agriculture,fruit 4 agriculture,forest,urban HI.
agriculture,fruit 3 agriculture,forest,horticulture AR,CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,MI,NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,
horticulture? 5 horticulture,forest,urban AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,PR,SC,TX,VI.
w/seed? w/people? 3 agriculture,forest,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/seed? w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seed? w/people? 5 urban,wetland,aquatic HI,PR.
8VA,VT,WI,WV;NB,NF,NS,ON,QC.
RI,VT,WI;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
SC,TX,PR,VI.
MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;NS,ON,YT.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,NU,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NM,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WI,WV;BC,NB,ON,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;BC,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,ON,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WA,WV.
PA,SC,TX,VA,WV.
MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WA,WV;BC,NF,NS,ON,QC.
RI,TN,VA,WA,WI,WV;BC,NF,ON,QC.
MO,MS,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NH,NJ,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
WI;ON,QC.
MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;AB,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
VT,WI,WV.
MS,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,PR,VI.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
RI,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
NC,NJ,OH,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
NV,OH,OR,PA,TN,UT,VA,WA;BC,ON.
RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WV.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
Continuoustable 9
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Salsolakali RussianThistle Chenopodiaceae annual SEurope,SWAsia,NAfrica 1800s
S灡vermiculata ShrubbyRussianThistle Chenopodiaceae perennial SEurope 1800s
Salviaaethiopis MediterraneanSage Lamiaceae biennial S&SEEurope 1951
Salviniaminima EaredWater灢moss Salviniaceae aquaticfern TropicalAmerica 1880s
S灡molesta GiantSalvinia Salviniaceae aquaticfern TropicalAmerica 1985
Sansevieriahyacinthoides SweetSansevieria Agavaceae subshrub TropicalAfrica colonialtime?
Sapiumsebiferum ChineseTalowTree Euphorbiaceae tree EastAsia 1776
Scaevolasericea BeachNaupaka Goodeniaceae shrub OldTropics <1976
Scheffleraactinophyla OctopusTree Araliaceae tree OldTropics 1927
Schinusterebinthifolius BrasilianPeppertree Anacardiaceae tree SouthAmerica 1840s
Schismusarabicus MediterraneanGrass Poaceae annual Mediterranean <1940
S灡barbatus ArabianSchismus Poaceae annual Mediterranean <1940
Seneciojacobaea TansyRagwort Asteraceae perennial Europe 1913
S灡madagascariensis MadagascarRagwort Asteraceae annual/biennial Madagascar 1980s
S灡vulgaris CommonGroundsel Asteraceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
Sennaobtusifolia Blunt灢leafSenna Fabaceae subshrub NewTropics unknown
S灡occidentalis CoffeeSenna Fabaceae annual NewTropics unknown
S灡pendula ChristmasSenna Fabaceae shrub SouthAmerica <1930s
Sesbaniaexaltata Sesbania Fabaceae subshrub seUSA unknown
S灡punicea PurpleRattle灢bush Fabaceae subshrub SouthAmerica unknown
Setariafaberi GiantFoxtail Poaceae annual EastAsia 1920s
S灡italica ItalianFoxtail Poaceae annual China unknown
S灡glauca YelowBristleGrass Poaceae annual OldWorld unknown
S灡viridis GreenBristleGrass Poaceae annual OldWorld unknown
Silybum marianum BlessedThistle Poaceae annual/biennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Sinapisarvensis WildMustard Brassicaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
Solanumcarolinense CarolinaHorse灢nettle Solanaceae perennial seUSA,Mexico notapply
S灡diphylum Two灢leafNightshade Solanaceae subshrub/shrub CentralAmerica <1960s
S灡elaegnifolium Silver灢leafNightshade Solanaceae perennial swUSA,Mexico notapply
S灡jamaicense JamaicaNightshade Solanaceae perennialvine CentralAmerica <1930w
S灡rostratum BuffaloBur Solanaceae annual midwestNorthAmerica notapply
S灡tampicense ScramblingNightshade Solanaceae tree/shrubvine CentralAmerica 1970s
S灡torvum TurkeyBerry Solanaceae subshrub/shrub/tree CentralAmerica 1890s
S灡viarum TropicalSodaApple Solanaceae shrub SouthAmerica 1988
Sonchusarvensis FieldSowthistle Asteraceae perennial Eurasia 1814
S灡asper SpinySowthistle Asteraceae annual Europe colonialtime?
