全 文 ：Unrecorded Ethnomedicinal Uses of Biodiversity from Tadgarh-
Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary , Rajasthan , India
Anita JAIN? , S . S . KATEWA , P . K . GALAV , Ambika NAG
( Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Agrostology, Department of Botany, College of Science,
M . L . Sukhadia University, Udaipur-313001 ( Rajasthan) , India .)
Abstract: Extensiveethnomedicinal survey was carried out during the year 2003 - 2005 to document the precious indige-
nous health care practices prevalent amongthedifferent ethnic groups (Bhil, Meena, Garasia, etc) of Tadgarh-Raoli wild-
life sanctuary . This sanctuary is located in Rajsamand, Pali , and Ajmer districts of South-east Rajasthan, India . Thetrib-
als belonging to primitive or aboriginal culture possess a good deal of information about medicinal utility of biodiversity .
During the survey, it was noted that plant or plant parts aswell as animals and substances derived fromanimal origin were
commonly used by the tribals to cure various diseases and disorders . Indigenous healthcare practices, provide lowcost al-
ternatives in situation where modern health care services are not available or too expensive .
Analysis of data based on85 remedies indicates that 70 remedies arebased on45 different species of plants belonging
to 28 families and17 remedies are based on several substances of animal origin to cure various ailments through indigenous
health care practices . A list of plant and animal species along with their scientific name, parts used and the mode of ad-
ministration for effective control in different ailments are given .
Key words: Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary; Biodiversity utilization; Tribals; Rajasthan; Ethnomedicine
CLC number: Q 948 Document Code : A Article ID: 0253 - 2700 (2007) 03 - 337 - 08
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that as manyas80% of theworld′s population rely pri-
marily on plant and animal-based medicines . Among
the 252 essential chemicals that have been selected by
theWorld HealthOrganization, 11 .1% comefrompla-
nts, and 8 .7% fromanimals (Marques, 1997) .Tribal
and rural populations have a broad natural pharmaco-
poeia consisting of wild plant and animal species . In-
gredients sourced fromwild plants and animals are not
only used in traditional medicines, but are also in-
creasingly valued as raw materials in the preparation of
modern medicines . In India nearly 15 - 20 percent of
the Ayurvedic medicine is based on animal-derived
substances ( cheese, milk, meat, eggs, chicken, sea
shell and animal parts) (Unnikrishnan, 1998 ) .
Even today in most of the rural areas, people de-
pends on local traditional healing system for their pri-
mary health care . The tribals of remote areas of
Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan are totally
dependent on indigenous system of medicine for their
health care as it is difficult for them to get modern
medical facilities for their day-to-day health problems
since the government dispensaries are far away from
their bodies .
The Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary lies in
South-east region of Rajasthan, India . Geographically
the areaof sanctuary is a landof contrast, with rivers,
valleys, dense forests and sandy plains overlooked by
the ancient hillsof Aravallis . Spreadingover an areaof
497 km2 , the sanctuary represents the“Northern Tropi-
cal Dry Deciduous Forest”type . Difference in altitude
offers agreat variety of flora and fauna, which can be
seen heredueto diverse ecosystem, namely lakes, for-
ests andgrasslands . In its easternpart arefoundmoun-
tain ranges reaching to an altitude of more than 1 067
m, while the western part of this sanctuary is adjoining
to“Marwar”plains . The distinguishing characters of
climateof the sanctuary is its dryness, uncertainty of
rainfall andgreat variation in temperature during differ-
ent seasons of the year, even the climate is healthy .
There is a dry period fromOctober to June . The rain-
fall varies indifferent place and it is irregularly distrib-
uted . In thewestern plains sometimes records the tem-
perature of 48℃ , however eastern slope provides re-
云 南 植 物 研 究 2007 , 29 (3) : 337～344
Acta Botanica Yunnanica

? ?E-mail : anitajain—02 @rediffmail . com
Received date: 2006 - 04 - 20 , Accepted date: 2007 - 01 - 18
lief, as the temperature does not risemore than 38℃ .
During winters theminimumtemperaturegoes as low as
5℃ . The main floral diversity of this region is Acacia
catechu (L . f .) Willd . (Khair) , Zizyphus mauritiana
Lamk . ( Ber ) , Butea monosperma ( Lam .) Taub .
