全 文 ：广 西 植 物 Guihaia 28(5)：620— 626 2008年 9月
Tran Xuan Cuong 一，Nguyen Thanh Nhan2，Nguyen Nghia Thin3，ZHU Hua
(1．Xishnangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Mengla 666303，China；2．Pu Mat National P口 ，
Con Cuong District，Nghe An Pro~ e，Vietnam；3．Faculty of Biology，Hanoi University of Science，Vietnam)
Abstract：Pu Mat National Park(PMNP)is situated in Nghe An Province，Central Vietnam and in the core area of the
wel—known biodiversity richness Annamite district．Based on the identification of specimens，2 018 species and 771 gene-
ra belonging to 184 families of vascular plant were recorded in the protected area of PMNP．The flora of PMNP repre—
sents 21 of the total Vietnamese flora．In the floristic composition of PMNP，magnoliophyta contributes 9O．98 spe—
cies，90．4 genera，and 83．7 families of the total flora．The families th most species richness in the flora include
Rubiaceae(37 genera／129 species)，Euphorbiaceae(36／99)，Orchidaceae(34／73)，Lauraceae(11／66)，Moraceae(10／54)，
Papilionaceae(24／51)，Fagaceae(4／50)，Myrsinaceae(5／48)and Rutaceae(14／45)．From the study on the geographical el—
ements of seed plants，11 areal types at family level and 14 areal typ es at generic level were recognized．Tropical elements
in total make up 85．6 of the total family and 90．1 of the total genera，in which tropical Asian elements contribute to
31．4 of the total genera．It is concluded that the flora of PMNP is typicaly tropical in nature，and is part of tropical A-
sian flora．
Key words：Pu Mat National Park；floristic composition；geographical elements；Vietnam
CLC Number：Q948．5 Document Code：A Article ID：1000—3142(2008)05-0620-07
1 Introduction
Vietnam is located in Mainland Southeast Asia
and has a tota1 area of 331 21 1 km2 with mountains
making up 75 of the total land area．It has a forest
cover of 37．4 of the total area(MARD，2006)．The
flora of Vietnam includes 9 628 species of vascular
plants in 2 010 genera of 291 families(Phan，1996)．It
is one of the centers of high biodiversity in the world．
Floristically，Vietnam is part of the Indochina region of
the paleotropieal kingdom(Takhtajan，1986)．The re—
gion with the highest biodiversity in Vietnam is just lo—
cated at the eastern flank of the Annamite mountain
range．
Situated in the eastern flanks of the Annamite．Pu
Mat Nature Reserve was established in 1995．and
raised to the Pu Mat National Park(PMNP)in 2001．
The Biodiversity Action Plan for Vietnam listed Pu
Mat National Park among the 1 2 highest priority sites
for biodiversity conservation in the country(Govern—
ment of SRV／GEF，1994)．
The flora of the PMNP was studied during sur—
veys in 1 993 that aimed at preparing a feasibility docu—
ment for the creation of a protected area．Baseline sur—
veys of the flora at PMNP were conducted in more de—
tails in 1998— 1999 by the program of biodiversity sur—
veys in the protected area(SFNC，2001a)．
The investigation on medicine plants has also been
done in 1 9 98 by the scientists from Hanoi University
and Vinh University，the result of this survey recorded
5 1 2 medical plant species belonging to 325 genera of
115 families(Nguyen et a1．，2001)．
In 200 1，scientists from Biological Faculty of Ha—
Received date：2007—06—18 Accepted date：2007—11-23
Foundation item：国家自然科学基金(30570128)[Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3O57O128)]
Biography：陈春强(1976一)，男 ，越南义安省人 ，硕士研究生，主要从事热带地区植物区系研究 。
Corresponding author，Email：zhuh@xtbg．ac．cn
5期 陈春强等：越南蒲马特国家自然保护区植物区系特征 621
noi National University carried out surveys on the di—
versity of the limestone flora(SFNC，2001b)．
In 2002，further surveys were conducted in high
altitude areas of the PMNP by Sub—FIPI(Forest Inven—
tory and Planning Institute)，and these surveys were
