全 文 ：第27卷第5期
2008年lO月
生态科学
EcologicalS ience
27(5)：346—350
0Ct．2008
IntegratedTechnologytoControlN n-·pointPollution
inResident—farmlandAreasofDianchiLakeWatershed，
China
WUYong．hong12．HUZheng．yi12andYANGLin．zhang
1‘
J『．InstituteofSoitScience,ChineseAcad myofSciences,Nanjing210008Ch a
2．SchoolfResourceandEnvironment,GraduateUniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences，BeUing100039China
Keywords：Non—pointPollu ion；Resident—farmlandArea；
biodisposal；Complexmediumbed
Ecologicaltrunkcanal；Ecologicalchannel；A／O
滇池流域居民一农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术
吴永红L2， 胡正义L2，杨林章卜
1．中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京210008
2．中国科学院研究生院资源环境学院，北京100039
【摘要】 以滇池流域六甲乡金家村为研究对象，该区为城郊典型的居民一农田混合区，总面积14万ln2，其中居民区面积为
7．7万m2，常驻人口780口，区内有一家约120头的养猪场，一个具有9家洗涤企业的金家村工业园区，居民区和养殖、工业废
水直接排向就近的90％种植韭菜的农田区。针对该区村庄一小企业一农田一养殖业呈复区分布，污染源复杂，雨污混流污染严
重，污水管网建设滞后，化肥施用过量，沟渠湿地系统破碎等现状，研发出兼顾水质净化和农田排灌的居民一农田混合区面源
污染控制集成技术，包括改良化粪池与组合基质床，生态支沟，生态干渠，A／O生物处理系统，复合人工湿地等污水处理技术，
以及农田内部的节氮控磷技术，如精确施肥，施用硝化抑制剂抑制氮向水体迁移，垄沟内浮萍的氮磷滞留与养分循环利用。通
过12个月的连续监测表明：在非降雨日负荷为500mS／d的工况下，改良化粪池与组合基质床对COD，TP,TN的去除率分别为61．3％，
50．50％，44．4％；A／O生物处理系统对COD，TP,TN的去除率分别为65．8％，55．2％，55．2％；生态支沟由于进水量小浓度高，水力停
留时间长，其对COD。TP,TN的去除率均比生态干渠的高，分别高29．0％，17．5％，28．4％；系统末端复合人工湿地对污染物质的
去除效果分别为COD50．6％，TP44．9％，TN36．4％。一年内依托集成技术建设的生态工程去除污染物的总量为COD143．71t’TP
2．43t和TN16．99t，对氮磷的去除量相当于一座负荷为350～620m3／d的市政污水处理厂去除的量。经济效益分析得出，整个系
统日耗电量18度，由一名工人即可管护。传统施肥减量20％+叶面肥，每年每公顷可减少氮肥投入约2400元，增加叶面肥投
入约500元，减少收入约1300元，合计增收3200元。浮萍滞留与养分循环利用，每年每公顷韭菜地相当于少施用151kg尿素
和93蚝过磷酸钙的氮磷含量。施用DCD和元素硫，淋溶水中硝态氮的浓度降低了59．2％，测渗水中则降低了62．2％。可见，居
民一农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术不但可以有效去除污染物，而且在保证产量的情况下，增加农民收益。技术适用于城市
郊区、城乡结合部及广大农村等城市污水管网未覆盖地区推广使用，具有巨大的推广潜力。
关键词：面源污染；居民一农田区；生态干渠；生态支沟；A／O生物处理；组合基质床
中图分类号：X53 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-8873(2008)05．346．05
收稿日期：2008．09．10收稿，2008．10-10接受
基金项目：国家高技术发展研究计划(863计划)“城郊面源污水综合控制技术研究与工程示范”(编号：2005AA60101002)。
作者简介：吴永红(1979--)，男，博士研究生，环境化学与富营养化控制过程与机理。
。通讯作者，E·mail：lzyam,⑥issas．ac．cn
万方数据
5期 吴永红，等：滇池流域居民～农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术 347
1 Introduction
TheDianchiLakeislocatedintheYunnanProvince．
southwestofChina．Thetomlareaoftheregionisabout
2920kmz，with309kI矿lakear a．Thelakeisthemost
importantsourceoffreshwaterfortheKunming，and
alsoreceiveswastewaterfromthecity．Asaresult，the
lakehasbecomeonofthemostseverelyeutrophic
lakesinChina．
WaterpollutionofDianchiLakestartedinl970sand
hasgoneatacceleratedspesince1990s．1f11emain
characteristicofthewaterqualitydeteriorationof
DianchiLakeishigheutrophication．111elakereceived
around240millionIFofwastewaterin2000．including
50millionm’ofindustrialwastewaterandl90million
mjofurbanwastewaterwhichareclassifiedaspoint
sourcepollution．Italsoreceivedlargeamountofrural
lifeandproductionemuent．whicharelabeledas
non-pointsourcesofpollution．Inrece tyears，thepoint
sourcepollutionhasbeencontrolledtoc rtainextent
with也eeffortoflocalndstategovernments．However,
thesituationofnon-pointSOurCeSwaterpollutionhas
becomeoreandmoreseriousbecauseofthe
neglectancebytheruralenvironmentala agementof
thelocalgovernment．Non-points urce8ofpollution
proportioninthewholewatershedisincreasingrapidly．
Accordingtothestatisticdataoftheyear2002，more
than30％ofwaterpollutioninDianchilakecomesfrom
