全 文 ：Received date：2011-06-21
Foundation item：Guangxi Aquatic and Animal Husbandry Bureau Natural Science Foundation（GYMK072409）
Biography：YANG Jia-huang（1952-）， male, researcher and adjunct professor， Research interests: Animal nutrition, and application
and development of feed resources for livestock. * Corresponding author， E-mail： hrc750810@126.com
Effect of diets supplemented with Wedelia Chinensis plants on
nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Hepu geese
YANG Jia- huang，LUYu- fa，HE Ren- chun*，HUANGLi- xia，LIANG Fang- fang，
LUGui- you
（Guangxi Institute of Animal Science，Nanning 530001，China）
Abstract： 【Objective】The studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with Wedelia chinensis
on nutrients digestion and growth performance of goose. 【Method】Ninety-six 21 d Hepu geese with similar body weight
were randomly selected in 4 groups and given 4 treatments of diets： concentrate + fresh elephant grass （diet 1）； concentrate
+ fresh W. chinensis （diet 2）； concentrate +10% W. chinensis powder + fresh W. chinensis （diet 3）； concentrate + 22%
W. chinensis powder + fresh W. chinensis （diet 4）. Each group of geese （24 geese in 1∶1 of male∶female ratio） was fed
indoor in triplicate for 42 d and digestion was monitored after 7 d of adaptation to the diets. The apparent digestibility of
dietary nutrients was determined and the blood physiological indices and slaughtering traits were also measured at the end
of trial. 【Result】The results showed lesser apparent digestibility of dry matter （DM） and energy in geese fed with diet 4
compared to those fed with diet 1， 2 and 3 （P<0.05）. The geese fed diet 2， 3 and 4 showed better apparent digestibili-
ty for fibrous materials， including acid detergent fiber（ADF）， neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and hemi-cellulose， compared
to geese fed with diet 1 （P<0.05）. No significant differences were observed for digestion of other nutrients among the 4
diets （P>0.05）. The geese fed with diet 2 showed higher daily weight gain than those fed with diet 1， 3 （P<0.05） and
diet 4 （P<0.01）， however， geese fed with diet 1 and 3 did not show significant difference amongst them （P>0.05）. Also，
no significant difference was observed in blood physiological indices and slaughter traits among 4 groups （P>0.05）. 【Conclu-
sion】It may be concluded that W. chinensis can be used as a good feedstuff for geese when it is supplemented with diet in
proper form and suitable ratio.
Key words： Hepu geese； Wedelia chinensis； nutrient digestibility； growth performance； diet plan
CLC number：S835 Document code：A Article：2095-1191（2011）10-1271-05
蟛蜞菊组成日粮对合浦鹅养分
利用和生产性能的影响
杨家晃，卢玉发，何仁春*，黄丽霞，梁方方，卢桂猷
（广西畜牧研究所，南宁 530001）
摘要：【目的】探讨蟛蜞菊作为日粮主要成分对鹅生长性能和养分利用率的影响。【方法】将96羽21日龄体重相近
的合浦鹅随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复8羽（4公4母）；分别喂4种不同日粮：日粮1为基础精料+鲜象草；日粮2
为基础精料+蟛蜞菊鲜草；日粮3为基础精料+10%蟛蜞菊干草粉+蟛蜞菊鲜草；日粮4为基础精料+22%蟛蜞菊干草粉+
蟛蜞菊鲜草。试鹅全舍饲，预饲7 d后开始进行42 d的饲养，期间进行消化代谢跟踪，测定日粮养分的消化代谢率。试验
结束后测定试鹅血液生化指标和屠宰性能。【结果】日粮组4的试鹅干物质和能量表观消化率明显低于日粮组1、2和3
（P <0.05）；但日粮组2、3和4的纤维物质（酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和半纤维素）消化率明显高于日粮组1（P <0.05）；4
组日粮间的养分消化率无显著差异（P >0.05）；日粮组2试鹅的日均增重明显高于日粮组1和3（P<0.05）以及日粮组4
（P <0.01）；但日粮组1和3之间没有显著差异（P >0.05）。4组试鹅之间的血液生化指标和主要屠宰性能也没有显著差异
（P >0.05）。【结论】只要利用的形式和比例恰当，蟛蜞菊可作为饲养鹅的良好饲料。
关键词：合浦鹅；蟛蜞菊；养分消化率；生长性能；精料
http：//www.nfnyxb.com
南方农业学报 2011，42（10）：1271-1275
Journal of Southern Agriculture
Goose is herbivorous poultry and can consume
many nutrient rich grasses and some other roughage.
