全 文 ：第 23 卷 第 3 期 植 物 研 究 2003年 7 月
Vol.23 No.3 BULLETIN OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH July , 2003
黑龙江西部生态脆弱带景观格局研究
贾 利1 周光达2 张艳秋3
(1.黑龙江省科学院自然资源研究所 , 哈尔滨 150040)
(2.黑龙江大兴安岭林管局资源局 , 加格达奇 165000)
(3.哈尔滨工业大学信息系统实验室 , 哈尔滨 150001)
摘 要 运用景观生态学格局的分析方法 ,对黑龙江西部生态脆弱带典型的土地景观进行了分
析 ,并对各种分析方法进行了对比 ,探讨了各种景观类型的关系 ,并对人类活动的影响与景观之间
的关系进行了分析。
关键词 生态脆弱带;景观格局
LANDSACPE PATTERN IN THE ECOTONEOF FOREST
AND STEPPE IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE
JIA Li1 ZHOU Guang-Da2 ZHANG Yan-Qiu3
(1.Natural Resources Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences ,Harbin 150040)
(2.Resources Bureau , Dax ing anling Forestry Bureau o f Heilongjiang , Jiagedaqi 165000)
(3.Department of Computer Science and Technology in Harbin Institute of Technology ,Harbin 150001)
Abstract Applies the quantity methods of landscape pattern.Studies on the process of landscape pat-
tern in the eco tone of forest and steppe in w est of Heilongjiang Province based on the index analysis of
landscape pat tern.Discusses the relationship between the landscape pat tern and human activities im-
pacting on the vulnerability in the ecotone of forest and steppe.
Key words eco tone;landscape pattern
During the g lobalization , sustainable develop-
ment is becoming the main st ream.But the vulnera-
bility of ecological environment is hampering sus-
tainable development at both local and international
levels.In the w orld , to study vulnerability is in the
process in the field of ecology , economy , as well as
environment[ 1 ,2] .
In the paper , the ecotone is specially referring
to the ecotone of forest and steppe in the w est part
of Heilong jiang Province.The west part of Hei-
long jiang Province is located in the f ragile region ,
that means the envi ronmental factors are easy to
change , and the landscape patterns are easy to
change acco rding to the environmental factor varia-
tion.In the ecological system of ecotone , the vul-
nerability is very clear.And the stability of ecologi-
第一作者简介:贾利(1964-),女 ,博士 ,主要从事生态学研究。收稿日期:2003-01-03
cal system is low , that means it is easy to develop to
the t rend of far aw ay from the stability of the eco-
logical sy stem .
Eco tone has two aspects both in the spatial and
chronicle aspects.From the aspect of spatial , the
landscape pat tern including size , the st ructure , the
diversi ty , as w ell as the distribut ion.While from
the aspect of chronicle , the landscape changes
chronically and it also includes the process of the
change.In the study area , these changes have
strong relationship wi th human activities.To study
the pat terns of the landscape w ill help to grasp the
trend of environmental development in the ecotone ,
as well as to help the ecological const ruct ion plan for
sustainable development at a local level.
1 Backgroud of study area
The study area is located in the w est part of
Heilong jiang Province , it covers the area of 24 coun-
ties administrated by the municipals of Daqing and
Qiqihar.And it is the east part of Asian and Euro-
pean steppe;meanwhile it is an ecotone of forest and
steppe.There are rich of species of plants and w ild
animals.
The study area is located in the temperate con-
tinental monsoon region.The precipitat ion is 400
mm annually.And it is a cross region of semi-humid
and semi-arid.There is diversi ty of relief , the land-
scape patterns are hills , plain , saline-alkaline land ,
wetland , as w ell as sand land.There are many types
of soils , and the typical soil is chernozem.According
to the investigation analy sis , there are more than
60%plants belongs to semi-arid ecological environ-
ment plants.The typical plant is steppe(Aneurole-
pidium Chinensis).The special combination of cli-
mate and relief results in diversity of landscape;
there are fo rest islands do tted in the steppe , and
mosaics of meadow , farmland , wet land , as well as
sand dunes.Meanwhile the special natural environ-
ment results in the special local economy of combina-
tion of farm and husbandry (it is a part of North e-
co tone of crop production and husbandry in China).
The human activi ties make the landscape more com-
plex.
2 Material sources and analyzed methods
There are tw o ways to collect the materials fo r
analysis on the landscape pat tern in the study area ,
one is f ield investig at ion , another is to use the mate-
rials prepared , which including a plant map in Hei-
long jiang Province(1:3000000)、Landscape and ter-
rain map in Heilongjiang Province(1:500000)、Soil
map in Heilong jiang Province 、Landuse map in Hei-
long jiang Province , TM picture (Aug.16 , 1998).
After the collection of data , the authors t ry to apply
the following formulations to analysis on the da-
ta[ 3 ～ 5] , so as to find the law s of landscape pat tern ,
as well as the relationship betw een the environmen-
tal changes and human act ivit ies.
Fraction indicator[ 6] :D =2ln(L/4)/ lnA
Diversity indicator:H =-∑N
i=1P i lnP i
Richness o r abundance:R =(I -1)/ lnP ,
Evenness or equitability:E =ln(P)/ ln(I)
Dominant indicator:D =lnS +P i lnP i
Fragile indicator:F =N i/ A
Separate indicator:S=1/P
P=∑N
i=1[ [ K(i)] / ∑
N
i=1K(i)] ] 2
K(i)=R(i)/D0(i) K(i)= A(i)/π
3 Discussion
After the application of the indexes of f raction ,
diversity , dominant , evenness , f ragile , as w ell as
separate to the typical four types landscape in the re-
gion(Fig.1).The data related to each indexes are
showed in the Table 1.
The results demonstrated that in the landscape
type I , the f raction index is close to 1 , that means it
has been used by human being s ex tensively , and the
biodiversi ty is not rich , the dominant is higher than
that of other types in the study region , the f ragile
index is comparative low and the separation of the
landscape is not high.For the maximum faction in-
dex is the type III , the diversity of landscape is
high , meanwhile the dominant is not high and the
separat ion is higher.Type I and type III are the be-
tw een types of typeⅡ and type IV.
354 植 物 研 究 23 卷
Fig.1 Different landscape pattern in the west part of Heilongjiang P rovince
0.Grass land;1.Farm land;2.S talinization and;3.S andification land;4.Wetland
Table 1 The landscape pattern indexes
Fract ion Diversity Dominant Evenness Fragile Separate
I 1.05 0 1.08 8 1.45 3 0.222 1 0.078 96 2.223
II 1.20 5 1.34 4 1.23 4 0.398 9 0.154 0 7.689
III 1.42 2 1.654 1.20 2 0.400 2 0.183 9 7.764
IV 1.30 2 1.411 1.18 9 0.362 4 0.178 8 6.738
4 Results
4.1 The study area is located in the eco tone of for-
est and steppe in the west part of Heilong jiang
Province , and i t is of rich landscape in the region.
4.2 In the study area , there are extensive lands of
the t rend of sandif ication and salt inizat ion , as w ell
as basification.
4.3 The landscape pat tern has been impacted both
by climate change and human activities.And there
is a st rong relationship between the land deg radation
and human activi ties in recently years.
4.4 Fract ion model is one of the model of land-
scape pattern.Generally , the value of f raction di-
mension is between 1 to 2 , and 1 means that human
beings have influenced the landscape extensively.
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3553 期 贾 利等:黑龙江西部生态脆弱带景观格局研究