followed up in 2003 with further investigations of the
conifer communities of these high altitude areas
(SFNC，2002，2003)．
The studies on the flora of PⅣ jP were also carried
out by the monitoring of forest resources through sample
plots(SPs)and biodiversity monitoring and evaluation．
The SPs were established during 2000-2002 with 8 to—
tal of 12 plots(50 m×50 m)．These plots covered differ—
ent forest types in the protected aro_~．
The specimen collections from these surveys were
kept in the Herbarium of Pu Mat National Park
(HPNP)，the Herbarium of Hanoi University(HNU)
and the Herbarium of Botany Department，National
Centre for Natural Sciences and Technology(HN)．
Based on intermittent specimen collections of ten years
in the National Park and data from sample plots．the
present paper studied the plant diversity and the floris—
tic composition of the protected area．
2 Geography
Pu Mat Nature Reserve is 1ocated between 104。24
- 104。56 E and 18。46 一 l9。12 N in Nghe An Province
in North Centra1 of Vietnam．The P is divided into
three adminstrative districts：Tuong Duong，Con Cuong
and Anh SorL The southern boundary of the PN P fol—
Iows the internationa l border between Laos and Viet—
nalTL Tota1 area of the National Park is about 91 I13
hm2，which is one of the largest protected areas in Viet—
nam (Fig．1)．
The area has a mosaic of land—use types，including
primary forest patches，secondary vegetation，and an—
thropogenic vegetation． In the National Park，eleva—
tions range from 100 to l 841 m (above sea Ieve1)．and
9O 9／6 of the reserve is in the area below 1 000 m in ele—
vation．The steep terrains in the PMNP formed obsta—
cles to extensive clearance of forest(SFNC，2001a)．
Four main rivers named the Khe Thoi，Khe Bu。Khe
Choang and Khe Khang go through the park． All of
four rivers flow into the Ca River，which runs from
west to east，through a wide valley to the north of the
protected area in the park．The Reserve is located in a
tropical climate region．It is strongly influenced by the
cold northeastern monsoon and dry and hot southwest—
ern monsoon(from Laos)．The annua1 mean tempera—
ture is 23．6 ℃ ，with the maximum temperature of
42．7 ℃ and minimum of 1．7℃ ． The annual mean
rainfall is 1 791 mm with an average of 140 rainy days
per year(Fig．2)．
Fig．1 Location of Pu Mat National Park in Vietnam
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
J F M A M d d A S 0 N D month
Fig．2 Climate diagram in Pu M at National Park
The PMNP experiences a tropical climate，but
with conspicuous seasona1 variation．Temperature and
rainfall are heavily influenced by the south-west mon—
soon which creates a hot and humi d summer(May to
October)，regarded as the rainy season，and a dry and
cooler winter(November to April)．During the winter，
fog is quite common in the areas of lower elevation．
The area is dominated by three main soil types，
一；u)co m d1o∞L
—o 一0Jn Ja拿∞J．
622 广 西 植 物 28卷
including typical feralite soil，feralite humus soil on the
mountains and alkaline humus soil developing mainly
on sedimentary rocks with a heavy and light mechani—
cal composition(SFNC，2003)．
Based on the classification system of vegetation
type on Vietnamese tropical forests by Thai Van
Trung(1978)，the PMNP primary vegetation can be di—
vided into four main types as following：Elfin forest，
Tropical evergreen seasonal forest，Coniferous closed
tropical evergreen rain forest and Tropical evergreen
broad-leaved forest．
Elfin forest occurs mainly above 1 500 m altitude
and covers 1 450 hm。，representing 1．6 of the core
zone．Tropical evergreen seasonal forest occurs on the
mountain above 800 m in the north and northwest of
the core zone．Co niferous closed tropical evergreen rain
