摘 要 ：综述了畜尿特征及其对草地植被和家畜选择采食的作用。畜尿主要成分为尿素，尿斑N浓度一般为20~80 g N/m2。家畜排尿量和尿斑大小与家畜种类、饮水次数和放牧季节有关。畜尿空间分布表现为数量和浓度的不同，常呈线形函数形式随机分布于家畜采食路线周围，尿斑中心与边缘的尿N浓度差别很大。通常，畜尿对草地植物的影响限于尿斑区域，约为尿斑面积的2倍，作用时间可持续6~12个月；对草地植物生长具长期促进和短期灼烧作用，其效应大小与尿N浓度和施尿时期有关。一般畜尿促进禾草生长，抑制豆科草的生长和固氮作用。尿斑处植物的N成分比非施尿斑块高，植物吸收的N量随家畜年排泄N不同而异，尿排泄对植物生长的正效应发生于≤250 kg N/（hm2•a）情况下。畜尿排泄增加草地植物多度、丰富度和群落多样性，并受放牧、培育措施的影响。不同植物对畜尿的响应不同，放牧家畜对尿斑不同植物的选食性和补偿性生长差异，是引起和维持草地异质性的重要因素之一。放牧家畜具优先选食和反复采食尿斑植物或高营养斑块的特点，亦经常在远离高营养植被斑块的地方采食。具体草地管理与生产实践中，可通过在草地采食不足的地方设置饮水点、补饲料及搭荫棚等措施，提高家畜对整个草地的利用，以降低家畜对尿排泄物密集区高N植被斑块的过度采食。
Abstract:Animal urine patch characteristics and urine patch effects on grassland vegetation and animal diet selection are reviewed. The main component of animal urine is urea and urine nitrogen concentration ranges from 20 to 80 g N/m2. The volume of urine deposited and the physical size of individual urine patches varies according to animal type, the amount of drinking water consumed, and the grazing season. Individual urine patches differ in quantity deposited and in concentration, and tend to be distributed randomly in a more or less linear pattern along the grazing route of the animal. The concentration of urine nitrogen also differs greatly between the center and the border of urine patches. The effect of animal urine on grassland extends beyond the urine patch area, being about two times size of the urine patch, and typically lasts 6 months to a year. Animal urine has long-term positive and short-term negative effects on grassland herbage accumulation, depending on urine nitrogen concentration and urine excretion stage. Animal urine generally increases grass growth at the expense of legume growth and nitrogen fixation. The herbage within urine patches has higher nitrogen content than that of surrounding vegetation. the herbage nitrogen content ranged with different animal urine excretion, and the positive effect occurred on the condition of the urine excretion of ≤250 kg N/（hm2•a）. Animal urine deposition has been reported to increase grassland species abundance, richness and diversity indices, which were affected by grazing and management measurements. Different plant species responded differently to animal urine deposition, and animal selective grazing, and these differing responses are instrumental in maintaining grassland heterogeneity. Grazing animals preferentially and repeatedly grazed urine patches or higher nutrient resources, and also defoliated these patches more intensively. In grassland management, attention to practical details such as location drinking water sites, or provision of feed supplement and shelter establishment, among others, may promote more uniform grazing and decrease preferential grazing of urine patch areas.