Abstract:Based on three hundred and twelve samples of eight natural Larix principis rupprechtii Mayr populations in Hebei province of North China, ten pairs of SSR primers were utilized to study the genetic diversity and population structure of these populations. A total of 42 alleles were detected，with a mean of 4.2 bands per primer, and the alleles of each locus (Na) were 2-6. The mean allele of population was 3.36，the mean Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.749，and the observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.405 and 0.423，respectively． Among the eight populations，Taizishui and Jizi from Weichang county and Wuling mountain populations which were all located in the north of Hebei had the richest genetic diversity，while fuping population had the poorest one．The AMOVA analysis showed that the percentage variation among the populations was 3%，while the percentage variation within the populations was 97%，and Gst was only 0.028, illustrating that the genetic differentiation was quite low. Clustering result showed that，the two Weichang populations were clustered into one group，the Yuxian， Longhua and Zhuolu populations were clustered into another group，and the Fuping population and Chicheng population were clustered into one group. The Wuling population was far from the others. The north population have a higher diversity than south, it means than the Evolution direction was from north to south, and north may be the center of origin.