全 文 ：
Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2010, 8(5): 0343−0348
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2010.00343
Chinese
Journal of
Natural
Medicines







Chemical Fingerprinting by HPLC-DAD-ELSD
and Principal Component Analysis of Polygala
japonica from Different Locations in China
WANG Hong-Lan1, YAO Wei-Feng1, ZHU Dan-Ni2*, HU Yu-Zhu3
1School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046；
2Department of Traditional Chinese Prescription, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009；
3Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
Available online Sep. 2010
[ABSTRACT] AIM: To establish a high performance liquid chromatographic fingerprint for the quality control of Polygala japonica,
a raw material of traditonal Chinese medicine (TCM). METHODS: The fingerprint was established using HPLC-DAD-ELSD tech-
niques. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis was carried out on a Discovery C18 analytical column. The mobile phase consisting ace-
tonitrile-methanol-0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in gradient program. DAD acquisition wavelength range was set from 200 to 400
nm and the chromatographic display wavelength was set at 350 nm. The evaporator tube temperature of ELSD was set at 105 °C, and
with the nebulizing gas flow-rate of 2.6 L·min-1. RESULTS: In the DAD chromatogram most peaks showed the characteristic spectra
of flavonol derivatives (260 nm, 350 nm), and in the ELSD chromatogram most peaks were identified as triterpenoid saponins by
comparsion with that of reference standards. The complementary information between the DAD and ELSD fingerprints was evaluated
and the PCA of the fingerprint data led to an accurate classification of various samples from different locations. CONCLUSION: It
was demonstrated that the HPLC-DAD-ELSD fingerprint was a powerful tool to characterize the quality of traditional Chinese medi-
cines.
[KEY WORDS] Polygala japonica; HPLC-DAD-ELSD; PCA; Fingerprint
[CLC Number] R917 [Document code] A [Article ID] 1672-3651(2010)05-0343-06

1 Introduction
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have played an
important role in the clinical therapy in many Asian countries,
especially in China, for thousands of years. It is well-known
that the therapeutic effects of TCMs are based on the com-
plex interaction of numerous ingredients in the combination,
which are completely different from those of chemically
synthesized drugs. Because of the complexity, a qualitative
and quantitative analysis of each individual compound is
hardly feasible and therefore, fingerprint technology was
introduced to evaluate the quality of TCMs [1]. The finger-
print technique which emphasizes the systematic characteri-
zation of compositions of samples is recognized as a more
logical approach for quality control. Today, fingerprint of

In TCM the aerial part of Polygala japonica has long
been used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
and antidepressant agent. P. japonica is a perennial plant
harvested in autumn after three years of growth. Phyto-
chemical studies on P. japonica have led to the discovery of
triterpenoid saponins and flavonol derivatives
[Received on] 25-May-2010
[*Corresponding author] ZHU Dan-Ni: Prof., E-mail: danizhu@
163.com
TCMs, especially the chromatographic fingerprint, generated
from such techniques as thin layer chromatography (TLC),
gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chroma-
tography (HPLC), high speed counter current chromatogra-
phy (HSCCC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [2-4], have
gradually been accepted as validated data to meet regulatory
requirments. Among those methods, HPLC fingerprint has
gained more and more attention and been widely applied to
the assessment of the quality of TCMs.
[5-9]. Our pre-
liminary tests have shown that ethyl acetate fraction (rich in
flavonol derivatives) and n-butanol fraction (rich in triterpe-
noid saponins) exerted remarkable anti-inflammatory effects.
Therefore, simultaneous detection of both flavonol deriva-
2010 年 9 月 第 8 卷 第 5 期 Chin J Nat Med Sep. 2010 Vol. 8 No. 5 343

