全 文 ：文章编号:1004—5570(2004)03-0010-09
Preliminary research on the mammals is nature reserve of Alsophila
of Chishui in Guizhou Province
DENG Shi-qun ,GUO Wei ,LI Dao-hong
(School of Geography and Biology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang , Guizhou 550001 , China)
Abstract:A preliminary investigation and collection of mammals were conducted in nature reserve of Chishui of
Guizhou from the 9th to 18th of November ,2003.Over 10 samples of mammals were obtained.Through identification
and classification ,with original record of materials , this protection area has 60 speices of mammals in all ,belonging to 8
orders ,21 families ,45 genera.Wildlife under key national protection are 3 kinds of grade I and 11 kinds of grade II.
Speices in Oriental realm are the main body from the component disrtict , 45 kinds in all , accounting for 75% of the
number of mammals in the nature reserve.The disrtibuting type relies mainly on the southeast Asian tropical zone -
subtropical zone type.There are 35 kinds , accounting for 58.3%of the total kinds in the nature reserve.Six are Chine-
ses special kinds , accounting for 10%of the mammals.In addition , there are 13 kinds of endangered mammals ,3 kinds
of mammals in imminent danger , and 1 kind of rare mammal , accounting for 9.8%,2.3%and 0.75%, respectively , of
the Chinese animals on the brink of extinction.
Key words:mammals;nature reserve of Alsophila of Chishui;Guizhou Province
贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类的初步研究
邓实群 ,郭 微 ,黎道洪
(贵州师范大学 地理与生物科学学院 , 贵州 贵阳 550001)
摘要:2003 年11月 9 日～ 18日对贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类进行了初步调查和采集 , 共采获兽类标本 10 余
号 ,经鉴定和分类 , 加上原有资料的记载 ,该保护区共有 60 种兽类 , 隶属 8目 21 科 45属 ,其中国家重点保护野生
动物 I级 3种 , II级 11种。从区系组成看 ,以东洋界种为主体 , 共 45种 , 占保护区兽类种数的 75%。分布型以东
南亚热带—亚热带型为主 , 有 35 种 , 占保护区兽类种数的 58.3%, 中国特有种有 6 种 , 占保护区兽类种数的
10%。此外 ,易危兽类有 13 种 , 濒危兽类有 3 种 , 稀有兽类有 1 种。分别占中国濒危动物的 9.8%, 2.3%和
0.75%。
关 键 词:兽类;赤水桫椤自然保护区;贵州省
中图分类号:Q958.3 文献标识码:A
10
收稿日期:2004-03-25
基金项目:the content of natural science of fund item in our country(30060013)
作者简介:DENG Shi-qun(1978-), female ,maser , speciality:zoology of environment.
第 22 卷 第 3期
2004年 8 月
贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版)
Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences)
Vol.22.No.3
Aug.2004
DOI :10.16614/j.cnki.issn1004-5570.2004.03.003
0 preface
About getting inside the province relevant research
report have more of mammals[ 1 ～ 4] , the research reports
have mainly carried on the discussion to composition of
the mammals , species diversity and distributing about the
regional mammals , etc.Analyse about district s compo-
sition in the district of the mammals in our country mani-
ly that studies the report
[ 5～ 7] .There is more especially
the study on the country protects and mammmals in im-
minent danger report[ 8 ,9] .The mammmals in the nature
reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui seldom are studied
completely
[ 10 ,11] , have mainly analysed the composition
and district of the species.But has not seen yet that
there are reports in case study of carrying on comprehen-
sive research , such as composition , district department s
characteristic , distributing type and rare species to the
species , etc.For this reason ,we have carried on the pre-
liminary investigation and study to the mammmals in the
nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui of Guizhou ,
Report the result of study as follows.