Different formulations of diet with nutritious grasses
or roughage can possibly reduce the cost of feed in
goose poultry farms and save a reasonable amount of
food resources for other animal industries. China has
91.05% of total worlds geese population （China
Agriculture Yearbook， 2007） and developing a substitute
南 方 农 业 学 报
diet material for them will solve the economy of feed
cost to a great extent. Little effort has been made to
formulate nutritious dietary substitute using grasses or
roughage as revealed by scarce literature on this as-
pect. The objective of the current study was to evalu-
ate the effect of diets supplemented with fresh or
powdered W. chinensis on nutrients digestion and
growth performance of goose.
1 Materials and methods
1. 1 Experimental material
W. chinensis， a kind of flowering herb （Com-
positae）， which has been used earlier as a forage for
rabbit and goose （Liang et al.， 2007； He et al.， 2008；
Liang et al.， 2008）， was utilized in this experiment
to feed Hepu geese.
1. 2 Experimental methods
Ninety -six 21 d old Hepu geese with similar
body weight were randomly selected in 4 groups and
given 4 treatments of diets： concentrate + fresh elephant
grass （diet 1）； concentrate + fresh W. chinensis （diet
2）； concentrate +10% W. chinensis powder + fresh
W. chinensis （diet 3）； concentrate + 22% W. chinensis
powder + fresh W. chinensis （diet 4）. The details of
diet are given in Tab.1. Each group of geese （24
geese in 1∶1 of male∶female ratio） was fed indoor in
triplicate for 42 d and digestion was monitored after 7
d of adaptation to the diets. The ratio of concentrate
and fresh forage was 1 ∶2 before age of 49 d and 1 ∶3
after age of 49 d. All the geese in the trial were fed 5
times a day （at 800， 1130， 1430， 1700 and 2100 hours）
and provided ad libitum access to the feed and water.
The amount of feed offered daily was adjusted ac-
cording to the amount fed by them on previous day.
All the geese were weighed and individual data
was recorded before feeding from beginning to the
end of the trial.
From each treatment， 4 geese were taken out for
digestion trial of 5 d and then put back during the
fourth week in the feeding trial. These geese were fed
individually in a stainless steel cage. In the last 3
days of the digestion trial， feed samples were taken，
the feces and urine samples of each goose were collected
and mixed up， 200 g sample from each excreta was
taken and stored at -20℃ . At the end of trial， all
the samples were thawed and dried at 60℃ for 48 h.
All the samples were powdered and passed through a
1-mm sieve for analyzing crude protein （CP）， ether
extract （EE）， nitrogen-free extract （NFE） and Ca
and P by the methods as described by Yang （1999）；
NDF and ADF were measured by the method of Go-
ering and Van Soest （1975）， and energy was determined
by an automatic oxygen bomb calorimeter （Parr1351，
USA）. The 4N HCl AIA method was used for the
determination of nutrient digestibility in diets.