agriculturalnon—pointsourcespollutiondischarge，
mostlyderievedfromtheuseofchemicalfertilizers
andpesticides[1’2，31．
Basedontheaboveanalysis，itisimportanttodevelop
andintegrateas riesofnon—pointsourcesontrol
technologiestoreducetheinputofbotllnitrogenand
phosphorusintothelake．Presentworkistousean
integratedtechnologyforcontrollingnon-pointsources
pollutioninatypicalresident．farmlandaleaofDianchi
Lakewatershed，China．
2 MaterialsandMethods
2．1studyarea
Thestudyareaisaresidenta dfarmlandcomplexarea,
with140thousandm2，780populations，ninewashing
workshopsandasamll—scalehoggery(about120pigs)，
locatedinthesuburb觚ofthecapitalcityofKunming
oftheYunnanProvinceinsouthwesternChina．The
annualaveragewatertemperatureis～17．18oCandthe
nualaveragerainfallis-1000mill．Theresidentarea
isabout77 housandmz．whereisaroundwithfarmland．
Leek．asthemaincropisabout95％ofthefarmland．
Restfarmlandisusedforflowerfarmland．Theaverage
annualamountofertilizerusiS760kgN／ha ndl00
kgP／ha．Dailysewagefromtheresidentareawas
directlydischargedintochannelofthesideward
farmland．Washingw tewaterf omninevillage
workshopsofJinjiaVillageIndustrialAreawasalso
directlydischargedintotrunkcanal．
2．2Theintegratedtechnologytocontroln n-point
pollution
Basedontheprincipleof“Sourcedecreasing，Course
restraining，Terminaltreat ga dtotalquantity
controlling”，anintrgratedtechnologywasproposedto
controln n-pointpollutoninresident—farmlandrea．
Thistechnologyinvolvesinfourstepsasshowni
Fig．1．
Thefirst episeigherthetranportandtransformationof
nitrognaa dphosphorusinsoiloffarmlandbya dition
ofS．DCDandprecisefertilization,orthenitrogenand
phosphoruswerereusedbytherecyclableplantsof
duckweed,whichresultsintheremarkeddecreasesin
dissolvednutrientsfromthesoilofleekfarmlandintothe
waterintheinterchannelofthleekfarmland,thenthe
outflowoftheinterchannelinthleekfarmlandcouldbe
discharged．Thesecondstepistotreatthedailysewage
includinghog erywastewaterwi hatotalloadofabout
200m3／d,usingaspeciallydesignedmodifiedcesspool
andcomplexm diumbedsystem．Thethirdstepisto
treatwashingwastewater,withatotalloadofabout240
m3／d，usinga A／Obiodisposalsy tem．Alloutflowof
theabovestepsandabout60m3dailysewagefowed
directlyintothespecialdesignedecologicalch nnel
andecologicaltrunkcanalforfurtherpu ification．The
ouflowofthecologicalch nnelandtrunkcanalwas
pumpedintoaterminalintegratedwetland．
万方数据
348 生态科学EcologicalScience 27卷
Fig．1．Theschemeoftheintegratedtechnologytocontroln n-pointpollutioninresident-farmlandarea
Theouletofthentiresystemwasdischargeoutofthe
resident-farmlandareainhigh—flowperiodortoirrigate
in low-flowperiod．Thesemacrophytes，Scirpus
tabernaemontani,Ca naindica,Cannaflaccida,
Canna·iridiflora,Zizanialatifolia,Juncusminim ,
Pontederiacordata,Cyperusalternifolius,Zantedeschia
aethiopicaSpreng,AcoruscalamusLinn．were
cultivatedineompexmediumbed,ecologicalchanne ，
ecologicaltrunkcanalndintegratedwe land．
2．3Waterqualitymeasurementandataanaly7siss
TN．TPandCODcrintheinflowandoutflowwere
analyzedbvAPHAmethod【耳J．Thesignificant
differencesbetweentheresultswereevaluatedonthe
basisofstandarddeviationdeterminationsandonthe
analysisofvariancemethod(ANOVA)．
3Resultsandiscussion
3．1Removalofwaterpeanut
Largeamountofwasterwaterfloweddirectlyintothe
trunkcanalndchannelofthefarmland，whichindu ed