forest elistributed on montane slopes above 1 000 m al—
titude in the north of the PMNP and above 900 m in
the south of protected area．Tropical evergreen broad-
leaved forest is the main vegetation type in PMNR and
covers 70 of the total area，below 800 m altitude．
Floristic composition
Ba sed on identification of specimens in the Herbari—
um of Pu Mat National Park(HPNP)，the Herbarium of
the Vietnam National University，Hanoi(HNU)，and the
Herbarium of Botany Department，Nationa1 Centre for
Natural Sciences and Technology，Hanoi(HN)，2 018
species belonging to 771 genera in 184 families of vascu—
lar plants were recorded from PMNP．
Table 1 Diversity of plant groups represented
in the flora of PMNP
Ma gnoliophyta，contributing 1 836 species(90．98％
of the total flora)，697 genera(90．4 )and 154 families
(83．7 )，is the major plant group．Polypodiophyta with
149 species，59 genera and 20 families，is the second lar—
gest group．Others are Lycopodiophyta with 18 species，
4 genera and 2 families；Pinophyta with 13 species，9
genera and 6 fami lies and Equisotophyta as well as Psy—
lotophyta(1 species，1 genus and l fami ly respectively)
(Table 1)．
Distribution of taxa of the PMNP flora is similar
to Vietnamese flora(Table 2)：the Magnoliophyta
makes up 9 1 0A of the total flora，folowed by Polypo—
diophyta，which contributes 7 0,4．
The PMNP flora represents 21 of the total Vi—
etnamese flora．The PMNP flora contains representa—
tives of all groups of the Vietnamese flora，including
half of Equisetophyta and the whole of Psilotophyta．
Table 2 Species numbers and percentage of
the total Vietnamese flora in the PMNP
In PMNP，the twenty fami lies wi th most species
contribute 970 species (48．1％) and 314 genera
(40．2 )of the tota1 flora(Table 3)．
The families with most species richness include
Rubiaceae (37 genera／129 species)，Euphorbiaceae
(36／99)，Orchidaceae(34／73)，Lauraceae(11／66)，
Moraceae(10／54)，Papilionaceae(24／5 1)，Fagaceae
(4／50)，Myrsinaceae(5／48)，Rutaceae(14／45)，Ver—
benaceae(8／43)，Annonaceae(12／34)，Compositae
(20／34)，Caesalpiniaceae(13／32)，Ericaceae(5／32)，
Melastomataceae(12／32)，Theaceae(8／31)，Apoc—
ynaceae(15／30)，Gramineae(23／30)，Urticaceae(11／
30)and Acanthaceae(13／27)．
Some families have only a small number of species
in PMNP，but they are the dominant fami lies in phyto—
sociologicalimportance(domi nant in individuals)，such
5期 陈春强等：越南蒲马特国家自然保护区植物区系特征 623
as Dipterocarpaceae，Juglandaceae and Illicinaceae．
Table 3 Twenty families with most species-richness
in Pu Mat National Park，Vietnam
Table 4 Twenty genera with most species richness
in Pu Mat National Park
At the generic level，twenty genera with most spe—
ties richness contribute 3 18 species(15．8 )of the to—
tal flora(Table 4)．Ficus has the highest species rich—
ness with 39 species(1．9 of the total species in PM—
NP)．Other genera with high species richness include
Ardisia(26 species)，Lithocarpus (20)，Syzygium
(18)，Litsea (17)，Diospyros (16)，Rhododendron
(16)，Castanopsis(16)，Bauhinia(15)，Quercus(13)，
Smilax(13)，Symplocos(13)，Elaeocarpus(12)，C／n—
namomum (12)，Bulbophyllum (12)，Lasianthus(12)，
Mussaenda(12)，Psychotria(12)，Piper(12)，Clero—
dendrum (12)．
4 Geographical elements
The seed plants in PMNP(Pinophyta and Magno—
li0phyta)include 1 849 species belonging to 706 genera
and 1 60 families． The geographical elements of seed
plants of PMNP flora were analyzed in Table 5 and Ta —
ble 6．
According to the area1 types of World fami lies of
seed plants published by Wu Zheng-Yi(2003)，the dis—
tribution types of the PM NP flora at fami ly level were
concluded in Table 5．
Table 5 Distribution types of family of seed plants
in Pu Mat National Park
In the flora of PMNP，families of strictly tropical
distribution contribute 19．5％ of the total sum of the
