全 文 ：Journal of Forestry research, 18(3): 213–216 (2007) 213
DOI: 10.1007/s11676-007-0043-7


Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical
properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

JIANG Jing-hui, REN Hai-qing, LU Jian-xiong, LUO Xiu-qin, WU Yu-zhang
Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration,
Beijing 100091 China

Abstract Three concentrations (2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%) of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary (ACQ) was selected to treat Lodgepole pine wood
for evaluating ACQ treatment on mechanical properties of blue-stained wood. The bending modules of elasticity (MOE), modules of rupture
(MOR), toughness and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface, are tested according to the criteria GB1927~1943-91.
Non-treated sample were also tested according to the same procedure. The results showed that the three groups specimen impregnated by
different concentrations of ACQ solution met the AWPA standard 2003 of America (UC4A 6.4g/cm3). There were significant difference of
toughness between treated wood and non-treated wood (p=0.01), but there were no statistically significant differences among three concen-
trations in terms of toughness, and toughness of treated wood was approximately 20% lower than non-treated. MOR, MOE as well as
shearing strength parallel to grain were found to be not significantly different between treated wood and non-treated one, and there were no
statistically significant difference among three concentrations of ACQ too. Toughness, MOR, MOE and shearing strength parallel to grain
increased with decrease of concentration of ACQ, but they were hardly affected by ACQ preservatives.
Keywords: Lodgepole pine wood; Blue-treated wood; Non-treated wood; Toughness; Modules of rupture; Modules of elasticity;
Shearing strength parallel to grain



Introduction

The major defining characteristics of lumber cut from trees that
have been infected with the mountain pine (Pinus montana Mill.)
beetle are the extension of blue-stained fungi in the sapwood
(Byrne 2003). Previous studies showed that bending properties
(MOE and Toughness) between blue-stained clear wood and
non-stained one are comparable, in contrast, mean bending
strength of non-stained wood are lower than blue-stained wood
(Lu et al. 2005). On the other hand, the non-stained part of the
specimen was rarely impregnated only the surface, in contrast,
the blue-stained part was thoroughly impregnated. In order to
extend the application of blue-stained Lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta Dougl. ex Loud) wood, preservative treatment test of
the blue-stained wood with Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary
(ACQ) of three different concentrations were conducted. To
evaluate the influence of ACQ treatments on blue-stained wood
mechanical properties, is to determine if blue-stained wood
treated by three concentration of ACQ differs from blue-stained
wood without treatment in respects of the following four me-

Foudation project: Chinese Academy of Forestry cooperated with Canada
Innovation Investment.
Received: 2007-06-7; Accepted: 2007-07-10
© Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag 2007
Electronic supplementary material is available in the online version of this
article at http://dxdoi.org/10.1007/s11676-007-0043-7
Biography: Jiang Jinghui, male, Assistant Pro. Master, Major: Wood sci-
ence and technology. Address: Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chi-
nese Academy of Forestry; Beijing China, 100091. Tel：010-62889437
Email: jiangjh@forestry.ac.cn
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

chanical properties: toughness, bending modulus of elasticity
(MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and shearing strength paral-
lel to grain on tangential surface.

Material and methods

Material

The blue-stained Lodgepole pine samples were collected from
British Columbia, Canada. Toughness tests were carried out ac-
cording to GB1940-91(1992). During the test, approximately 164
blue-stained clear specimens (20mm×20mm×300mm) with about
100% of blue-stained are used. Bending modulus of elasticity
(MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) tests were carried out
according to GB1936.1-91 and GB1936.2-91. During the test,
approximately 120 blue-stained clear specimens, 20mm× 20mm
×300mm, with about 100% of blue-stained are used. The shear
strength parallel to grain test was conducted according to
GB1937-91, and during the test, approximately 144 blue-stained
clear specimens (40mm×20mm×35mm) with about 60% of
blue-stained are used, but a part of the sample sheared must be
blue-stained.
ACQ solution are used conforming to ASTM 5654-95 (2000)
and AWPA Standard 2003, ACQ must meet UC4A level, and
retention of ACQ should equal to or surpass 6.4kg·m-3, and based
on the previous results, so concentrations of ACQ we chosen are
1.2%, 2.0% and 2.8% respectively.