Sorbusaucuparia EuropeanMountainAsh Rosaceae tree Europe,Mediterranean colonialtime?
Sorphumalmum SorphumAlmun Poaceae annualtopennial SouthAmerica colonialtime?
S灡halepense JohnsonGrass Poaceae perennial Mediterranean 1840s
Sparganiumerectum ExoticBurReed Sparganiaceae perennialaquatic NorthTemperate notapply
Spartinaalterniflora SmoothCordgrass Poaceae perennial e,seNorthAmerica notapply
S灡patens Salt灢MeadowCardgrass Poaceae perennial e,seNorthAmerica notapply
Spartiumjunceum SpanishBroom Fabaceae shrub Mediterranean 1848
Spiraeajaponica JapaneseSpiraea Rosaceae shrub EastAsia 1870
Stachysfloridana FloridaHedge灢nettle Lamiaceae perennial seUSA notapply
Stelariamedia CommonStarwort Caryophylaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
Strigaasiatica AsiaticWitchweed Scrophulariaceae semi灢parasiticannual OldWorld <1955
S灡gesnerioides CowpeaWitchweed Scrophulariaceae semi灢parasiticperennial Africa,Asia 1979
Syngoniumpodophylum AmericanEvergreen Araceae perennialvine central&southAmerica unknown
Syringavulgaris Lilac Oleaceae shrub Europe colonialtime?
Syzygiumcumini JavaPlum Myrtaceae tree s&seAsia 1911
S灡jambos RoseApple Myrtaceae tree s&seAsia 1825
Taeniatherumcaput灢medusae Medusahead Poaceae annual Europe 1880s
Tagetesminuta WildMarigold Asteraceae annual SouthAmerica colonialtime?
9InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
w/seed 3 agriculture,desert,urban AL,CA,CT,DC,DC,DE,FL,GA,LA,MA,MD,ME,MS,NC,NH,
w/seed 5 pastures,urban,wild CA.
w/seed 5 agriculture,urban,pastures AZ,CA,CO,ID,OR,UT,WA.
horticulture,w/boat 4 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,FL,GA,LA,MA,MD,MS,NM,NY,OK,PR,SC,TX.
w/plant,w/boat 2 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX.
w/people 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,PR,VI.
oilcrops,horticulture 4 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX.
horticulture 5 shoreline,urban,wetland FL,HI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,forest,urban FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 4 agriculture,urban,wetland CA,FL,HI,PR,TX,VI.
w/people? 5 desert,urban,wild AZ,CA,NM,NV,UT.
w/people? 5 agriculture,desert,urban AZ,CA,NM,NV,TX,UT.
medicine? w/people? 3 agriculture,urban,pastures CA,ID,IL,IN,MA,ME,MI,MT,NJ,NY,OR,PA,WA,WY;BC,MB,
w/people? w/seeds? 4 urban,pastures,agriculture HI.
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,agriculture,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
medicine 3 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,CA,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,
medicine 5 horticulture,urban,wild AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,IN,KS,LA,MA,MO,MS,NC,OK,SC,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild AZ,CA,FL,HI,PR,TX.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wetland AL,AR,AZ,CA,FL,GA,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,NC,
horticulture 4 aqautic,wetland,horticulture AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX,VA.
w/seeds 2 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
w/people?w/seeds?Crops? 3 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/people?w/seeds?Crops? 3 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,ME,MI,
w/people?w/seeds?Crops? 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
medicine,w/people? 3 pasture,agriculture,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,GA,IN,LA,MA,MD,MI,MS,NH,NM,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,agriculture FL,TX.
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,FL,GA,HI,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,
w/seeds? w/people? 5 urban,agriculture,pastures FL,PR.
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,pastures AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
unknown 4 wetland,forest,wild FL.
horticulture 4 agriculture,urban,wild AL,FL,HI,MD,PR,VI.
w/people,w/seeds,w/forage 2 agricutlure,pastures,wetland AL,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,PA,SC,TN.