flora．These fami lies include those of Old W orld tropi—
cal distribution，such as Alangiaceae，Leeaceae，Pandan—
aceae，Pittosporaceae，Sonneratiaceae；Tropical Asian to
tropical American distribution，including Elaeocarpace—
ae，Gesneriaceae，Styracaceae，Pandaceae and Verben—
aceae~Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia，such as
624 广 西 植 物 28卷
Daphniphyllaceae， Stemonaceae， Xanthophyl1aceae；
Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa，such as Ancistrocla-
daceae，Pandaceae~and Tropical Asian，such as Pen—
taphylaceae，Pentaphragrnataceae，Sabiaceae．The fami—
lies that have species diversity in tropical areas but
range beyond the tropics contribute 45 of the total
flora．These families include Acanthaceae，Apocynace—
ae，Araceae，Euphorbiaceae，Lauraceae，Meliaceae，Vita—
ceae，Urticaceae，etc．The families，which are distribu-
ted mainly in subtropical area，make up 14．5 ，inclu—
ding Aceraceae，Aquifoliaceae，BusaCeae，Ericaceae，Fa—
gaceae， Hamamelidaceae， M agnoliaceae， Sabiaceae，
Symplocaceae，and Utmaceae．Families of mainly tem—
perate distribution contribute 2 1．3 9／6 of the tota1 flora，
such as Ranunculaceae，Umbelliferae，Compositae，Gra—
mineae，Rosaceae，Scophu1ariaceae，Cruciferae and Labi—
atae．
Based on the plant book(Mabberley，1 997)and
Wu’s(1991)classmcati0n of generic distribution types，
the distribution patterns of the seed plants in PMNP at
the generic level are quantified and given in 1、ab1e 6．
Table 6 Distribution type of genera of seed plants
in Pu Mat National Park
The genera of Tropical Asian(centre of the Old
World tropics)distribution，such as Alphonsea，Arto—
carpus，Calamus，Chukrasia，Citrus，Duabanga，Kne一
n，M ycetia，Wendlandia etc．，show the highest per—
eentage among all distribution types，contributing to
3 1．4 of the flora． Genera of pantropical distribu—
tion，such as Ardisia，Bauhinia，Capparis，Croton，
Cryptocarya，Dioscorea，C-netum，Lasianthus，Piper，
Trema，Uncaria etc．，contribute to 23．4％ of the flo—
ra,Folowing are the genera with Old W0rld tropical
distribution，such as Adenia，Antidesma，Canarium，
Canthium，Elatostema，Fissistigma，Loranthus，Toxo—
carpus．Genera with distribution from tropical Asia to
tropical Australia include Adenosma，Ailanthus，Bal—
anophora，Caryota，Cinnamomum ，Hoya，Lagestro—
emia，Madhuca，Melastoma，Tetrastigma，Wikstroemia．
Genera with the tropical Asia to tropical Africa distri-
bution include Ancistrocladus，Artabotrys，Bornbax，
Flacourtia，Garcinia，Markhamia，Ochna，Phrynium，
Premma，~ isqualis， Strobilanthes， Strophanthus，
Taxilus and Urophyllum．
Genera with tropical Asia& tropical America dis—
tribution include Ageratum，Helicteres，Homalomena，
Meliosma，Phoebe，Sapindus，Sloanea and Turpina．
The genera of tropical dist ution(types 2—7)composed
9O．1 (636 genera)of the total number of genera，
while genera of subtropical and temperate elements
make up to 9．8 of the total number of genera．
These genera include those of north temperate，such as
Acer，Betula，Carpinus，Fagus，Myrica，Prunus，Rho—
dodendron，Vaccinium ；East Asia and North America
distribution，such as Ampelopsis，Disporum，Illicium，
Maclura，Osmanthus，Photinia；Old World temperate
distribution，such as Lactuca，Ligustrum t Paris tZeiko—
wa；and East Asia distribution，such as Actinidia，Au—
cuba，Cephalotaxus，D旋ianthus，Otochilus and Ptero—
carya．The Vietnamese endemi c has only one genus，i．
e．Poilannammia．These data show that the flora of
Pu Mat National Park is tropical in nature and has
strong tropical Asiatic affinity．
5 Conclusions
5．1 Assessment of plants diversity
The flora of PMNP includes al vascular plant
phyla and contains representatives of all plant groups
of Vietnamese flora．It has 2 018 species，771 genera
belonging to 1 84 fami lies．Each family has an average