Methods

Impregnating and drying
All the specimens were divided into four groups after
air-seasoning. One group was not impregnated by the ACQ solu-
tion, and the other three groups were impregnated by ACQ solu-
JIANG Jing-hui et al. 214
tion with concentrations of 1.2%, 2.0%, 2.8% separately. In order
to increase retention and depth of penetration, vacuum pressure
treatment method was used. ACQ solution, as a sort of wood
preservative solution, was impregnated into the specimen, draw a
vacuum of 0.09 MPa and hold it for 30 min, then release the
vacuum and apply a pressure of 0.8 MPa for 2 h. After that, the
pressure was released for 5 min. Finally, each specimen was
weighed again. As shown in Table 1, when the retention of three
concentrations of ACQ exceed UC4A level of 6.4 kg·m-3, the
more the concentration of ACQ was required, the higher the
retention of ACQ was. Other three groups were air-dried for two
weeks, and the moisture content of treated specimen should be
about 12% after oven dried at temperature of 60ºC, then, the
specimens were conditioned over two weeks in a conditioning
chamber set at a temperature of 20ºC and a relatively humidity of
65%.

Table1 Retention of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary (ACQ)
MOR and MOE Toughness Shearing strength Concen-
tration of
ACQ (%)
Retention
（kg/m3）
Coefficient
of Variance
（%）
Retention
（kg·m-3）
Coefficient
of Variance
（%）
Retention
（kg·m-3）
Coefficient
of Variance
（%）
1.2 7.8 9.19 7.9 6.37 6.9 11.98
2.0 13.5 5.58 13.3 5.94 11.7 12.55
2.8 19.0 4.40 18.3 8.03 16.4 12.04

Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties tests are in accordance with national
standards of People’s Republic of China testing methods for
physical and mechanical properties of wood, using Japanese
NMB company 5 ton universal mechanical testing machine and
Ji Nan universal mechanical testing machine, in terms of tough-
ness, bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture
(MOR), and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential
surface, to compare impregnated with non-impregnated
blue-stained wood.
Toughness tests, following GB1940-91, were performed on
three impregnated groups and one non-impregnated group, in
each group, there are 41 of clear specimens. The average mois-
ture content of toughness test specimens in this study is ap-
proximately 10.88%.
Bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture
(MOR) tests, following GB1936.1-91and GB1936.2-91, were
performed on the four groups. There were 30 clear specimens in
each group. The displacement rate of the crosshead was main-
tained at 2.5 mm·min-1. This resulted in an average time to fail-
ure of about 1.5 min. Prior to calculating both MOE and MOR in
the bending test, cross-section was measured. Although all
specimens were conditioned to an equilibrium moisture content
corresponding to a constant environment of a temperature of
20ºC and a relative humidity of 65%, blocks were cut from the
samples and the moisture content was determined by the oven
drying. The average moisture content was found to be 11.84%
with a coefficient of variance of 9.76%.
Shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface tests,
following GB1937-91, were performed on the four groups, in
each group there were 36 clear specimens measuring
40mm×20mm×35mm. The displacement rate of the crosshead
was remained constant. This leads to an average time to failure
of about 1.5 min. Although all specimens were conditioned to an
equilibrium moisture content corresponding to a constant envi-
ronment of a temperature of 20ºC and a relative humidity of 65%,
blocks were cut from the samples and the moisture content were
determined by oven drying. The average moisture content was
found to be 10.88% with a coefficient of covariance of 3.5%.

Results and discussions
Toughness
As shown in Table 2, the toughness of the non-treated
blue-stained sample was higher than the treated ones, and the
mean toughness of the non-treated sample is 29.4 kJ·m-2. The
three kinds of concentration of ACQ are 1.2%, 2.0% and 2.8%
respectively, the mean toughness of the three treated groups are
25.2, 24.2 and 22.5 kJ·m-2 in sequence. The concentration of
ACQ increased as the toughness decreased (see in Fig. 1).
As shown in Table 3, analysis of variance showed that there
were very significant differences in toughness between treated
and non-treated blue-stained specimen, however, there were no
statistically significant differences among three concentration of
ACQ (see in Table 4).

Table 2 Toughness test results ·
Toughness（kJ·m-2） Concentration
of ACQ (%)
Sample
size Max Min Mean
Coefficient of
Variance（%）
Non-treated 41 43.7 13.6 29.4 27.3
1.2 41 48.6 13.1 25.2 33.7
2.0 41 37.3 14.3 24.2 27.0
2.8 41 47.0 11.7 22.5 29.9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
non-treated 1.20% 2.00% 2.80%
Concentration of ACQ
To
ug
hn
es
s（
kJ
?m
-2
)

Fig. 1 the concentration of ACQ and Toughness relationship

Table 3 Variance analysis on toughness of blue-stained wood treated
by the ACQ solution and non-treated
Source SS df MS F-value P-value
Significance
level
Brand 1119.32 3 373.1065 8.75572 2.06E-05 ***
Error 6818.063 160 42.61289
Total 7937.382 163