1 environment
The nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui lies
in in the western hu downtown district of Chishui county
of north of Guizhou Province , locate in north latitude 28°
23′∽28°27′, east longitude 105°59′∽ 106°03′.This
district lies in northwest slope of large lou mountain
range in north of Guizhou plateau , and can be said to be
in the slope area on the edge of the south of Sichuan
Basin to the low slope hillfoot area that falls of Sichuan
Basin.The river valley take the form of ”v”shape or”u”
shape , the trend with total terrain is high in the south-
east , the Northwest is low.The peak is that the chicken
steep in the protection zone covers the rock and mountain
peak of southern side , 1 455meters above sea level.the
Dong s ditch in the entrance place of Jinsha ,331.5 me-
ters above sea level in the minimum place.The ground
form has the characteristics that the high slope and steep
valley of mountain are deep.Protection zone produce
stratum that reveal for going to chalk interconnected sys-
tem insert and upper cretaceous stratum , red mauve
brown to gray getting purple thick layers of cubic
feldspar ,quartz sandstone for brick.The climate of the
protection zone belongs to the moist monsoon climate of
middle subtropical zone.Climate have weak radiation ,
little illumination , high temperature , heavy humidity ,
plentiful precipitation , many cloudy and mist and rainy
the days , vertical widely different characteristics.The
protective zone can be divided into two pieces of heat
bringing in the protection zone , Namely above sea level
700 meters under ditch valley similar to the south sub-
tropical climatic zone and climatic zone of middle sub-
tropical zone of the mountain region 700 meters above
sea level of area.The formerwhich has over10℃ activi-
ty accumulated temperature is about 5 100∽6 400℃;
the days which are more than 10℃ are 230∽310d;the
coldest months(January)average temperature is 5.0 ∽
9.0℃;the lowest temperature of extreme is over -
2℃.The latter which has over 10℃activity accumulat-
ed temperature is in 4 200∽5 100℃;200∽230 days
which has temperature over 10℃, The coldest month
(January)average temperature2.0∽5.0℃.The extreme-
ly lowest temperature is from -2 to -9℃.The vege-
tation is dense in the district , precipitation is plentiful ,
the annual average precipitation is 1 200∽1 300mm.It
is domatic to lift the wind rising in the warm wet air cur-
rent , the annual precipitation can exceed 1 500 mm.The
slope shape is covered , therefore the air humidity is
large , the annual average relative humidity is up to 86%
∽90%.The geographical position that the protection
zone is in , has determined the subtropical nature of the
vegetation.The representative vegetation type of area is
the moist evergreen broad leaf woods of middle subtropi-
cal zone 700 meters above sea level in the district , the
Fagaceae , the Lauraceae , the Theaceae , theAraliaceae
some kinds of plants as the prevalance.It is the ditch
valley area under 700 meters in the elevation , it is the
subtropical rainforest type of the south.The development
is as representatives plants community with Alsophila ,
Musaceae , Colocasia esculenta , Have times of natural
disposition vegetation such as fallen leaf broad leaf
woods smoothbark birch groups and large half artificial
woods one group of mao bamboo of area.The above -
mentioned conditions have offered the good environment
for many kinds of growth of biological species and rare
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第 3 期 邓实群 , 郭 微 ,黎道洪:贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类的初步研究
animals and plants.
2 work methods
2.1 visitation:Through visiting a lot of experienced
hunters and peasants , according to the description of the
characteristic , Find out about distribution , activity laws ,
feeding habits of the species , etc.
2.2 collects the materials:To carrying on overall col-
lection about this area before and present materials.
2.3 on-site inspections:mammals in this area car-
ried on on-site inspection were watched from 9 to 18
November 2003 , little mammmals were caught by special
means , To bat being with catching network to catch , to
analyze large-scale mammals according to footprint and
somethings from bodies etc.Obtain samples and take
back room to identify and classify and make samples to
keep , And put relevant data in order and gather.
3 results and analysis
3.1 The composition of species
This investigation has caught over 100 one samples
altogether , observed 300 over , through identifying and
adding to original materials record are added up to 60
kinds , belonging to 8orders , 21families , 45genera(see
form 1).