(Dhok) , Anogeissus latifolia Wall . ex Guill & Perr .
(Dhawda) , Acacia senagal ( L .) Willd . ( Kumtha) ,
Boswellia serrata Roxb . exCocls . (Salar) and Capparis
decidua (Forsk .) Edgew . (Kair) and the faunal diver-
sity is Gazella bennettii ( Chinkara) , Boselaphus trago-
camelus ( Nilgai ) , Lepus nigricollis ( Indian Hare) ,
Felis chaus ( Jungle cat) , Sus scrofa ( Indian wild
bear) . Besides thesemammals several water and terres-
trial birds and reptiles are also found .
The major tribes inhibiting in or around the sanc-
tuary are Bhil , Meena, Garasiya etc . Bhil are the ab-
original inhabitant of Rajasthan residing on the Araval-
li . The total tribal population of these three districts in
which sanctuary situated is 35 , 94 , 659 . Out of this
1% tribal population is residing in the sanctuary area
( Census 2001 ) . Originally Bhils arehunters . Thema-
in occupation of these tribes is agriculture but at pr-
esent tribal people earn their livelihood by serving as
labours in road, mines and forest operation . The sur-
rounding plants and animals form an integral part of
culture of these people and information about indige-
nous health care practices is passed on from generation
to generationorally throughoral folklore, although it is
often kept secret .
The age-old culture and traditions related to plants
and animals certainly amply to the richness of our heri-
tage . This knowledgeof rural peoplewith thetradition-
al healing practices using wild plants and animals is
now fast disappearingdue to modernization and the ten-
dency among younger generation to discard their tradi-
tional lifestyle . Medicinal folklore over the years has
proved to be an invaluable guide in present day to the
screeningof important modern drugs (e.g ., digitoxin,
reserpine, tubocurarine, ephedrine, to name a few)
that have been discovered by following leads from folk
uses (Anyinam, 1995 ) . In view of this, it is evident
theneed to document the traditional knowledge of hu-
man communities, mainly because themajority of such
communities are rapidly losing their socioeconomic and
cultural characteristics .
Studies on Indigenous health care practices among
the tribal dominated parts of Rajasthan have been car-
riedout by many workers ( Singh and Pandey, 1998;
Joshi , 1995; Sebastian and Bhandari , 1984; Katewa
and Arora, 1997; Sharma and Asawa, 1999; Katewa
et al . 2001 a, b , 2003 , 2004, 2005; Jain et al .
2003 , 2005; Jain andKatewa, 2005; Katewa and Ga-
lav, 2005) . So far no systematic investigation was ever
done on the indigenous health care practices used by
the tribal people of Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary of
Rajasthan . The paper discusses the plants and animal
products being administered as medicine by the tribals
of Rajasthan . The uses or information recorded here,
have not been mentioned hitherto .
Methodology
Ethnomedicinal surveys were conducted repeatedly by the
authors in different seasons andareas of theTadgarh-Raoli Wild-
life Sanctuary duringthe year 2003 - 2005 . Ethnomedicinal infor-
mation on wild plants and animals was collected through inter-
viewing local informants . The local informants were medicine-
men, men and women working in thefield, priest, village head-
man and birth attendant above the age of 50 years . To determine
the authenticity of information collected during field work, re-
peated verification of data from different informants and in differ-
ent timeswas done . Thus, only thespecific andreliable informa-
tion cross-checked with 13 informants has been incorporated in
present study . A structured questionnaire was used to collect data
on local plant names, uses, parts used, andmode of preparation
and administration .
During the survey some interesting folk uses of plants and
animals have come to light which are not mentioned in literature
related to alternative medicine . The collected medicinal plants
were identifiedup to species level with the helpof flora (Hooker,
1872 - 1897 ; Singh and Shetty, 1987 - 1993 ; Bhandari, 1990 ) .
Final confirmation of the identified plants was done from FRI
Herbarium, Dehradun . All the collected specimensweredeposit-
ed in the Herbarium of Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Agrostolo-
gy, Department of Botany, Collegeof Science, M . L . Sukhadia
University, Udaipur for authentication of information and further
references . The information about themedicinal properties of pla-
nts and animals are given by mentioning their Botanical name?
Zoological name, local name, habitat, parts used and the mode
of administration .