of 4．2 genera and 10．1 species，and each genus has 2．6
5期 陈春强等：越南蒲马特国家自然保护区植物区系特征 625
species．The flora of PMNP makes up 20．96 of the
total 9 628 Vietnamese species．The largest group is
Magnoliophyta with 1 836 species belonging to 697
genera in 1 54 families and accounts for 90．98 ，
9O．4O and 83．70 9，6 of the total species，genera and
families of the flora of PMNP respectively．
The top 2O fami lies with most species richness，
representing only 1 0 of all families but contribute
48．O7％ of the total species and 40．20 of the total
genera in the flora．They are Rubiaceae，Euphorbiace—
ae，Orchidaceae，Lauraceae，Moraceae，Papilionaceae，
Fagaceae，Myrsinaceae，Rutaceae，Verbenaceae，Annon—
aceae etc．The top twenty genera with most species，
representing 2．56 0,4 of al genera in the flora but con—
tribute 15．76％(318 species)of the total species．They
include Ficus，Ardisia，Lithocarpus，Syzygium ，Lit—
sect，Diospyros，Rhododendron，Castanopsis，Bauhinia，
Quercus，Smila，Symplocos，Elaeocarpus etc．
5．2 The characteristics of the flora
In floristic elements，the total 1 60 seed plant fami —
lies could be classified into 1 1 distribution types，and
the tota1 706 genera could be classified into 14 distribu-
tion types． At the family level，the pantropical distri—
bution contributes to the most in tropical elements，and
the north temperate distribution contributes to the
most in the temperate elements．At the generic level，
the tropical Asian and pantropical distributions are the
domi nant tropical elements．The East Asia distribution
is the most domi nant temperate element．
The tropical families in total contributes to 85．6 of
the families，and the temperate families in total contribute
to 14．4 ． Tropical floristic elements at generic levels
make up a majority and contribute to 90．1 of the total
flora of PMNP It is revealed that the flora of PMNP is
tropical in nature and has strong tropical Asian affinity．
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the directorate of Pu
Mat National Park for allowing the research work；also
to the Herbarium of Hanoi Nationa1 University(HNU)
and the Herbarium of Institute of Ecology and Biologi—
cal Resources of Vietnam(HN)for specimen checking．
W e also thank Mr．Vo Cong Anh Tuan，Mr．Le Dong
Hieu who are working in scientific section of PⅣ【NP
for designed the map and field assistance．
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越南蒲马特国家自然保护区植物区系特征
陈春强1一，阮青闲2，阮义辰3，朱 华
(1．中国科学院 西双版纳热带植物园，云南 勐腊 666303；2．越南蒲马特国家公园，
越南 义安；3．越南河内大学 生物系，越南 河 内 )
摘 要：蒲马特 国家公园位于越南中部的义安省，国际著名的生物多样性极为丰富的 Annamite山系的核心地
区。基于植物标本鉴定，在蒲马特国家公园保护区内记录有维管束植物 184科，771属，2018种(包括变种和亚
种)。该植物区系占整个越南植物区系的21 ，其中的木兰亚纲植物占该植物区系总种数的90．98％，总属数的
90．4％及总科数的83．7 。含种数最多的科包括茜草科(37属／129种)，大戟科(36／99)，兰科(34／73)，樟科
(11／66)，桑科(10／54)，蝶形花科(24／51)，壳斗科(4／50)，紫金牛科(5／48)及芸香科(14／45)等。在种子植物地理
成分组成上，有 11个科的分布区类型及 14属分布区类型，其中，热带分布型分别占总科数的85．6 和总属数的
90．1 ，并且在其热带分布属中，热带亚洲成分占总属数的31．4 。这些特征显示，蒲马特国家公园植物区系是
典型热带性质的植物区系，属于热带亚洲植物区系的一部分。
关键词：蒲马特国家公园；植物区系组成；地理成分；越南
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主要栏目：植物分类学、系统演化植物学、民族植物学、植物生态学、生物地理学、植物生理学 、分子生物学、植
物化学、化学生物学等。
读者对象：从事植物学研究的科技人员、大专院校师生，以及相关学科 ，包括农、林、牧、医药 、轻工、水产和环
保等方面的科技工作者。
《广西植物》为国家中文核心期刊(中国自然科学核心期刊)、中国科技核心期刊、中国科学引文数据库
(CSCD)核心库期刊。已被《中文核心期刊要 目总览》、中国科技论文与引文数据库(CSTPCD)、中国核心期刊(遴
选)数据库、中国知识资源总库《中国科技期刊精品数据库》、《中国生物学文摘 》、《中国生物学文献数据库》、美国
《化学文摘》(CA)、美国《剑桥科学文摘 ：自然科学》(CSA：NS)、俄罗斯《文摘杂志》(AJ)、日本《科学技术文献速报》
(JST)、英国《邱园索引)(Index Kewensis)、英国《国际农业与生物科学研究中心》文摘(CABI)、万方数据数字化期
刊群等三十多种国内外著名检索期刊、重要数据库作为核心期刊或统计源期刊收录。本刊曾相继获广西第四届、
第五届、第六届十佳期刊奖。
订阅方式：全国各地邮局均可订阅(邮发代号：48—43)。如漏订，本刊编辑部可办理邮购。
通讯地址：广西桂林市雁山 广西植物研究所 《广西植物》编辑部(邮编：541006)；电话、传真：0773—3550074。
E-mail：guihaia@gxib．cn；网址 http：／／www．gxib．cn
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