At the end， the blood sample （5 mL for each） of
4 goose from each group from feeding trial were taken
from vein under the wings and centrifuged at 2400
rpm for 15 min. Serum from all the samples were
separated and analyzed for aspartic acid transaminase
（AST）， alanine transaminase （ALT）， alkaline phos-
phatase （ALP） and amylase （AMY）； triiodothyronine
（T3） and tetraiodothyronine （T4） were analyzed using
Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay； very low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol （vLDLc） was measured by di-
rect method of selective inhibition； blood glucose and
total glyceride （TG） were measured by oxidase pro-
cess； total blood protein was measured using biuret
method； urea-N was measured by ultraviolet -gluta-
mate dehydrogenase and uric acid （UA） was measured
using enzymatic method. All serum samples were
measured with an automatic biochemical analyser
（HITACHI 7170， Japan）. At the end of feeding tri-
Journal of Southern Agriculture
Tab.1 The composition of concentrate and nutrient con-
centration in different diets a
Composition（%） Diet group
1 2 3 4
Corn 42.0 42.0 17.0 21.0
Cassava powder 14.0 12.0
Rice 14.0 12.0
Wheat bran 18.0 18.0 14.0 8.0
Rice bran 15.0 15.0 6.0
Soybean meal 15.5 15.5 10.0 10.0
Rapeseed meal 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0
Cotton seed meal 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0
Brewersby- products 3.5 3.5
Wederia chinensis powder 10.0 22.0
Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
CaHPO4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Limestone 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Premix b 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total 100 100 100 100
Nutrient level in diets
Metabolic energy（ME，MJ/kg）c 10.23 10.23 9.98 10.10
Crude protein（CP）d 16.75 16.75 16.14 15.96
Crude fiber（CF）d 10.87 10.87 10.42 10.13
Ca d 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.10
P d 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.61
Lys c 0.679 0.679 0.648 0.685
Met+Cys c 0.615 0.615 0.608 0.630
a Air- dry basis；b 1 kg Pre- mix contained Vitamin A 3500 IU，Vitamin D3
400 IU，Vitamin E 15.0 mg，Vitamin K3 1.25 mg，Vitamin B1 1.40 mg，
Vitamin B2 6.40 mg，Vitamin B6 2.30 mg，Vitamin B12 0.014 mg，Vitamin
B5 43.00 mg，Vitamin B3 11.00 mg，Vitamin B11 0.75 mg，Vitamin B7 0.07
mg，Choline chloride 1000.00 mg，Fe 80.00 mg，Cu 8.00 mg，Mn 60.00
mg，Zn 40.00 mg，Se 0.15 mg and I 0.35 mg；c：calculated and d：deter-
mined
1272· ·
al， 3 geese from each treatment were slaughtered for
the measurement of slaughter traits.
Data in the trial were calculated with Excel sta-
tistical software. Analysis of variance was computed
using ANOVA with SPSS 12.0 for Windows， and
multiple comparison was carried out by LSD.
2 Results and analysis
The results of apparent digestibility of dietary
nutrients in the diets in digestion trial are shown in
Tab.2. It was found that geese fed with diet 1， 2 and
3 had better apparent digestibility of dry matter
（DM） and energy compared to those fed with diet 4
（P<0.05）， but no significant difference was found a
mongst geese fed with diet 1， 2 and 3 （P>0.05）. Also
there was no significant difference in apparent di-
gestibility of CP amongst 4 diets （P>0.05）. The diges-
tion of ADF in diet 2， 3 and 4 was much better
compared to diet 1 （P<0.05） and no significant diffe-
rence was observed for this fiber digestion amongst
diet 2，3 and 4 （P>0.05）. At the same time， geese
fed with diet 3 and 4 showed greater digestibility for
NDF and hem-icellulose compared to those fed with
diets 2 and 1 （P<0.05 and P<0.01） . It has been
found that all the diets contained W. chinensis had
better efficiency for digestion of the fibrous materials，
including ADF， NDF and hemi -cellulose. Yet the
apparent digestibility of EE in diet 1 was greater than
that in diet 2 （P<0.05）， diet 3 and 4 （P<0.01）. Diet
1 and 3 had much greater apparent digestibility for
Ca compared to diet 2 and 4 （P<0.05）. The result of
P digestion in diet 2， 3 and 4 was better than that of
diet 1 （P<0.05）， however， no significant difference
has been observed amongst these three diets （P>0.05）.
Tab.2 Effect of diets on metabolism of dietary nutrients (%)
Item Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
DM 41.41±1.15a 41.88±0.50a 41.96±0.65a 39.19±0.78b
CP 39.10±2.94 36.23±5.30 34.61±1.25 33.99±2.92
EE 60.51±2.12a 53.15±3.16b 41.21±4.53C 38.50±3.03C
Energy 46.62±1.17a 46.44±0.79a 45.80±1.02a 43.35±1.04b
ADF 4.96±1.75b 12.54±1.66a 13.74±0.60a 13.21±2.19a
NDF 20.43±3.12C 32.55±1.37b 45.43±0.44a 44.47±0.55a
Hemicellulose 37.82±5.51C 68.11±2.05b 91.06±1.66a 90.73±4.06a
Ca 24.86±7.40a 7.75±3.95b 18.53±6.22a 6.19±3.35b
P 14.23±3.18b 40.66±2.97a 35.82±4.65a 34.77±9.37a
The data in the table were expressed as means±standard error. Different small and capital alphabets in superscripts followed by the mean values in the same
rowrepresent significant difference between diets at P<0.05 and P<0.01，respectively. The same is followed in subsequent tables
Tab.3 showed that the geese fed with diet 2 and
3 had more average daily feed intake compared to
those fed with diet 1 and 4 （P<0.05）， but the geese
fed with diet 2 only had the heaviest average daily
gain（ADG） amongst the 4 diets（P<0.05）. However，
geese fed with diet 3 and 4 had much better feed con
version efficiency （FCE ） or feed / gain compared to
those fed with diet 1 and 2 （P<0.05）， however， a
little difference was found between diet 1 and 2 or
diet 3 and 4（P>0.05）. No significant differences were
observed for slaughtering traits amongst 4 treatments
（P>0.05）. The EE content of pectoral in geese fed
with diet 4 was less than those fed with di ets 1， 2
and 3 （P<0.05）. Serum parameters did not showed
any significant differences amongst the geese fed with
different diets （Tab.4）.