Journal of Forestry research, 18(3): 213–216 (2007) 215
Table 4 Variance analysis on toughness of blue-stained wood treated
by three concentration of ACQ solution
Source SS df MS F-value P-value
Significance
level
Brand 164.8941 2 82.44707 1.95278 0.146362 *
Error 5066.444 120 42.22037
Total 5231.338 122
Note：***: 0.01 Significance level，**: 0.05 Significance level，*:Not
Significant

Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture
As shown in Table 5, the mean MOE of specimens treated by
ACQ of concentration of 1.2%, 2.0% and 2.8% respectively, are
13.6 MPa, 13.5 MPa and 12.9 MPa accordingly, and the mean
MOE of non-treated was 13.0 MPa nearby the MOE of the ACQ
of 2.8%. The concentration of ACQ increased as the MOE de-
creased (see in Fig. 2). As shown in Table 6, analysis of variance
showed that there were no significant differences in MOE be-
tween treated and non-treated blue-stained specimens.

Table 5 MOE test results
MOE (MPa) Concentration
of ACQ (%)
Sample
size
Max Min Mean
Coefficient of Variance
(%)
Non-treated 30 18.1 8.8 13.0 16.3
1.2 30 16.8 10.6 13.6 12.5
2.0 30 20.5 10.5 13.5 17.2
2.8 30 19.4 9.4 12.9 18.9

Table 6 Variance analysis on MOE of blue-stained wood treated by
the ACQ solution and non-treated
Source SS df MS F-value P-value
Significant
level
Brand 11.38483 3 3.794943 0.812702 0.489334 *
Error 541.6666 116 4.669539
Total 553.0514 119
Note：***: 0.01 Significance level，**: 0.05 Significance level，*:Not
Significant
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
1.2% 2.0% 2.8%
Concentration of ACQ（%)
M
O
E（
M
Pa
)

Fig. 2 The concentration of ACQ and MOE relationship
The result of MOR closely resembles that of MOE. As shown in
table 7, the mean MOR of the non-treated blue-stained sample is
88.1 MPa, the mean MOR treated by ACQ of three concentration
of 1.2%, 2.0% and 2.8% are 90.1MPa, 86.3 MPa and 82.9 MPa,
respectively. The concentration of ACQ increased as the mean
MOR decreased (Fig. 3). As shown in Table 8, the analysis of
variance showed that there were not significant differences in
MOR between treated and non-treated blue-stained specimens.

Table 7 MOR test results
Concentration
of ACQ (%)
Sample
size
Max
(MPa)
Min
(MPa)
Mean
(MPa)
Coefficient
of vari-
ance(%)
Non-treated 30 124.5 68.3 88.1 15.3
1.2 30 111.5 65.7 90.1 12.8
2.0 30 108.7 60.2 86.3 13.6
2.8 30 116.0 51.1 82.9 15.5

Table 8 Variance analysis on MOR of blue-stained wood treated by
the ACQ solution and non-treated
Source SS df MS F-value P-value
Significance
level
Brand 857.2964 3 285.7655 1.843377 0.143165 *
Error 17982.65 116 155.0228
Total 18839.94 119
Note：***: 0.01 Significance level，**: 0.05 Significance level，*:Not
Significant
80.0
82.0
84.0
86.0
88.0
90.0
92.0
1.2% 2.0% 2.8%
Concentration of ACQ（%）
M
O
R（
M
Pa
)

Fig. 3 The concentration of ACQ and MOR relationship

Previous studies showed that treatments of ACQ and CuAz of
different concentrations had little influence to MOE and MOR,
and there were no significant differences between treated and
non-treated the wood of Fir (Abies nephrolepis) by Wang et al.
(2004), which agree with our results.
Shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface
The result of shearing strength parallel to grain closely resembles
that of bending tests. As shown in Table 9, the mean Shearing
strength parallel to grain of the non-treated blue-stained sample
is 8.8MPa, meanwhile, the mean Shearing strength parallel to
grain treated by ACQ of three concentrations of 1.2%, 2.0% and
2.8% are 8.6MPa, 8.5MPa and 8.5MPa, respectively. The con-
centration of ACQ went up as the Shearing strength went down
(see in figure 4). As shown in Table 10, the analysis of variance
showed that there were not significant differences in Shearing
JIANG Jing-hui et al. 216
strength parallel to grain between treated and non-treated
blue-stained specimens.
Table 9 Shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface
ACQ (%) Sample
size
Max
(MPa)
Min
(MPa)
Mean
(MPa)
Coefficient of
variance (%)
Non-treated 32 10.9 7.1 8.8 11.4
1.2 32 11.3 7.0 8.6 13.1
2.0 32 10.4 6.0 8.5 13.0
2.8 32 10.8 6.2 8.5 13.3