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,horticulture,agriculture AK,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,horticulture,agriculture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AK,CA,CT,DC,IA,ID,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,ND,NH,
w/people?w/seeds?Crops? 5 agriculture,pasture,urban AL,FL,IL,LA,MS,OR,TX,WI.
forage 2 agriculture,urban,wetland AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,
notapply 3 aquatic,wetland,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,
notapply 4 aquatic,wetland,shoreland AL,CA,CT,DE,FL,GA,LA,MA,MD,ME,MS,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OR,
notapply 5 aqautic,wetland,shoreland AL,CA,CT,DE,FL,GA,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MS,NC,NH,NJ,NY,
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,agriculture CA,HI,OR,WA.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wild CT,DE,GA,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,NC,NH,NY,OH,PA,RI,
notapply 5 horticulture,agriculture,urban AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.
w/people?w/seeds? Herbs? 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
w/people? 4 agricutlure,pastures,urban NC,SC.
w/people? 4 agriculture,pasture,urban FL.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wetland FL,PR,VI.
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,forest AR,CO,CT,DC,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,NH,
horticulture,fruit 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,HI.
fruit 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
w/people? w/seeds? 2 pastures,agriculture,wild AL,AK,ZA,AR,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,GA,HI,ID,IL,IN,IA,KS,KY,LA,ME,MD,MA,MI,
food 5 urban,horticulture,agriculture AL,CA,CT,FL,GA,HI,MA,MD,NC,PA,SC,VA;ON.
9NJ,NM,NY,OR,PA,RI,SC,TX,VA,VT,WA;NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NC,NE,NJ,NY,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,WI,WV,PR,VI.
TN,TX,VA,PR,VI.
NY,OK,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA;ON.
MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,TN,TX,VA,WA,WV;AB,BC,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;ON,QC.
MS,NC,NE,NM,NV,OK,OR,SC,TN,TX,UT,WA,PR.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,UT,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY,PR;ON.
MT,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK.
RI,SC,TX,VA,WA;NB,NF,NS,PE,QC.
OR,PA,RI,SC,TX,VA,WA;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,PR,VI.
SC,TN,VA,WV;NS,ON.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MN,MS,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WV,WI,WY,PR,VI;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NT,NS,NU,ON,PE,PQ,SK,YT.
Continuoustable 10
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
Introduced
time
Tamarixaphyla AthelTamarisk Tamaricaceae shrub/tree OldWorldTemperate 1868
Tamarixchinensis ChineseTamarix Tamaricaceae shrub/tree Asia 1800s
T灡galica FrenchTamarix Tamaricaceae shrub/tree Europe,Africa 1800s
T灡parviflora Smal灢flowerTamarisk Tamaricaceae shrub/tree Europe,Africa 1800s
T灡ramosissima Saltcedar Tamaricaceae shrub/tree Eurasia 1883
Tanacetumvulgare CommonTansy Asteraceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Taraxacumofficinale CommonDandelion Asteraceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Taxaxacumlaevigatum RockDandelion Asteraceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
Tecomacapensis CapeHoneysuckle Bigoniaceae shrubvine SouthAfrica ?
Terminaliacatappa IndianAlmond Combretaceae tree TropicalAsia colonialtime?
T灡mueleri AustralianAlmond Combretaceae tree Australia ?
Thespesiapopulnea SeasideMahoe Malvaceae tree OldWorldTropics <1928
Thlaspiarvense FieldPennycress Brassicaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
Torilisarvensis FieldHedge灢parsley Apiaceae annual OldWorld ?
Tradescantiafluminensis Smal灢LeafSpiderwort Commelinaceae perennial SouthAmerica <1933
T灡spathacea Boat灢Lily Commelinaceae perennial South&CentralAmerica ?
Tragopogondubius MeadowGoat曚s灢Beard Asteraceae annual/biennial Europe ?
Trapanatans WaterChestnut Trapaceae annualaquatic OldWorld 1859
Tribuluscistoides JamaicaFeverplant Zygophylaceae perennialvine OldTropics ?
T灡terrestris Puncturevine Zygophylaceae annual Eurasia ?
Tridaxprocumbens Coatbottons Asteraceae perennial TropicalAmerica ?
Tripleurospermumperforata ScentlessMayweed Asteraceae annual Europe ?
Tussilagofarfara Coltsfoot Asteraceae perennial OldWorld colonialtime?
Ulexeuropaeus Gorse Fabaceae shrub Europe <1894
Ulmuspumila SiberianElm Elmaceae tree EasAsia 1860s
Urenalobata CaesarWeed Malvaceae perennial TropicalAsia ?
Urochloamaxima Guineagrass Poaceae perennial Africa ?
U灡mutica ParaGrass Poaceae perennial Africa <1870
U灡panicoides LiverseedGrass Poaceae annual SouthAfrica ?
Urticadioica StingingNettle Urticaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime?