Tab.3 Effect of diets on performances and slaughter traits of geese
Item Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Average daily gain（g/d） 68.45±1.33b 72.92±3.16a 64.83±2.26b 59.94±1.64C
Daily concentrate intake（g/d） 274.31±0.20b 296.48±5.58a 292.13±4.22a 271.96±2.47b
Feed/gain（kg） 4.01±0.08b 4.07±0.10b 4.51±0.09a 4.54±0.15a
Slaughter traits（%）
Dressing percentage 88.13±1.55 87.56±0.31 87.70±1.10 86.84±1.95
Percentage of eviscerated yield with giblet 81.32±1.51 78.87±0.71 79.94±1.29 78.78±2.56
Percentage of eviscerated yield 71.20±1.53 68.54±0.91 70.38±0.99 68.86±2.64
Percentage of abdominal fat 1.20±0.29 1.25±0.84 1.26±0.77 0.38±0.22
Percentage of liver weight 1.76±0.18 2.07±0.22 1.99±0.23 2.01±0.12
Percentage of pectoral 3.95±0.14 3.44±0.49 3.28±0.52 3.68±0.52
Composition of pectoral（%）
DM 25.69±0.27 25.64±0.54 26.25±0.22 24.85±0.81
CP 20.40±0.64 20.86±0.50 20.52±0.66 20.74±0.36
EE 3.35±0.23a 3.29±1.02a 3.81±0.71a 1.91±0.24b
YANG et al.：Effect of diets supplemented with Wedelia Chinensis plants on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Hepu geese 1273· ·
南 方 农 业 学 报
Tab.4 Effects of different diets on serum parameters of geese
Item Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4
Glucose（mM） 9.44±0.55 8.95±1.44 9.34±0.30 9.32±0.50
Urea- N（mM） 0.53±0.08 0.43±0.10 0.54±0.05 0.42±0.03
Urea- Acid（μM） 480.17±175.83 286.13±6.52 294.50±150.42 310.73±107.05
Total Glyceride（mM） 1.02±0.19 0.63±0.10 1.11±0.44 0.66±0.21
vLDLc（mM） 0.46±0.09 0.29±0.05 0.50±0.20 0.30±0.10
Total Protein（g/L） 38.23±2.34 38.33±2.14 39.47±1.38 38.83±1.67
Aspartic acid Transaminase（AST，U/L） 14.00±13.23 20.67±13.01 13.67±2.52 13.00±5.29
Alanine Transaminase（ALT，U/L） 25.67±10.02 29.00±8.54 19.33±0.58 23.67±2.52
Alkaline Phosphatase（ALP，U/L） 825.33±261.40 731.00±89.60 815.33±279.16 849.67±224.16
Amylase（AMY, U/L） 1794.0±271.79 1952.0±526.34 1716.0±232.87 2103.3±369.05
T3（ng/mL） 0.67±0.27 0.51±0.27 0.55±0.13 0.38±0.17
T4（μg/dL） 0.51±0.10 0.25±0.22 0.46±0.12 0.56±0.38
3 Discussion
Geese are herbivorous poultry which generally
fed on forage containing ryegrass as major constituent
of diet， especially in north of China （Mo and Wu，
2000； Wang et al.， 2006； Shen et al.， 2006）. How-
ever， ryegrass grows slowly and can be used in its
fresh form only in winters in southern parts of China.