Form 1 mammals list of nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui of Guizhou
Categorised nam
Species
in oriental realm
widely spread
species
species of
palaearctic realm
Distributing type
INSECTIVORA
Soricidae
Crocidura Wagler
Crocidur attenuata + D
Anourosorex Anderson
Anourosorex squamipes + C
Blarinella Thomas
Blarinella quadraticauda + C
CHIROPERA
Vespertilionidae
Murina Gray
Murina leucogaster + A
Myotis Kaup
Myotis daubentoni + B
Myotis altarium + D
Myotis myotis + B
Miniopterus Bonaparte
Miniopterus schreibersii + B
Pipiatrellus Kaup
Pipistrellus abramus + A
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus Lacepede
Rh.macrotis + A
Rh.thomasi + A
Rh.blythi + A
Rh.affinis + A
Rh.cornutus + A
Hipposideridae
12
贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版) 第22卷
Continue Form 1
Categorised nam
Species
in oriental realm
widely spread
species
species of
palaearctic realm
Distributing type
Hipposideros Gray
Hipposideros armiger + A
PRIMATES
Cerconpithecidae
Macaca Lacepede
Macaca mulatta + A
Macaca thibetana + A
PHOLIDOTA
Manidae
Manis Linnaeus
Manis pentodactyla + A
LAPOMORPHA
Leporidae
Lepus Linnaeus
Lepus capensis + B
RODENTIA
Petauristidae
Trogopterus Heude
Trogopterus xanthipes + F
Seiuridae
Callosciurus Gray
Callosciurus erythraeus + A
Hystricidae
Hystrix Linnaeus
Hystrix hodgsoni + A
Hystrix Cuvier
Atherurus macrourus + A
Rhizomyidae
Rhizomys Gray
Rhizomy pruinosus + A
Muridae
Apodemus Kaup
Apodemus agrarius + E
Mus Linnaeus
Mus musculus + E
Rattus Fischer
Rattus flavipectus + A
Rattus norvegicus + E
Rattus nitidus + A
Berylmys bowersi + A
Niviventer
N.fulvescens + A
N.confucianus + A
N.coxingi + A
Leopoldamys
L.edwardsi + A
Platacanthomyidae
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第 3 期 邓实群 , 郭 微 ,黎道洪:贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类的初步研究
Continue Form 1
Categorised nam
Species
in oriental realm
widely spread
species
species of
palaearctic realm
Distributing type
Typhlonys Mile-Edwards
Typhlomys cinereus + D
CVRNIVORA
Canidae
Nyctereites Temminck
Nytereutes procyonoides + F
Vulpes Oken
Vulpes vulpes + E
Ursidae
Selenarctos Heude
Selenarctos thibetanus + A
Mustelidae
Martes Pinel
Martes flavigula + A
Arctonyx F.Cuvier
Arctonyx collaris + A
Mustela Linnaeus
Mustela kathiah + D
M.sibirica + E
Melogale Geoffroy
Melogal.moschata + D
Meles Brisson
Meles meles + A
Lutra Brisson
Lutra lutra + A
Viverridae
Viverra Linnaeus
Viverra zibetha + A
Viverricula Hodgson
Viverricula indica + A
Paguma Gray
Paguma larvata + A
Felidae
Felis Linnaeus
Felis bengalensis + A
Felis chaus + A
Panthera Oken
Panthera pardus + B
Profelis Severtzov
Profelis temmincki + A
Neofelis Gray
Neofelis nebulosa + A
ARTIODACTYLA
Suidae
Sus Linnaeus
Sus scrofa + E
Cerridae
14
贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版) 第22卷
Continue Form 1
Categorised nam
Species
in oriental realm
widely spread
species
species of
palaearctic realm
Distributing type
Moschus Linnaeus
Moschus berezovskii + C
Muntiacus Rafinesgue
Muntiacus muntjak + A
Muntiacus reevesi + D
Elaphodus Milne-Edwards
Elaphodus cephalophus + D
Bovidae
Naemorhedus H.Smith
Naemorhedus goral + F
Capricornis Ogilby
Capricornis sumatraensis + A
Note:Southeast subtropical zone of A:- the subtropical zone type , B:old continent tropical zone - the subtropical zone type , C:
crosspiece mountain range -Himalaya type , D:south China type , E:northern type , F:monsoon type
Adds up to 60 kinds of beasts in form 1 , accounts
for 42.3% of the total kinds of numbers of mammals of
Guizhou(142).They are most the CVRNIVORA among
them ,have 18 , accounts for protection zone mammals to-
tal kinds of 30% of number.The RODENTIA and the
CHIROPERA are quite a few , are 16 kinds and 12 kinds
respectively , accounts for 26.67% and 20% of mam-
mals total kinds of numbers of protection zone respec-
tively.Through this investigation , find out the N.ful-
vescens the prevalent kind , its catching rate is 5%.In
the environment of the cave , the Miniopterus schreibersii
were observed more than 200 , in large quantities.