U灡urens BurningNettle Urticaceae annual Europe colonialtime?
Verbascumthapsus CommonMulein Scrophulariaceae biennial Eurasia colonialtime
Verbenahonariensis SouthAmericanVervain Verbenaceae subshrub SouthAmerica ?
V灡brasiliensis BrazilianVervain Verbenaceae annual SouthAmerica ?
Veronicaarvensis CornSpeedwel Scrophulariaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
V灡hederifolia Ivy灢LeafSpeedwel Scrophulariaceae annual OldWorld ?
V灡persica PersianSpeedwel Scrophulariaceae annual Eurasia colonialtime?
Viburnumlantana WayfaringTree Caprifoliaceae shrub/tree Europe colonialtime?
V灡opulus GuelderRose Caprifoliaceae shrub/tree northtemperate notapply
Verniciafordi TungOil Euphorbiaceae tree EastAsia 1905
Viciasativa SpringVetch Fabaceae annualvine Eurasia colonialtime?
Vincamajor BigleafPeriwinkle Apocynaceae perennialvine mediterrian 1700s
V灡minor Periwinkle Apocynaceae perennialvine Europe 1700s
Vitexrotundifolia KolokoloKahakai Verbenaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1980s
Vetiveriazizanioides KhuskhusVetiver Poaceae perennial OldTropic ?
Wedeliatrilobata BayBiscayneWedelia Asteraceae perennialvine CentralAmerica <1970s
Wisteriafloribunda JapaneseWisteria Fabaceae woodyvine Japan 1830
W灡sinensis ChineseWisteria Fabaceae woodyvine China 1816
Xanthiumspinosum SpinyCocklebur Asteraceae annual SouthAmerica <1870
X灡strumarium RoughCocklebur Asteraceae annual New World notapply
Xanthosomasagittifolium YautiaBlanca Asteraceae perennial TropicalAmerica colonialtime
Zosterajaponica JapaneseEelgrass Zosteraceae perennial EastAsia 1957
Zygophylumfabago SyrianBeanCaper Zygophylaceae perennial Mediterranean,cAsia <1910
USA:AK:Alaska,AL:Alabama,AR:Arkansas,AZ:Arizona,CA:California,CO:Colorado,CT:Connecticut,DC:WashingtonDC,DE:Delaware,
NE:Nebraska,NH:NewHampshire,NJ:NewJersey,NM:New Mexico,NV:Nevada,NY:NewYork,OH:Ohio,OK:Oklahoma,OR:Oregon,
Canada:AB:Alberta,BC:BritishColumbia,MB:Manitoba,NB:NewBrunswick,NF:Newfoundland,NS:NovaScotia,NT:NorthwestTerritories,
10
InvasivePassway
Invasive
Grade
InvasiveHabitat Distribution
invironmentalindustry,horticulture 3 wetland,agriculture,urban AZ,CA,NV,PR,TX,UT.
invironmentalindustry,horticulture 2 wetland,agriculture,urban AR,AZ,CA,CO,MT,NC,NM,NV,OH,OK,OR,TX,UT,WY.
invironmentalindustry,horticulture 2 wetland,agriculture,urban CA,GA,LA,NC,NM,PR,SC,TX,VA,WA,PR.
invironmentalindustry,horticulture 2 wetland,agriculture,urban AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,FL,ID,IL,KS,KY,LA,MA,MI,MO,MS,MT,
invironmentalindustry,horticulture 2 wetland,agriculture,urban AR,AZ,CA,CO,GA,KS,LA,MS,NC,ND,NE,NM,NV,OK,SC,SD,
medicine,horticulture 3 pastures,agriculture,wetland AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 pastures,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 pastures,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,PR.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest FL,PR.
horticulture 5 horticulture,shoreland,urban FL,HI,PR,VI.
w/people? w/seeds? 2 agriculture,pastures,urban AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 agriculture,pastures,urban AL,AR,CA,DC,GA,IA,ID,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NE,
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban AL,CA,FL,GA,KY,LA.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,horticulture FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,pastures,wild AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
horticulture?Food? 4 aquatic,wetland DC,DE,MA,MD,NJ,NY,PA,VA,VT;QC.
horticulture? 5 shoreland,wetland,urban FL,GA,HI,LA,PR,TX,VI.