Result and Discussion
The traditional knowledge system in India is fast
eroding . There is an urgent need to invent and record
all ethnobiological information among the diverse ethnic
communities before the traditional culture is completely
lost . Often, tribals are exploited by the modern societ-
ies and they are forbidden to use the forest resources
833 云 南 植 物 研 究 29 卷
with which their lives are strongly interwoven .
Analysis of data based on 85 remedies indicates
that 70 remedies are basedon 45 different plant species
belonging to28 families (Table 1) and 17 remedies are
based on substances of animal origin (Table 2) to cure
various ailments through indigenous health care practic-
es . A review of literature indicates that the ethnome-
dicinal uses of Inula racemosa, Herminiumangustifolium
and Premna mucronata arehitherto not reported . Most of
the remedies reported in thecurrent articlearenot report-
ed in available literature ( Singh and Pandey, 1998;
Joshi , 1995; Sebastian and Bhandari , 1984; Katewa and
Arora, 1997; Sharma and Asawa, 1999; Katewa et al .
2001 a,b , 2003 , 2004 , 2005; Jain et al . 2003 , 2005;
Jain and Katewa, 2005; Katewaand Galav, 2005 ) no-
table among them are latex of Euphorbia caducifolia
Fig . 1 Location map of Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary
9333 期 Anita JAIN et al .: Unrecorded Ethnomedicinal Uses of Biodiversity fromTadgarh-Raoli Wildlife . . .
Table 1 List of Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals to cure various ailments
Name of the plant species Local name
Herbarium
number
Plant part?s or
plant product used
Mode of administration
Acacia nilotica (Linn .) Willd . ex Del . Kikar, Babul , * EA 58 ?Leaves Poultice of leaves is tied on the eyes in ophthalmia .
(Mimosaceae) Desi-babul
Achyranthes aspera Linn . Andhijhara, Undhokanto, EA150 ?Leaves Paste is prepared from the leaves and insects feeding on it, and given orally to the child suffering from
(Amaranthaceae) Kharia asthma .
Alangiumsalvifolium (L . f .) Wang . Aankol , Ankola EA 114 ?Leaves Extract of two or three leaves is taken orally by the tribals in fever .
(Alangiaceae)
Barleria prionitis Linn . ( Acanthaceae) Bajradanti , Kanta sulio EA 279 ?Root, Leaves Extract of the leaves is poured in the ear in earache .
Boerhavia diffusa Linn . ( Nyctaginaceae) Punarnava EA 107 ?Leaves Leaves are chewed by the tribals in caseof scorpion bite as an antidote .
Boswellia serrata Roxb . ex Cocls . Halar, Salar EA 52 ?Stem bark Extract of 200 gm stem bark is taken orally by the tribals to cure stomachache .
(Burseraceae)
Butea monosperma (Lam .) Taub . Dhok, Dhauk EA 190 ?Gum, Twig , Pods ( i ) 50 gmgumisfried in clarified butter, mixedwith jaggery and taken orally by thetribal ladies in backache .
( Fabaceae) ( ii) Twigs are used as toothbrush in toothache .
( iii) Pasteprepared from the pods is applied locally in scorpion bite
Calotropis procera Br . ( Asclepiadaceae) Akdo, Aak, Aakro EA 214 ?Stem latex, Root ( i) Latex of Calotropis procera is mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl) and warmed on hot iron plate by
slow heating . During heating continuous stirring should bedone . One microgram of this powder is
given orally thrice aday for five days to the patient of tuberculosis .
( ii) Extract of root is taken orally by the tribal ladies in dysmenorrhea .
( iii) The latex is applied locally to cure leucoderma . During the course of this treatment, decoction
prepared from thewhole plant of Swertia chirayita is also taken .
( iv) 4 ?gm latex of Calotropis procera is taken orally by the tribals as an antidote in rabies .
Cassia tora Linn . (Caesalpiniaceae) Punwad, Phunwaria EA 181 ?Leaves One fourth cup of leaves extract is taken thrice a day for three days to cure jaundice .
Commiphora wightii ( Arm .) Bhandari Gugal EA 201 ?Gum Gumsolvent is applied on abscesses for early cure .
(Burseraceae)
Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottl . & Willd .) Marsikand, Kadwi-nai , EA 227 ?Root ( i) One teaspoon root powder is mixed with three teaspoon refined butter and taken orally by the tribals
Hook . f . (Cucurbitaceae) Mirch bel , Kadvi bel only once as an antidote in snake-bite .