3.2 The analysis of the district
The species is mainly or totally assigned to and de-
termine as species in Oriental realm.Cross over the
Palaearctic realm and two Oriental realm , even the speices
which goes beyond two bounds , determine as the widely
spread speices.Mainly or totally assign to the Palaearctic
realm , determine as speices of Palaearctic realm , 60
kinds of mammals in form 1 ,45 kinds belong to speices of
Oriental realm , accounts for 75%of all speices numbers ,
have 8 widely spread speices , accounts for kinds of
13.3%of numbers ,have 7 kinds of speices of Palaearctic
realm , Accounts for 11.7% of all numbers.Therefore ,
the prevalent mammals are speices in Oriental realm.The
fauna of Oriental realm has characteristic of mainland dis-
trict ,because the climate is warm and moist , the vegeta-
tion is dense , the animal is various in style.Because the
nature reserve area of Alsophila is in the deep ditch val-
ley , the climate of the protection zone belongs to the moist
monsoon climate of middle subtropical zone.The climate
has weak radiation , lack illumination , high temperature ,
humidity getting heavy , plentiful precipitation , many
cloudy and mist and rainy days , vertical widely different
characteristic.Precipitation is plentiful , the air humidity
is large ,which obviously reflects that mammals kinds are
mostly warm wet types of Southeast Asia , For instance:
the Crocidur attenuuta , the Mustela kathiah , the Melogal.
Moschata etc.
3.3 Distribution types
According to Rong Luo
tributing types.
A:Southeast subtropical zone -the subtropical
zone type ,distributed in the region:The southeast of A-
sia , including the Indian peninsula , the middle and
southern peninsula and nearby island , The tropical , sub-
tropical area of our country , some kinds are extended to
the temperate zone northwards along the monsoon dis-
trict.There are 35 kinds of mammals distribution of
nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui.For in-
stance :the Viverricula indica , the Neofelis nebulosa
etc.
B:Old continent tropical zone - the subtropical
zone type , distributed in the region :Europe s Asian
tropical zone and subtropical zone , some kinds can be
15
第 3 期 邓实群 , 郭 微 ,黎道洪:贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类的初步研究
expanded to the temperate zone of Eurasia , Extend to
the temperate zone along the monsoon district in our
country.There are 5 kinds of mammals distribution of
nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui.For in-
stance:the Panthera pardu , the Lepus capensis etc.
C:Mountain range of crosspiece - Himalaya
type , distributed in the region:in the mountain range ,
under the low mountain and forest belt of south of xi-
malaya , some kinds are extended to the mountain region
around.There are 3 kinds of mammals distribution of
nature reserve area of Alsophila of Chishui.For in-
stance : the Moschus berezovskii , the Anourosorex
squamipes etc.
D:South China type , mainly or only distributed on
Japan circle of our country.There are 7 kinds of mam-
mals distribution of nature reserve area of Alsophila of
Chishui.For instance: the Elaphodus cephaloph ,
Mustela kathiah etc..E:Northern type , is distributed in
the region :The cold temperate zone of north of Eurasi-
a , temperate zone , some kinds are extended to the south
along the monsoon district.There are 7 kinds of mam-
mals distribution of nature reserve area of Alsophila of
Chishui.For instance:The Sus scrofa , the Meles meles
etc..