thecrazygrowthofwaterpeanut似lternanthera
philoxeroides)．Waterpeanuth sbecomethemost
seriousfloatingweed，andcausedalargenumberof
problemsparticularlyrelatedto theuseand
managementofwaterresource．(1)Waterpeanutin
densegrowthobstructswa erflowinirrigationchannel．
(2)Thickmatsofwaterpeanutcausecomplete
d pletionofdissolvedoxygen，(3)Waterpeanutisa
threatofthebiologicaldiversityandfoodchains．(4)
Waterpeanutprovidesthhabitatsorfoodforseveral
diseasecarrierspo siblycausingmalaria，enophalitis，
schistosomiasisetc■Watel"peanutWascompletely
weededoutbya seriesoforderlyandvigorous
macrophytesafterthecologicaltrunkcanalndthe
ecologicalch nnelw reconstructed．Itwascalculated
that130000kgofwaterpeanut(wetwieght)were
removedafterthe xperiment，whichreslutingin
374．4kgnitrogenand271．7kgphosphorusremoval．
Theflooddischargebilitiesofthetrunkcanalnd
channelWasobviouslyimproved．Macrophytesbi mass
(wetweight)in15000kgwereharvestedduringthe
experimentp riodfromAugust2006toJuly2008，
whichreslutingin 19．8 kgnitrogenand1．4 kg
phosphorusremoval．
万方数据
5期 吴永红，等：滇池流域居民一农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术 349
Table1．Precisefertilizationandthepercentoffarmer
exceedingtheoptimumamountoffertiIization
NitrogenPhosphorusPotassium
3．2Optimalfertilizationandc ntrollingnitrogen
andphosphorust ansferintowaterfrom
farmlandsoH
Halfofthefarmersw ongfullyappliedthechemical
fertilizers．Theoptimalfertilizationtech ologyc uld
save128kgN／hand28kgP／ha nnuallycomparedto
thefarmers’currentmte(Table1)．Theseindirectly
decreasedtheamountofdissolvednitrogenand
phosphorusfromfarmlandsoil．Nitrogenconcentrations
ofleachinga dsideleakageweresignificantlydifferent
口<0．05)betweenthecontrolandtheadditionof
elementalsulfurandDCD．TlliSindicatedthatdissolved
nitrogeninwaterf omsoildecreased．Theammonia
volatilizationfromleekfarmlandwasdecreasedduto
theapplicationofelementalSandDCD(Fig．2)．There
WaSasignificantdifference口<0．01)ofammonia
volatilizationbe weenthecontrolandthetreatmentwith
SandDCDapplication．n圮concentrationsofnitrogen
andphosphorusintheintercharmelofthleekfarmland
decreaSedby40—60％and60—90％，respectively,when
duckweedWaSgrownintheinterchannel15,laysand
recycled豁greenfertilizerforleek．
3．3Removalefficiencyofwastewater
Theaveragennualremovale伍ciencyofmodifled
cesspoolandinfiltrationbedsystemforpurificationof
dailysewagewere61．3％．50．5％and44．4％forCODer,
TPandTN．respectively．TheconcentrationsofCODer,
TPandn、iofthewaShingwaStewaterwered creased
bv65．8％，55．2％and55．3％，respectivelyafterthe
waShingwastewaterWaspurifiedbytheA／O
biodisposalsy tem．TheremovalefficiencyofCODer,
TPand"INwere33．0％，49．8％，32．2％and62．0％，
67．3％．62．6％forec logicaltrunkcanalndecological
channelinnon·rainyclays，respectively,accordingto
oneyeardatafterthecologicaltrunkcanaland
channelwerebuilt．Terminalwetlandat
resident-farmlandareawasthelastequipmenttodeeply
punfyoutflowofaboveengineering．Theremovalrates
ofterminalwetlandwere50．6％，44．9％and36．4％for
CODer,TPandN，respectively．Itisshowedthat16．99
t TN，2．43tTPand143．71tCODerwereremovedform
theresident-farmlandareabytheintegratedtechnology
tocontroln n—pointpollutioninoneyear(Table21．n圮
removalamountofnitrogenandphosphorusequalsto
350—620m3／dmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplant．