( ii) Half teaspoon of tuber extract is given to children suffering from asthma .
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn . Kali musli , Khajuri EA 126 ?Root ( i) 50 gmroot powder is taken with one cup refined butter as a first aid in snake bite .
(Hypoxidaceae) ( ii) One teaspoon powder is taken orally by the tribal women for 7 X-10 days to cure leucorrhoea and menorrhagia .
Dyerophytum indicum ( Gibs . ex Wight) Chitrak, Chitawal EA 411 ?Root Root paste is applied locally to cure scabies, eczema, warts and other skin diseases . Root paste is
O . Ktze ( Plumbaginaceae) also applied on forehead to cure migraine .
Elytraria acaulis (L . f .) Lind . Kala gathia, Galobi EA 314 ?Leaf Extract of 100gm leaves is taken orally by the tribal ladies during first 2-3 days of menses in dysmenor-
(Acanthaceae) rhoea . During the courseof this treatment, vegetableoil and acidic food is prohibited in diet .
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Thor EA186 ?Latex 4 ?gm latex of Euphorbia caducifolia is taken orally by the tribals as an antidote in rabies .
(Euphorbiaceae)
Euphorbia hirta Linn . (Euphorbiaceae) Dudhi , Choti dudhi , EA 140 ?Whole plant ( i) Extract of whole plant is given orally once or twice in a day as febrifuge to children .
Kadeya ( ii) Pasteof 2 ?-3 plants is taken orally with water to curedysentery .
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn . Phool EA 180 ?Leaves ( i) 5-6 leaves are crushed and taken orally by the tribals in enlargement of spleen . During thecourseof
(Convolvulaceae) this treatment it is advised to eat less quantity of vegetableoil , acidic foodstuff , chilly and salt .
( ii) 50 ?gm powder of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides and 50 gm of Convolvulus prostratus is mixed
in 100 dgm sugar . 10 gm of this powder is taken orally by the tribal ladies twice in a day for 10
day to cure leucorrhoea .
Foeniculumvulgare Mill . ( Apiaceae) Sanuf EA 550 ?Seed A mixture of 100 ?gmseed powder of Foeniculumvulgare, 200 gmseed powder of Papaver somniferum,
100 (gmfruit powder of Coriander sativum and 200 gm of sugar is prepared and 50 gm of this
mixture is taken by the tribal ladies early in the morning to cure leucorrhoea .
J atropha curcas Linn . (Euphorbiaceae) Ratanjot EA 151 ?Latex One drop of latex is poured in eyes to cure conjunctivitis .
Gloriosa superba Linn . (Liliaceae) Kalihari EA 222 ?Tuber Onefourth teaspoon of tuber powder is taken orally by the tribal ladiesonly once to regularize menstrual disorder .
Continue table 1
Name of the plant species Local name
Herbarium
number
Plant part?s or
plant product used
Mode of administration
Guizotia oleifera DC . ( Asteraceae) Keli teeli EA 547 ?Seed Seed powder is taken orally by the tribals to get rid of intestinal worms .
Herminium angustifoliumDC . Nazar ki dawai EA 548 ?Root Root extract is taken twice a day for three months to cure tuberculosis .
(Orchidaceae)
Holarrhena pubescens ( Buch- .Ham .) Kadu EA 137 ?Stem bark Mixture of equal quantity of stem bark and dried tuber powder of Curcuma aromatica is prepared . Two
Wall . ex G . Don ( Apocynaceae) tea spoon of this mixture is taken orally once in a day for 3 ?days to cure rheumatism . During this
treatment vegetable oil , acidic foodstuffs, chilly and salt is strictly prohibited .
Inula racemosa HK . f . ( Asteraceae) Vaada EA 549 ?Root ( i) Root is used in incense .
( ii) Poultice of crushed leaves and roots is tied over the joints in rheumatism .
( iii) Root powder is taken orally by the tribal ladies to prevent conception .
Momordica charantia Linn . Karela EA 244 ?Leaf Leaf juiceof Azadirachta indica and Momordica charantia is mixed and used as an antiseptic to wash
(Cucurbitaceae) purulent wounds for early cure .