F:The monsoon type , is distributed in the monsoon
area of our country mainly.There are 3 kinds of beasts
distribution of nature reserve area of Alsophila of
Chishui.For instance:the Nytereutes procyonoides , the
Trogopterus xanthipes etc.
See form 2 in proportion of the distribution type.
Form 2 distribution type numbers and proportion of
mammals distribution type of nature reserve area
of Alsophila of Chishui ,Guizhou
Items A B C D E F
Kinds 35 5 3 7 7 3
Proportion(%) 58.3 8.3 5.0 11.7 11.7 5.0
Among them , preponderances in the southeast sub-
tropical zone - the subtropical zone type(58.3%), be-
cause the climate of the protection zone belongs to the
moist monsoon climate of middle subtropical zone , The
latitude that is in low.And have been distributed in a
lot of southeast subtropical zones within the border -
subtropical mammals.
4 resources appraising
4.1 focused protective mammals
Distributed in 60 kinds of mammals in nature re-
serve area of Alsophila of Chishui , And forest Chinese
wild animal department that edit protect and manage reg-
ulation file which collects 14 kinds mammals of protec-
tion in 1994 according to wild animal , Ministry of
Forestry of the People s Republic of China , I , II grade
mammals of protection , It is that I , II grade protect
46.7% that the mammals are protected the number(30
kinds)to account for this province.See the distribution
map of this protection zone.
Note:A:Macaca mulatta B:Macaca thibetana C:Manis pentodactyla
D:Selenarctos thibetanue E:Viverra zibetha F:Lutra lutra G:
Viverricula indica H:Neofeli s nebulosa I:Felis chaus J:Panthera
pardus
The distribution of mammals of I and
II grades in ChiShui
There are mammals that belong to I grade protection
the Panthera pardus , the Neofelis nebulosa , the Moschus
berezovskii ,which amount to 3 kinds.Among them , the
number of the Panthera pardu and the Neofelis nebulosa
are less ,quantity of the Moschus berezovskii is relatively
more.
There are mammals that belong to II grade protec-
tion that have the Macaca mulatta , the Macaca thi-
betana , the Manis pentodaetyla , the Selenarctos thi-
betanus , the Lutra lutra , the Viverra zibetha , the Viver-
ricula indica , the Felis chaus , the Profelis temmincki , the
Capricornis sumatraensis , the Naemorhedus goral , amount
to 11 kinds.
16
贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版) 第22卷
4.2 peculiar kinds of China
The mammals of peculiar kinds in China have 110
kinds , in nature reserve area of Chishui , Chinese pecu-
liar kinds have 6 kinds , Accounts for 5.5% of China s
peculiar kinds of numbers , takes 10% that the mammals
of protection zone.there are the Macaca thibetana , the
Trogopterus xanthipes , the Moschus berezovskii , the
Muntiacus reevesi , the N.fulvescens , the Myotis altari-
um.
4.3 rare species in imminent danger
According to the red book of immient speices of
mammals in China by wangsong etc ,The grade in immi-
nent danger of species that this book adopts is as fol-
lows:Disappear(Ex)wildly:Means that the wild popu-
lation has already disappeared , but the one that was put
artificially in a suitable place to breed or raise is remain-
ing.
Disappear(Et)at home:Means that the domestic
wild population has already disappeared , but still there
are wild populations abroad.
In imminent danger(E):Means that the wild popu-
lation has already reduced to the critical degree that is
closed to extinction or disappearance , and there is still
continuing to the factor of endangering.
Apting to endanger(V):Means wild population has
dropped obviously already , if we don t take effective
protective measures ,which certainly will become”in im-
minent danger ” , or because an approximate species”in
imminent danger ” , so we must protect and so as to en-
sure the existence which deserves the species”in immi-
nent danger ”.
Scarcity(R):Means that since ordered the name ,
there are only limited discovery records altogether so far ,
Its quantity is rare , which hasn t reasons of people.