WANG Hong-Lan, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2010, 8(5): 343−348
344 Chin J Nat Med Sep. 2010 Vol. 8 No. 5
tives and triterpenoid saponins would be a logical approach
for the quality evaluation of Polygala japonica. DAD is very
convenient and sensitive for the detection of flavonol deriva-
tives, while HPLC coupled with ELSD has been adopted as
an efficient tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of
triterpenoid saponins of Polygala japonica in our laboratory
[10]. In recent years, DAD connected with ELSD has been
successfully used for the simultaneous determination of mul-
tiple components with different structures in a single run for
TCMs [11-13]. DAD can reveal UV absorbing components
such as flavonol derivatives in Polygala japonica, and ELSD
can reveal poor UV absorption such as triterpenoid saponins.
The DAD and ELSD signals contain complementary infor-
mation and the combination of them offers an efficient tool
for the fingerprinting of Polygala japonica.
In this study, a chromatographic fingerprint method was
developed to assess the quality of Polygala japonica by high
performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detec-
tion-evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-DAD-
ELSD). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed
on the data generated from DAD and ELSD. It was demon-
strated that an accurate classification of various samples from
different locations was obtained.
2 Experimental
2.1 Plant material
20 samples of the herb Polygala japonica were collected
from provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei and Henan in China. The
voucher specimens, identified by Dr. XU Zeng-Lai (Jiangsu
Zhongshan Arboretum, Nanjing, China), have been stored at
the Herbarium of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing,
China.
2.2 Standards and solvents
The reference standards of rhamnocitrin 3-O-β-D-ga-
lactopyranoside and polygalasaponin XXII were isolated
previously from the methanol extract of P. japonica in our
laboratory. Their structures were established based on spec-
troscopic analyses compared with the reference data [5, 14].
The purities were determined to be greater than 98% by the
normalization of the peak areas detected by HPLC-ELSD and
confirmed by LC-MS, NMR spectroscopy.
Methanol (HPLC-grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC-grade)
were purchased from Hanbon Scientific (Jiangsu, China) and
Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) respectively. Deionized water
was from Robust (Guangzhou, China). Trifluoroacetic acid
(TFA) was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent
Company (Shanghai, China). Other solvents from Nanjing
Chemical Factory (Nanjing, China) were of analytical grade.
2.3 Sample preparation
Approximately 1.0 g of dried herb was milled into pow-
der, accurately weighed, and transferred into a round-bottom
flask containing 50 mL methanol and the mixture was heated
at 80 °C under reflux for 6 h. After evaporating methanol to
dryness by a rotary evaporator, residue was dissolved in
methanol in a 25 mL flask, and then filtrated through a 0.45
μm millipore filter. An aliquot of the solution (20 μL) was
injected to the HPLC-DAD-ELSD system for analysis.
2.4 Apparatus and chromatographic conditions
Analyses were performed on Waters series liquid chro-
matographer, consisting of Waters 600 pump, 996 DAD cou-
pled with 2000ES ELSD, Millennium32 ChemStation soft-
ware. The chromatography was carried out on a Discovery
C18 column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) at a column tempera-
ture of 30 °C and flow rate of 1 mL·min-1 using (A) acetoni-
trile-methanol (90∶10) and (B) 0.05% aqueous TFA as mo-
bile phase with a linear gradient: 0-18 min (25% A), 18-35
min (25% A → 35% A), 35-45 min (35% A→ 80% A), 45-55
min (80% A). The evaporator temperature for the ELSD was
set at 105 °C with the nebulizing gas flow-rate of 2.6 L·min-1,
and the DAD detector was set at 350 nm for acquiring chro-
matograms with UV spectra in the range of 200-400 nm at 1
nm/step.
2.5 Precision, reproducibility and stability
Method precision and reproducibility were evaluated by
tsix consecutive injections of the same sample solution and
six replicates of the same powder sample, respectively. The
stability of sample solution was evaluated at the timepoints of
0, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h.
2.6 Data analysis
2.6.1 Chromatographic baseline corrections
The results of multivariable analysis were greatly influ-
enced by the differences in baseline, such as slopes and levels,
especially when using the entire chromatographic profiles. As
a simple but effective and completely automatic algorithm,
the combination of Whittaker smoother and asymmetric least
squares was applied to estimate the baseline. In this approach,
the smoothing factor (generally 1e5 to 1e8), asymmetry fac-
tor (generally 0.001) and order of differences in penalty
(generally 2) were 1e7, 0.001 and 2, respectively. The Matlab
functions of baseline correction can be downloaded from
http://pubs.acs.org.
2.6.2 Chromatographic profile alignment by correlation
optimized warping
The correlation optimized warping, COW, aims to
eliminate the shifts along the time axis in chromatograms [15].
It demands selection of at least two user-defined variables:
segment length (m) and slack parameter (t). In the process of
aligning the chromatographic signals from DAD or ELSD, m
and t were 50 and 5, respectively.
2.6.3 Principal component analysis
Principal component analysis (PCA), seen for example
from the reference [16], has been used to visually evaluate the
results obtained in the preprocessing of chromatographic data.
Prior to PCA, the chromatographic data matrix, X (xij), was
normalized:
2010 年 9 月 第 8 卷 第 5 期