Momordica dioica Roxb . ex Willd . Jangli karela, Kikora EA 175 ?Seeds Paste of seeds is applied on the abdomen in dysuria and also taken orally in constipation .
(Cucurbitaceae)
Mucuna pruiens (Linn .) DC . Kamach, Konch EA 356 ?Seeds The pods are dried after boiling in milk for about 2 ?-3 hours and seeds are separated from pods . Powder
( Fabaceae) of these seeds is taken orally by the tribal ladies to cure leucorrhoea .
Musa paradisiaca Linn . (Musaceae) Kala EA 363 ?Stem sap ( i ) One glass of sap collected by making incision at thebottomof thestem is given orally to tribal ladies
to develop complete sterility .
( ii) Extract of either flower or rhizome is taken orally by the tribal ladies to cure leucorrhoea .
Ocimumtenuiflorum Linn . (Laminaceae) Bapchi EA 364 ?Whole plant ( i) Tribals keep the part of plant in their pocket to keep away snakes during sleep .
( ii) Leaves of Ocimumtenuiflorum, and seeds of Piper nigrumare crushed in curd and taken orally by
the tribals to prevent growth of cancerous tumour in any part of thebody .
Opuntia elatior Mill . (Cactaceae) Kantella thor EA 481 ?Fruits ( i) J uice of 7-8 fruits is mixed with 50 gm jaggery and taken orally by the tribal ladies for 2-3 days to
develop complete sterility .
( ii) The warmed pulp of phylloclade is applied externally on abscesses and boils for speedy recovery .
( iii) Pulp of phylloclademixedwith turmeric powder ( Curcuma aromatica) is applied locally in abdominal
pain or in body pain .
Phyllanthus fraternus Webst . Bhui-amla EA 145 ?Whole plant ( i) Powder of whole plant of Phyllanthus fraternusand seed powder of Trachyspermumammi is mixedwith
(Euphorbiaceae) common salt and one teaspoon of this mixture is taken orally after each meal for easy digestion .
( ii) Extract of wholeplant is given orally once or twice in a day to children as febrifuge .
Phyllanthus virgatus Forst . F . Bhui-amla EA 545 ?Whole plant Extract of whole plant is given orally onceor twice a day to children as febrifuge .
(Euphorbiaceae)
Plumbagozeylanica Linn . (Plumbaginaceae) Chitrak, Chitraval EA 253 ?Leaves Juiceof 5 -10 leaves is taken orally by the tribals as an antidote in snake-bite .
Premna mucronata Roxb . (Verbenaceae) Ganiyar EA 551 ?Roots ( i) Extract of either roots or stem bark is taken orally by the tribal ladies once in a day for 3 /-4 days to
enhance fertility as well as chances of conception .
( ii) Extract of bark is taken orally by the tribals to cure inflammation in stomach and also tocuredysentery .
Pueraria tuberosa ( Roxb . ex Willd .) Vidarikand EA 264 ?Tuber Mixture of powder of Pueraria tuberosa tuber , whole plant of Evolvulus alisnoides, seed powder of
DC . ( Fabaceae) Papaver somnifera and seed powder of Citrullus lanatus var ?. lanatus is prepared . One teaspoon of
this powder is taken orally by the tribal men as nervine tonic and also to cure sexual debility .
Sarcostemma viminale (Linn .) R . Br . Khir , Khimp EA 95 ?Whole plant Leaves of Calotropis procera and whole plant of Sarcostemma viminale is put on light fire . The fumes
(Asclepiadaceae) evolved are inhaled by the patient suffering from lung infection .
Swertia chiratia ( Roxb . ex Flem .) Cirayata EA 552 ?Whole plant ( i) Onecupextract of wholeplant is takenorallybythetribals twice aday for 3 to7 days in intermittent fever .
Karsten ( Gentianaceae) ( ii) Extract of wholeplant is also taken as blood purifier in several skin diseases .
( iii) Worms inside thenodes of stem are given orally by the local medicineman to the child patient
suffering from pneumonia .
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn .) Bahera, Veda EA 262 ?Fruits Equal quantity of powder of dried fruits of Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chabula and Phyllanthus
Roxb . (Combretaceae) embellica are mixed and one teaspoon of this mixture is taken orally by the tribal ladies for 5 ?days
Continue table 1
Name of the plant species Local name
Herbarium
number
Plant part?s or
plant product used
Mode of administration
to regularize the menstrual disorder .