Fig．2．theEffectofsupplyelementalsulfurandDCDonN
concentrationinwaterandammoniavol tilizationfromleek
farmland
Thehydraulicresidencetime皿H1)ofecological
channelis12hmorethanthatofecologicaltrunkcanal．
Inaddition,facilitiesforsewagepretreatmentlike
primarysedimentationnk,photomicroorganismtank
andanaerobictankwerebuiltinthe ntranceofthe
ecologicalchannel．Theinflowofthecologicalchannel
万方数据
Table2·Loadingsofpollutantsremovalatresidence—farmlandareabytheintegratedtechnologytocontroln n—pointpollution
A／O Ecological Terminal
Cesspoolandcomplex．．一一 一 一 Ecologicaltrunkcanal Pollutantremoval
．． ． biodisposalchannel Wetland
mediunlbe (t／a)(t／a)(t／小
(t／a) (“a) rt／a)
’。
TN 3．36 0．97 1．II 10．85 0．70 16．99
TP 0．4 0．07 0．12 1．76 O．08 2．43
CODer 33．09 5．23 7．73 90．97 6．69 143．71
wasthedailysewagewhiletheinflowofthecological
tnmkcanalwastheoutflowoftheA／Obiodisposalsystem．
TheaverageconcentrationofCODer,TPandNofthe
formerwere199．2mg／L．2．49mg／Land14．97meCL
higherthanthoseinthelaterinnon-rainydays，
respectively,significantlydifferent(P<0．05)totheinitial
wastewaterconcentrationofCOD,TPandTN．Thesedata
suggestedthattheremovalefficiencyofecologicalchannel
washigherthanthatofecologicalminkcanal．
Datashowedthatheintegratedtechnologycan
effectivelycontrolthenon—pointpollutionat
resident—farmlandareawithlowconstructand
disposalcharges．Theentiresystemdepletedl8 kw
electricityperdayandneedsonlyoneworkerto
managethesystem．However,thereareseveral
problemsto be addressedfurther：(1)The
pretreatmentofwas erwaterwasinsufficient．There
isnogarbagecollectingsystem．Pumpandfinerack
wereoftenair-loggedbyparticulatemat ersre ulting
inundischargedflood．Inaddition，theporeofthe
complexmediumandwetlandwillbefilledwith
theseparticulatemat ersina longrunningtime．(2)
Ecologicalengineeringlikecomplexm diumbed，
wetland，ecologicalchannelandtrunkcanalmain
dependontheformofa vigorousandevergreen
communityof macrophyteseco ystem．The
adjustmentofdifferentmacropyhtestok epan
evergreencommunityshouldbestrength．(3)The
workinvolvesinmanyfarmersbecausethenon．point
pollutionc trolengineeringwasbuiltat their
residenceandfarmlandsideward．Itisessentialo
providetrainingforthefarmerstoincreasetheir
awarenessofpollutioncontr01．
4 Acknowledgements
ThisworkwasupportedbyheInnovationPr gramof
ChineseAcademyofSciences(ISSASIP0605)，National
NaturalScienceFoundationofChina(30600084)。the
NationalHigh-techR&DProgram(863Program)ofChina
(2007AA062300and2005AA60101002)andNationalKey
TechnologyR&DProgram(2007BAD87812)．
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万方数据
滇池流域居民-农田混合区面源污染控制集成技术
作者： 吴永红， 胡正义， 杨林章， WU Yong-hong， HU Zheng-yi， YANG Lin-zhang
作者单位： 吴永红,胡正义,WU Yong-hong,HU Zheng-yi(中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京,210008;中国
科学院研究生院资源环境学院,北京,100039)， 杨林章,YANG Lin-zhang(中国科学院南京土
壤研究所,南京,210008)
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGICAL SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2008,27(5)
被引用次数： 3次

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2. 张乃明.张玉娟.陈建军.李成学 滇池流域农田土壤氮污染负荷影响因素研究[期刊论文]-中国农学通报
2004,20(5)

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境科学导刊 2010(4)
2.潘茉兰 生态学原理在滇池水体治理中的应用探讨[期刊论文]-河北农业科学 2010(3)
3.袁月祥.朱联碧.闫志英.刘晓风.廖银章.袁世斌.董微 施用农家肥对滇池土壤水质的影响研究[期刊论文]-科技资
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