Therefore， in south of China， most of the goose feed
has elephant grasses （Lai et al.， 1998； Teng and
Liang， 2003； He et al.， 2006） or other wild herbage
as major constituent. In general， elephant grass is a
good forage for geese when its CF content is below
30% on dry weight basis. However， with increase in
age， the CF content in this grass increases rapidly
over 30% . The high CF content in diet affects the
nutrients digestibility （Yang et al.， 1995； Yang et al.，
2004； He et al.， 2006） and the growth performance
of geese. In the present study， we have used less
than 30% CF content in diet concentrate， therefore
the results of geese growth performance and nutrients
digestibility with diet 1 were as good as usual （Lai
et al.，1998；Teng and Liang，2003；He et al.， 2008）.
The geese fed with diets 1 （containing fresh W.
chinensis ） and 2 （containing fresh elephant grass ）
showed similar nutrients digestibility， FCE （or feed/
grain）， slaughter traits and serum parameters， while
the ADG and average daily feed intake （ADFI） of
geese fed with diet 2 were higher than those fed with
diet 1. This indicated that W. chinensis is also a
good feedstuff for geese， even better than elephant
grass. The results of present study are in accordance
with the previous reports （He et al.， 2006）. Plants of
W. chinensis have also been used to feed rabbit， but
little difference was observed amongst ADG， ADFI
and FCE when rabbits consumed the diet with W.
chinensis or elephant grass （Huang et al.， 2006； Liang
et al.， 2006）.
Although the composition of concentrate in diet
3 and diet 4 was different from diet 1 and 2， the nu-
trient level of concentrate in these four diets was very
similar， and the cost of diet 3 and 4 was cheaper
than diet 1 and 2 due to use of cheaper components，
such as cassava， rice and W. chinensis powder， and
less expensive component， e.g. soybean. When Hepu
geese were fed with diet containing 10% W. chinensis
powder， no significant difference was found in ADG，
nutrients digestibility， slaughter traits and serum pa-
rameters of geese fed with diet 1， except for FCE
which was better in diet 1， but the ADFI of diet 3
was much higher than that of diet 1. These results
implied that W. chinensis could not only be used to
feed geese in fresh form， but also used in powder
form and could be added to the dietary concentrate at
10% of the geese fed with diet 2 and 3 showed high-
er feed intake due to higher ADFI compared to those
fed with diet 1. However， when the concentration of
W. chinensis powder increased to 22% in diet 4 and
it was fed to geese， the ADG， FCE and the di-
gestibility of DM and energy in the diet were de-
creased significantly， however， no differences were
found in slaughter traits and serum parameters in
comparison to other diets. It might be due to high
proportion of W. chinensis dry matter in diet 4 which
was more than 50.0% . However， all the diets with
W. chinensis showed better digestion of fibrous mate-
rials including ADF， NDF and hemi-cellulose.
Elephant grass generally contains 12.0 -12.4%
CP， 2.5 -4.5% EE， 27.2 -34.3% CF， 36.0 -36.6%
NFE， 0.93 -1.31% Ca and 0.22 -0.40% P on dry
weight basis （Liang， 1999； He et al.， 2006） . In
comparison， W. chinensis contains 12.3-16.9% CP，
4.4-6.9% EE， 15.0-18.1% CF， 41.9-50.6% NFE，
1.08 -1.92% Ca and 0.31 -0.68% P on dry weight
basis（He et al.， 2006； Huang et al.， 2006） which
are higher than elephant grass. W. chinensis also
contains some coumarin and dicoumarin which may
cause toxic effects on animals （Zhu et al.， 1987； Xu
Journal of Southern Agriculture1274· ·
et al.， 2002）. However， we have not found any re-
ports in literature so far which have showed the toxic
concentration of coumarin and dicoumarin. Also we
have not find any toxic effects on goose fed with diets
containing W. chinensis （He et al.， 2006； Yang et al.，
2004）.
4 Conclusion
The results of the present study clearly showed
that W. chinensis can be used as a feedstuff for goose
in proper form and suitable ratio in diet， and its
powder can be used as an essential supplement in di-
etary concentrate for goose， but its percentage should
not be over 10%. Although the plants of W. chinensis
contains some coumarin and dicoumarin， its concen-
tration was not found to be toxic to any goose during
the experiment， even after feed ing on concentrate
supplemented with 22% of W. chinensis powder plus
fresh W. chinensis.
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（责任编辑韦莉萍Manoj Kumar Srivatava；审校李杨瑞）
YANG et al.：Effect of diets supplemented with Wedelia Chinensis plants on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Hepu geese 1275· ·