Table 10 Variance analysis on shearing strength parallel to grain on
tangential surface of blue-stained wood treated by the ACQ solution
and non-treated
Source SS df MS F value P-value
Significance
level
Brand 2.492877 3 0.830959 0.695321 0.556598 *
Error 148.1891 124 1.195073
Total 150.6819 127
Note：***: 0.01 Significance level，**: 0.05 Significance level，*:Not
Significant

8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
non-treated 1.2% 2.0% 2.8%
Concentration of ACQ（%）
Sh
ea
rin
g
st
re
ng
th
（
M
Pa
)

Fig. 4 Concentration of ACQ and shearing strength parallel to grain
on tangential surface relationship


Conclusions

The whole specimen impregnated by ACQ solution with concen-
tration of 2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%, respectively, can meet the AWPA
standard 2003 of America (UC4A 6.4kg/m3).
There were significant difference of toughness between treated
wood and non-treated wood (p=0.01), but there are not statisti-
cally significant in terms of ACQ of three concentration, the
concentration of ACQ fell as the toughness rose.
MOR, MOE as well as shearing strength parallel to grain be-
tween treated blue-stained wood and non-treated one was found
to be not significantly different, and there are not statistically
significant different among ACQ of three concentration, the
concentration of ACQ became lower as MOR, MOE and shear-
ing strength parallel to grain got higher.
MOR, MOE as well as shearing strength parallel to grain were
hardly affected by ACQ preservatives，but toughness by treated
ACQ were approximately 20% lower than non-treated wood.

References

American Society for Testing and Materials. 2000, 4 (10) D5654-95，Standard
specification for ammoniacal copper quat type B (ACQ-B),: 628−629.
American Wood Preservatives Association (AWPA) Standard.2003, E7-01:
Method of evaluating wood preservatives by field tests with stakes.
Byrne, A. 2003. Characterizing the properties of wood containing bee-
tle-transmitted bluestain: background, material collection and summary of
findings, Forintek Canada Corp. report to the Forest Innovation Investment
Program. Vancouver. BC.
Lu Jianxiong, Fu Feng, Ren Haiqing. 2005. Characterizing the properties of
bluestained Lodgepole pine wood of British Columbia, Canada. Chinese
Academy of Forestry report to the Forest Innovation Investment Program.
Beijing, China
National Standards of People’s Republic of China. 1991.GB1927~1943-91.
Testing methods for physical and mechanical properties of wood. Beijing:
Standards Press of China,.
Wang Zhao-hui, Wu Yu-zhang, Fei Ben-hua, Jiang Ming-liang. 2004. Influ-
ence of ACQ and CuAz treatments on wood mechanical properties. China
Wood Industry, 18(3), 17~19, 22.



Chinese Abstracts 3
黑曲霉对二氯甲烷提取物进行抑菌性能测试，结果表明该提
取物对黑曲霉没有抑菌能力。图4表2参29。
关键词:日本花柏；心材外缘；二氯甲烷提取物；气质联机；
抑菌.
CLC number: Q946.8 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2007)03-0042-08

07-03-009
ACQ 防腐剂对扭叶松蓝变部分木材力学性能的影响/江京辉
任海青 吕建雄 骆秀琴 吴玉章（中国林业科学研究院木材工
业研究所，国家林业局木材科学与技术重点实验室，北京
100091）//Journal of Forestry Research.-2007, 18(3): 213−216.
本文利用三种不同浓度 ACQ 防腐剂对扭叶松蓝变木材
进行浸注处理，其浓度分别为 1.2%、2.0%和 2.8%。研究其
抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、冲击韧性和顺纹剪切强度（弦面）
与未处理蓝变木材相应力学性能的差异，测试标准参照
GB1927~1943-91。研究结果显示，经浸注处理后的试样均达
到美国 AWPA 标准 UC4A 等级规定的药剂保持量；ACQ 防
腐处理大约降低了 20%扭叶松蓝变木材的冲击韧性，与未防
腐处理试样对比，在 0.01水平上有显著差异，但不同浓度间
差异不显著；三种浓度 ACQ处理间以及与未处理的扭叶松蓝
变木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹剪切强度差异不显
著；随着 ACQ浓度的降低，冲击韧性、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性
模量和顺纹弦面剪切强度有所增大，但影响都很小。图 4 表
10 参 6。
关键词：扭叶松，蓝变处理材，非处理材，冲击韧性，抗弯
强度，抗弯弹性模量，顺纹剪切强度（弦面）
CLC number: S781.2 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2007)03-0213-04