WANG Hong-Lan, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2010, 8(5): 343−348
,min
,max ,min
ij j
ij
j j
x x
z
x x
−= −
where xij represents the jth value of the ith chromatogram,
xj,min and xj,max are the minimum and maximum values of each
column in the matrix, and zij is the value in the range, [0, 1],
after normalization. Score plots of the first two principal
components showed the processing results of DAD, ELSD
and DAD-ELSD data matrices.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Optimization of HPLC conditions
To develop an accurate, valid and optimal chromato-
graphic fingerprint, the different mobile phases (methanol-
water, methanol-water-trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile-water-
trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile-methonol-trifluoroacetic
acid) were assessed. A final optimized HPLC condition was
identified as acetonitrile-methanol- trifluoroacetic acid as
mobile phase with a linear gradient elution by comparing the
resolution, baseline quietness, retention times and number of
characteristic peaks in each chromatogram. Most chemical
components in the DAD chromatogram showed the biggest
absorbance at 260 nm and 350 nm. Therefore, the wavelength
of 350 nm was selected for optimum detection wavelength by
investigating the spectra of all characteristic peaks and ana-
lyzing 3D-plots of those peaks. For ELSD, the operating
conditions such as the nebulizing gas flow rate and the drift
tube temperature are optimized to obtain the best S/N. In
general, large droplets are formed at low gas flow, which
results in spikes and noisy baseline; on the other hand, in-
creasing the gas flow results in a substantial decrease of the
responses. The optimum nebulizing gas flow in this case was
set at 2.6 L·min-1. With respect to the drift tube temperature,
solvent evaporation is not completed at low temperature
while the detector response is decreased at high temperature.
Therefore, the optimal drift temperature was determined to be
105 °C according to the data computed with the ELSD soft-
ware. The optimal HPLC-DAD-ELSD condition was shown
in Section 2.2.
3.2 Validation of methodology
Precision, reproducibility and stability were evaluated to
ensure the validity of this newly developed HPLC-DAD-
ELSD fingerprinting method. Since too many peaks were
integrated, it was impossible to test each peak. Peaks 1-6 in
DAD and 1’-6’ in ELSD fingerprint were selected as the
representatives of the components in Polygala japonica for
validation (Fig. 1). All the validations were expressed by
calculating their relative standard deviations (RSD) of the
relative areas and relative retention times of each target peak
compared with the references 5 (rhamnocitrin 3-O-β-D-ga-
lactopyranoside) and references 6’ (polygallasaponin XXII).
The precision, reproducibility and stability of the proposed
method are listed in Table 1. All RSDs are less than 5%,
which indicated that the method of HPLC-DAD-ELSD for
the fingerprint analysis is valid and satisfactory.
3.3 Comparison of DAD fingerprint and ELSD fingerprint
The DAD and ELSD signals contain complementary in-
formation; the DAD signal reveals volatile compounds or
compounds whose levels are below the detection limit of the
ELSD, while the latter detector reveals non- and poor UV
active compounds. As shown in Fig. 1A, the DAD fingerprint
reveals peaks which could not be detected in the ELSD fin-
gerprint, and these peaks are indicated with “a”. It is also
seen that the ELSD signal is rather unique between RTs at 35
and 45 min, which contains some additional peaks indicated
in Fig. 1B. Some of the additional peaks such as 3’, 4’, 5’, 6’
were identified, as for instance the polygalasaponins. Our
preliminary test had shown that triterpenoid saponins and
flavonol derivatives are the main active components. While
in the DAD chromatogram most peaks show the characteris-
tic spectra of flavonol derivatives (260 nm, 350 nm), and in
the ELSD chromatogram most peaks are identified as triter-
penoid saponins by comparison with the reference standards.
In conclusion, the developed HPLC- DAD-ELSD fingerprint
shows superiority to individual DAD or ELSD fingerprint in
the quality control.
3.4 Quality control for Polygala japonica using HPLC-
DAD-ELSD fingerprint
In this study, DAD fingerprint and ELSD fingerprint
were applied respectively and compared with the
DAD-ELSD fingerprint for the quality control of Polygala
japonica. We integrated all the distinguished peaks of these
fingerprints for each sample. The corresponding peaks of
various fingerprints were matched and data normalization
transformation was also performed using the alignment
methods. Then quality assessment on these corrected objects
was performed.
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known
chemometric method for the decomposition of two-dimen-
sional matrices, which describes the variation in data with
minimum latent variables. In our study, PCA was performed
to allow visualization of the variance between Polygala ja-
ponica fingerprints from different origin, based on differ-
ences in their peak profile. We performed PCA upon the data
of DAD fingerprints firstly, and the discrepancies of the sam-
ples are shown clearly in the score plot of PC1 versus PC2 (in
Fig. 2A). From the scatter points, the samples can be classi-
fied into two groups, which are marked as groups I and II,
respectively. Samples 8 (Yunnan) and 1 (Guangdong) were
chosen as representatives of the samples in the two groups. In
the fingerprint of sample 8, compared with that of sample 1,
some peaks between the retention time of 5 and 40 min are
much lower, or almost invisible, while four extra peaks ap-
pear in the fingerprint of sample 8 at the retention time of 3-5
min (marked by a rectangle frame in Fig. 3A, 3B). Similar,
PCA data of ELSD fingerprint were shown clearly in figure
2010 年 9 月 第 8 卷 第 5 期 Chin J Nat Med Sep. 2010 Vol. 8 No. 5 345