w/forage 3 urban,pastures,wild AR,AZ,CA,CO,FL,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MI,MN,
? 5 urban,pastures,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture?w/seds?w/peoples? 2 agriculture,pastures,urban AK,AL,CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,
medicine 3 agriculture,forest,wild CT,DC,DE,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,
horticulture,environmentalindustry 5 agriculture,forest,pastures CA,HI,MA,NY,OR,PA,VA,WA,WV;BC.
horticulture,forest 3 urban,horticulture,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,FL,GA,FL,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 5 urban,horticulture,pastures FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
forage 5 agriculture,urban,wetland AL,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,OK,PR,TX,VI.
forage 5 wetland,agriculture,urban AL,FL,HI,MD,OR,PR,SC,TX,VI.
forage 5 agriculture,urban,wild AZ,MD,NM,TX.
w/seeds? w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,wild AK,AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
w/seeds? w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,wild AK,AL,AZ,CA,CT,FL,GA,HI,IA,IL,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,NH,
medicine 3 urban,forest,pastures AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 4 agriculture,forest,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,LA,MA,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OK,OR,SC,
horticulture 4 urban,pastures,wetland AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,HI,KY,LA,MO,MS,NC,OK,OR,SC,TN,TX,VA.
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 horticulture,urban,agriculture AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MD,MO,NC,NE,
w/people? w/seeds? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest CO,CT,IA,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MT,NY,OH,PA,VT,WI,WY;
n/a 5 horticulture,urban,forest CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,ND,NE,NH,
crops 5 wild,urban,forest AL,CA,FL,GA,LA,MS,PR.
food 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
horticulture 3 forest,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CA,GA,ID,IL,KY,LA,MA,MD,MS,NC,NY,OH,OR,
horticulture 3 forest,wetland,urban AL,AR,AZ,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 shoreland,urban AL,HI,NC,SC.
crops,invironmentalindustry 4 wetland,urban,pastures LA,PR.
horticulture 5 agriculture,shoreland,forest FL,HI,LA,PR,VI.
horticulture 3 urban,forest,wetland AL,AR,DC,FL,GA,IL,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MS,NC,NH,NJ,OH,
horticulture 3 urban,forest,wetland AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MI,MS,
w/animals,w/seeds 2 agriculture,urban,pastures,wetland,animals AL,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,
notapply 3 wetland,urban,pastures AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
food 5 wetland,urban,forest FL,PR,TX,VI.
w/boat 5 shoreland,marine,estuarine OR,WA,BC.
w/seeds 4 agriculture,urban,wetland CA,CO,ID,KS,MT,NM,NV,NY,PA,TX,WA.
FL:Florida,GA:Georgia,HI:Hawai,IA:Iowa,ID:Idaho,IL:Ilinois,IN:Indiana,KS:Kansas,KY:Kentucky,LA:Lousiana,MA:Massachusetts,
PA:Pennsylvania,PR:PuertoRico;RI:RhodeIsland,SC:SouthCarolina,SD:SouthDakota,TN:Tennessee,TX:Texas,UT:Utah,VA:Virginia,
NU:Nunavut,ON:Ontario,QC:Quebec,PE:PrinceEdwardIsland,SK:Saskatchenwan,YT:Yukon.
10
NC,NJ,NM,NV,OK,OR,PA,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA.
TX,VA.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,NU,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,NT,ON,QC,SK,YT.
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV;BC.
MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,QC,SK,YT.
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WI,WY;BC,ON.
ND,NE,NH,NV,NY,OR,PA,SD,UT,WA,WI,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,NU,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
PA,RI,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC.
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,ON,QC,SK.
MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
NJ,NM,NV,NY,OK,OR,PA,SC,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
TN,TX,VA;ON,QC.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,NB,NF,NS,ON,QC,YT.
NJ,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,SC,SD,TN,UT,VA,WA,WV;BC,ON.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
NB,ON,QC.
NJ,NM,NY,OH,PA,RI,SD,TN,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,QC,YT.
PA,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA;BC.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV;BC,NB,NS,ON,QC.
PA,SC,TN,TX,VA.
NC,NY,PA,SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WV.
MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,SC,TN,TX,UT,VA,WA,WV;NB,ON,QC,SK.
MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC,SK.
MD:Maryland,ME:Maine,MI:Michigan,MN:Minnesota,MO:Missouri,MS:Mississippi,MT:Montana,NC:NorthCarolina,ND:NorthDakota,
VI:VirginIslands;VT:Vermont,WA:Washington,WI:Wisconsin,WV:WestVirginia,WY:Wyoming.