Uncertainity(I):Fuzzy to meaning of situation ,
somethings have indicated andmight belong to or it is to
be suspected in” endangering” and”in imminent danger
” .
Among 60mammals of Chishui , belonging to apting
to endanger have 13 , in imminent danger have 3 kinds ,
A scarcity has one.
4.3.1 Apting to endanger(V):Having 13 belongs to
apting to endanger , accounts for Chinese animals on the
brink of extinction kinds of 9.8% of 133 , accounts for
protection zone mammals 21.7% of number.There are
the Macaca mulattathe , the Macaca thibetana , the Manis
pentodactyla , the Trogopterus xanthipes , the Atherurus
macrourus , the Selenarctos thibetanus , the Felis ben-
galensis , the Profelis temmincki , the Naemorhedus goral ,
the Capricornis sumatraensis , the Lutra lutra , the Viverra
zibetha , the Viverricula indica
4.3.2 In imminent danger(E), there have 3 kinds in
imminent danger , accounts for Chinese animals on the
brink of extinction kinds of several 2.3% of 133.Ac-
counting for 5% that the mammals of protection zone s
number , they are Panthera pardus , Neofelis nebulosa ,
Moschus berezovskii.
4.3.3 Scarcity(R):there have 1 kind of scacrity , ac-
counts for Chinese animals on the brink of extinction
kinds of 0.75% of 133 , accounts for protection zone
mammals 1.7%of number , Felis chaus , it has another
name , also calls the rough racoon dog , leopard cat ,bodi-
ly form is bigger than other wildcats.Four limbs are rel-
atively long , but the end is relatively short.The whole
body hair color is unanimous.Lack obvious stripe on
one s body ,The end of ears are brown , they have rare
short cluster hair.Perch in small stream and river two
sides and bushes in the lakeside more , often in the activ-
ity in the daytime , Consume mice and frogs mainly.
Form 3 the data of Murina leucogaster s appearances Appearance(weight:g;measure:mm;)
Number
of sample
sex weight body′s length end′s length arms′length ears′length latter
feet′s length
03-chishui-002 ♂ 11.1 49 68 41 11 8
Form 4 the data of Murina leucogaster s skull Skull(mm)
Number
of sample
sex skull′s length basic skull′s
length
cheekbone′s
width
rearhead width eyes width
upper
teeth width
03-chishui-002 ♂ 19 16 10.5 9.5 6 7
17
第 3 期 邓实群 , 郭 微 ,黎道洪:贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区兽类的初步研究
The Murina leucogaster , (according to Chishui′s
samples to describe), though it doesn t belong to I , II
grade and imminent danger to protect among them , But
the situation , find one only in Xifeng and Chishui nature
reserve area according to the survey of cave bat of
Guizhou in recent years , Its quantity is extremely rare.
Its another name also calls the big Murina leucogaste.
The measurement to its appearance and skull is as fol-
lows.
5 brief summaries
Our country is one of the most important countries
which protect wild animal in the world ,Chishui Alsophi-
la nature reserve areawhether of our country natural veg-
etation keep relatively intact , rich wild animal resources
and protective animal kinds are more in the nature re-
serve area.Chishui Alsophila nature reserve area has
high scientific research value ,we must strengthen to pro-
tect for scarcity , imminent danger , apting to endanger ,
China peculiar species of kinds.We should protect the
diversity of the mammals , strengthen the work of propa-
gation and education in this respect , make and carry out
the relevant protection laws and regulations strictly.In-
crease the input in fund , strengthen the management and
infrastructure building the protection zone.Try our best
to reduce the interference and destruction to beasts
habitat.Promote economic development of protection
zone , should pay attention to carrying on the harmonious
development of economic development and one s own e-
cological balance of the protection zone too at the same
time.
Acknowledgement:This thesis has got Chishui de-
partments all levels of government and relevant leaders
energetical support during field investigation , During the
investigation and writing , I received the help of
Gehonglin ,Linyucheng ,Chengongxuan ,Liuchang , Thank
you in the lump here.
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