07-03-010
不同水分条件下紫藤叶片光合作用的光响应/张淑勇(中国林
业科学研究院林业研究所， 北京 100091；国家林业局林木
培育重点实验室，北京 100091)，夏江宝(滨州学院黄河三角
洲生态环境研究中心，滨州 256603)，周泽福(中国林业科学
研究院林业研究所， 北京 100091；国家林业局林木培育重
点实验室，北京 100091)，张光灿(山东农业大学林学院，泰
安 271018） //Journal of Forestry Research.-2007, 18(3):
217−220.
通过测定 2 年生紫藤叶片气体交换参数的光响应，确定
紫藤正常生长发育所需的土壤水分条件。结果表明：紫藤的
光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）及水分利用效率（WUE）对
土壤湿度和光照强度的变化具有明显的阈值。维持紫藤同时
具有较高 Pn和WUE的土壤湿度范围，在体积含水量（VWC）
为 15.3%～26.5%，其中最佳土壤湿度为 23.3%。适宜的土壤
水分条件下，紫藤光饱和点在 800µmol·m-2·s-1 以上，在水分
不足（VWC为 11.9%，8.2%）或渍水（VWC为 26.5％）时，
光饱和点低于 400µmol·m-2·s-1。此外，光响应曲线表明，随着
光合有效辐射（PAR）增加到一特殊点，气孔限制值（Ls）和
胞间 CO2浓度出现相反的变化趋势。这个点的光合有效辐射
称为光合作用由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制的转折点。并且
不同水分条件下的转折点各不相同，当 VWC 为 28.4%，
15.3% 11.9%和 8.2%，转折点分别为 600， 1000，1000 and 400
µmol.m-2.s-1。总之，紫藤通过对自身生理机能的调节，对水
分胁迫具有较高的适应能力。图 6参 26。
关键词：净光合速率；土壤湿度；光合有效辐射；水分利用
效率；紫藤
CLC number: Q945.11 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2007)03-0217-04

07-03-011
传感器数量对应力波检测原木内部缺陷精度的影响/王立海，
徐华东， 周次林， 李莉， 杨学春 (东北林业大学，哈尔滨
150040) //Journal of Foresetry Research.-2007, 18(3): 221−225.
木材无损检测技术是高效利用木材的方法之一。该文阐
述了应力波法检测木材缺陷的原理，分析了传感器数量对图
像的拟合度和误差率两个指标的影响。结果表明，当原木直
径在 20～40cm范围内时，若需对原木缺陷进行精确测量，要
求图像拟合度接近 90%和误差率在 0.1左右时，至少需 12个
传感器才能满足要求；当不需要对原木缺陷进行精确测量，
只需确定缺陷的大致位置时，宜选用 10个传感器进行测量；
当仅仅需要判断原木是否存在缺陷时，选用 6 个传感器就能
满足要求。图 3表 4参 8。
关键词：传感器数量；原木缺陷检测；应力波；图像拟合度
CLC number: S 781.2 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2007)03-0221-05

07-03-012
污泥对苗圃生长的银合欢幼苗发芽和初期长势的影
响/G. M. A. Iqbal, S. M. S. Huda*, M. Sujauddin and M. K.
Hossain (Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Uni-
versity of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh)//Journal of
Forestry Research.-2007, 18(3): 226−230.
研究了不同类型的污泥（城市的、工业的和住宅污泥）
对苗圃生长的银合欢幼苗田间萌发、生长和分枝的影响。播
种前先将不同类型污泥的混合物与养分匮乏的自然林土壤混
合。播种的 3 和 6 月后，记录幼苗大田发芽、分枝状况和其
他物理生长参数（枝条或根长、活力指数、茎直径、叶片数、
分枝或根鲜重和干重、总的生物量干重增长）等。与对照幼
苗相比，混合污泥的土壤中生长的幼苗田间发芽、分枝状况
及其他生长参数均发生了显著变化。与其它条件生长的幼苗
相比，住宅污泥与土壤混合（1：1）条件生长的 3 月龄和 6
月龄幼苗分枝数和分枝鲜或干重均最高。就生长参数而言，
住宅污泥与自然林土壤混合（1：1）生长的幼苗长势最好。
研究表明：退化的土壤补偿以住宅污泥可促进银合欢的田间
发芽、生长以及分枝的形成。图 1表 3参 29。
关键词：银合欢；污泥；田间发芽；幼苗生长；分枝；活力
指数
CLC number: S718 Document code: A
Article ID: 1007−662X(2007)03-0226-05

07-03-013
鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛群落土壤呼吸日变化和季节变化特征
/金钊(中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京 100101；中