Trapa natans Linn . var ?. bispinosa Singada, Singhora, EA 534 Fruits ( i ) 50 gm seed powder of Foeniculumvulgare, 50 gmfruit powder of Trapa natans and 50 gmsugar is
(Roxb .) Makino (Trapaceae) Hingoda given daily to pregnant ladies having problem of repeated abortions .
( ii)‘Ladoos’( local sweet) prepared fromthefruit powder is eaten by the tribal ladiesto cure leucorrhoea .
Trichosanthes bracteata ( Lam .) Voigt Kakighado EA406 ?Roots One bolus of 2 to 5 gm prepared fromroot powder is taken with honey for one or two day by the tribal
(Cucurbitaceae) ladies in dysmenorrhoea .
Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn . Indrani EA 306 ?Tuber One teaspoon tuber powder is taken orally by the tribals once in aday for 3 !days in colic . 1 gm leaf
(Cucurbitaceae) powder is taken orally as an antidote in snake-bite .
Vitex negundo Linn . ( Verbenaceae) Nagad, Nirgundi EA 271 ?Root ( i) Mixtureof 100 1gmroot powder of Vitex negundo, 200 gmtuber powder of Chlorophytumborivillianum
and 100 ?gm tuber powder of Eulophia ochreata is prepared . One teaspoon of this powder is taken
orally by the tribal men with milk to cure sexual debility .
( ii) One tea spoon of root powder is taken orally with milk by the tribal ladies once in a day for 10 ?-15
days in general weakness and also in rheumatism .
( iii) Paste is prepared by mixing half tea spoon root powder of Vitex negundo with 2 ?gm jaggery, and one
teaspoon of clarified butter . Thispaste is taken orally twice aday for fivedaysto cure leucorrhoea,
gonorrhoea and also for early cure of fractured bone .
( iv) Leaf extract is poured in the eyes to cure conjunctivitis .
( v) The leaves are chewed to cure toothache .
Withania somnifera (Linn .) Padalsi , Ashgandh EA 81 ?Roots A mixtureof 250 gmroots of Withania somnifera, 50 gm tubers of Chlorophytumborivillianum, 50 gmwhole
Dunal ( Solanaceae) plant of Evolvulus alsinoides and 100 ?gmseeds of Papaver somniferum is prepared . One teaspoon of
this mixture is taken orally by the tribal menwith oneglassof milk for 15 ?to 30 daysto cure infertility .

* EA : Herbarium number of Ethnobotany and Agrostology Laboratory
Table 2 List of animals?animal products used to curevarious ailments .
Name of the animal species English name Local Name
Animal product?
animal part used
Mode of administration
Coraciasebenghalensis Indian roller - Whole bird The bird is hunted by the tribals and fed to the tribal ladies at the timeof labour pain for easy delivery .
Capra capra Goat Bakari Milk, Urine ( i) The leaves of Calotropis procera are fed to thegoat with fodder and its milk is given to the infants to cure asthma .
( ii) Paste of Curcuma domestica tuber is prepared in goat urine and given orally to children in fever .
( iii) Paste is prepared by crushing the droppings of goat in water and applied locally in scorpion bite .
( iv) Goat is sacrificed and liver is eaten by the tribals to cure night blindness .
( v) 20 Dml urine of goat is taken orally by the tribals as antidote in poisonous insect-bite .
Pavo cristatus Peacock Mor Blood Peacock is hunted by the tribals and its blood is taken orally to cure paralysis .
Columbo libea Pigeon Kabuter Excreta Paste prepared from droppings is taken orally by the tribals twice a day to cure typhoid .
Camelus dromedarius Camel Oont Droppings Ash of droppings is taken orally by the tribals in stomachache .
Polistes sp Wasp Ber Hive The paste of hive is applied on thebody to cure pain and swelling of body .
Quis aries Sheep Bhad Milk Milk of sheep is used for massageby the tribals in dislocation and deformities of bones .
Equus asinus Donkey Gadha Urine ( i) Pasteof Curcuma amada tuber and seedsof Trachypermumammi is prepared in donkey urine . One teaspoon of this paste
is given orally by the local healer twice a day for three days to cure amoebiosis .