WANG Hong-Lan, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2010, 8(5): 343−348
346 Chin J Nat Med Sep. 2010 Vol. 8 No. 5

Fig. 1 Comparison of DAD chromatographic fingerprint and ELSD chromatographic fingerprint: (A) DAD fingerprint at 350
nm; (B) ELSD fingerprint

Table 1 Precision, repeatability and stability data of the proposed method (n = 6)
Peak no. Precision RSD (%) Repeatability RSD (%) Stability RSD (%)
RPA. RRT. RPA. RRT RPA. RRT
1 2.48 0.18 3.40 0.27 1.63 1.43
2 1.85 0.48 4.11 0.32 0.66 1.89
3 0.90 1.00 3.45 0.50 4.72 1.36
4 1.84 1.12 0.45 0.57 0.16 1.07
5 0.50 1.10 2.23 0.73 0.60 0.79
6
1’ 3.18 0.44 2.79 0.33 2.83 2.64
2’ 4.14 0.33 2.07 0.28 3.22 2.19
3’ 4.42 0.03 4.55 0.04 1.87 0.04
4’ 4.71 0.02 2.15 0.04 1.19 0.03
5’
6’ 2.65 0.02 2.09 0.02 2.46 0.05
RPA (relative peak area); RRT (relative retention time)



Fig. 2 Representation of DAD fingerprint, ELSD fingerprint and DAD-ELSD fingerprint of various Polygala japonica on PC1
and PC2: (A) PCA data of DAD; (B) PCA data of ELSD; (C) PCA data of DAD-ELSD

2B and samples from different locations can be classified into
another two groups, which are marked as groups I’ and II’.
Then samples 13 (Henan) and 1 (Guangdong) were picked
out as representatives of the samples in the two groups (in
Fig. 3). Compared with the fingerprint of sample 1, the peaks
in the fingerprint of sample 13 around the retention time of
45 min are much higher, while some triterpenoid saponin
peaks between the retention times of 35 and 45 min are al-
most disappearing. Further investigation was performed on
the data of DAD-ELSD fingerprints using PCA. As shown in

2010 年 9 月 第 8 卷 第 5 期

WANG Hong-Lan, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2010, 8(5): 343−348

Fig. 3 Representation fingerprints of Polygala japonica samples in different groups: (A) DAD of sample 1; (B) DAD of sample 8;
(C) ELSD of sample 1; (D) ELSD of sample 13

fig. 2C, sample can be classified into three groups, and the
result is the combination of the above PCA information of
individual DAD or ELSD.
4 Conclusion
A fingerprinting methodology for the quality control and
differentation of P. japonica raw material has been developed
using LC-DAD-ELSD. The validity and advantage of apply-
ing HPLC-DAD-ELSD fingerprinting for the quality evalu-
ated of P. japonica were validated by systematically compar-
ing chromatograms of all samples from different sources. The
practical methodology for the quality control of not only
the species studied but in general, all other relevant products
of TSMs.
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不同来源瓜子金药材的 HPLC-DAD-ELSD指纹图谱和主成分
分析
王洪兰1, 姚卫峰1, 朱丹妮2*, 胡育筑3
1南京中医药大学药学院, 南京 210046;
2中国药科大学中药复方教研室, 南京 210009;
3中国药科大学药物分析教研室, 南京 210009
【摘 要】 目的：研究瓜子金药材的高效液相色谱指纹图谱, 为科学评价和有效控制其质量提供可靠方法。方法：瓜子金
药材指纹图谱的建立采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列-蒸发光散射检测方法, 分析条件采用Discovery C18色谱柱、流动相为乙腈-
甲醇-0.05%三氟乙酸梯度洗脱。二极管阵列检测波长为 350 nm, 蒸发光散射检测漂移管温度为 105 °C, 载气流速为 2.6 L·min-1。
结果：应用二极管阵列检测-蒸发光散射检测联用可有效的互补, 二极管阵列检测可显示出黄酮醇类化合物的特征吸收, 蒸发光
散射检测显示出皂苷类化合物的吸收信息。主成分分析可准确的对不同来源的瓜子金药材进行分类。结论：高效液相色谱-二极
管阵列-蒸发光散射检测方法建立的指纹图谱可作为瓜子金药材质量控制的有效方法。
【关键词】 瓜子金; 高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-蒸发光散射检测; 主成分分析; 指纹图谱


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