( ii) Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi are soaked in donkey urine for about 12 ?-16 hours, then dried and powdered . The paste
is prepared from this powder either with jaggery or Sesamumoil and given daily to the ladies who have a problem of abortion .
Bos bubalus Buffalo Bhans Dung Curd is mixed in the dung and applied locally to cure eczema .
Poecillocerus strictus Grasshopper Fadka Whole insect Grasshopper is crushed and given orally to patients suffering from lung infection .
Bos indicus Cow Gai Urine Paste of 5 ?leaves of Ocimumtenuiflorumand one seed of Piper nigrum is prepared in cow urine and taken by the tribals once
in a day for one month or more to cure anemia .
and Calotropisprocera which is used as antidote in dog
bite ( to cure rabies) and roots of Plumbago zeylanica
and tubers of Trichosanthes cucumerina which are used
as antidote in snake-bite . Similarly rootsof Herminium
angustifolium is used to cure tuberculosis and roots of
Inula racemosa is used in incense . Analysisof data al-
so indicates that 17 plant species areusedby the tribals
to cure various sexual diseases and other sexual disor-
ders . The knowledgeof tribal peopleon female contra-
ceptive, which is one of the important informal innova-
tions by them, isquite relevant in the present day situ-
ation . In this context Musa paradisica and Opuntia
elatior are used by the tribal ladies to develop complete
sterility while roots of Inula racemosa are used as cont-
raceptive . To increase fertility in women, root or stem
bark is used while fruits of Trapa natans are used for
safe pregnancy . Hence, the roleof ethnomedicinal sur-
veys and field work is of crucial importance as some
miraculous medicines are known to the tribes and ab-
original .
During the survey it was noted that the tribals in
the study area in addition to plants, use some animals
both vertebrates and invertebrates and their by products
(curd, urine, milk, excreta, hive etc .) , as sourceof
curative, protective and preventive medicine . The ac-
cumulateddata in table 2 reveals that thegreat majority
of animal substances used in traditional medicine are
readily availablewhile some are derived from rare ani-
mals such as Pavo cristatus and Coraciasa benghalesis .
Because of Wildlife protection act 1972 , hunting of
wild animals are strictly prohibited but sometimes local
religious norms is superseded especially in caseof sav-
ing lifeor inother hazardous situation . In such circum-
stances tribals dare to hunt even the national bird
“Peacock”.
An interesting fact that was observed here is that
the plant products we can′t consume directly can be
taken indirectly through food chain . Because of toxic
natureof leaves of Calotropis procera it is directly not
given to children but milk of goat feeding on leaves of
this plant is given to infants to cure asthma .
The world is facing potentially massive loss of
wildlife due to over-hunting ( Robinson and Bennett,
2000 , 2002; Bennett et al . 2002 ) and over-fishing
(Boehlert, 1996; Steneck, 1998; Jennings and Kai-
ser , 1998; Jennings et al . 2001 ) . Transformation of
ecosystems brought through economic activities has
been putting severe constraints on the availability and
accessibility of specific types of plant and animal spe-
cies used for medicinal purposes ( Anyinam, 1995 ) .
For centuries, healers and indigenous people have been
collecting medicines from local plants and animals
without threatening thepopulation dynamics of the spe-
cies becauseof the low level of harvesting . Loss of tra-
ditional knowledge has much impact on the develop-
ment of modernmedicine . A great number of thesenat-
ural products have come to us from the scientific study
of remedies traditionally employed by various cultures
(Holmstedt and Bruhn, 1983 ) . In addition to plants,
there has been increasing attention paid to animals,
both vertebrates and invertebrates, as sources for new
medicines . Animals have been methodically tested by
pharmaceutical companies as sources of drugs for mode-
rn medical science ( Kunin and Lawton, 1996 ) , and
the current percentage of animal sources for producing
essential medicines is quite significant .
The list of folk medicinal plants and animals from
the tribal area of Rajasthan and their utilization will
provide basic data for further studies aimed at conserva-
tion, cultivation, traditional medicine and economic
welfareof rural and tribal population of the region .
Acknowledgement: Authors are highly thankful to the CSIR ,
NewDelhi ( India) for providing financial assistance to carryout
the present work . Authors are also thankful to the forest officials
of Rajasthan for providingthe necessary facilities during thefield
work; to the tribals for giving the valuable information; to the
authorities of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun for permitting
to consult herbariumfor final identification of plants .
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