期 刊 ：植物保护学报 2006年
Keywords:Methyl bromide, metham sodium, solarization, resistant cultivar, strawberry,
摘 要 ：溴甲烷是一种消耗臭氧层的物质,根据《蒙特利尔议定书哥本哈根修正案》,发展中国家将于2015年淘汰。在我国溴甲烷消费量最大的地区,河北省满城县实施了中-意"溴甲烷土壤消毒替代技术及能力建设项目"。试验结果表明:威百亩和威百亩+VIF,采用化学灌溉技术施药,是有前景的溴甲烷替代品,2001~2002年威百亩和威百亩+VIF处理"达赛莱克特"品种的产量分别为26 816 kg/hm2和23 672 kg/hm2,而溴甲烷处理的产量为28 346 kg/hm2;威百亩和威百亩+VIF处理"理念"品种的产量分别为19 844 kg/hm2和15 989 kg/hm2,而溴甲烷处理的产量为19 657 kg/hm2;2002~2003年威百亩和威百亩+VIF处理"达赛莱克特"品种的产量分别为23 073 kg/hm2和23 446 kg/hm2,而溴甲烷处理的产量为25 285 kg/hm2;威百亩和威百亩+VIF处理"全明星"品种的产量分别为:29 594 kg/hm2和27 677 kg/hm2,而溴甲烷处理的产量为32 191 kg/hm2。产量结果经统计分析表明,威百亩、威百亩+VIF与溴甲烷均无显著差异。溴甲烷+VIF采用热法施药,其产量与溴甲烷无明显差异,但溴甲烷+VIF能减少溴甲烷25%的用药量。太阳能消毒+生物防治制剂的产量高于空白对照,有一定的防病增产效果,但显著低于溴甲烷处理的产量,不能作为溴甲烷的替代品。进口品种"理念"和当地主栽品种"全明星"对土传病害的抗性较差,在长势、产量方面均显著差于新引进品种"达赛莱克特"。虽然"达赛莱克特"对土传病害有一定的抗性,但与溴甲烷和威百亩处理区比较,空白对照区的产量仍显著低于药剂处理区的产量。
Abstract:Methyl bromide is listed as one of the ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the Montreal Protocol and going to be phased out in developing countries in 2015 according to Copenhagen Amendment. A China-Italian cooperative project, Transfer of alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide and capacity building in soil fumigation (strawberry sector), funded by Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory was implemented in Mancheng County, Hebei Province. The treatments included metham sodium (MS) 35 g/m2, MS 26.25 g/m2+VIF (virtually impermeable film), solarization+biological control agent (BCA) 10 g/m2, methyl bromide (MB) 50 g/m2 and 55 g/m2 , MB 37.5 g/m2+VIF and MB 41 g/m2+VIF, resistant cultivars and untreated control (CK). The results showed that MS and MS+VIF applied through chemgation were the most promising alternatives to MB. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 26 816 kg/hm2 and 23 672 kg/hm2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 28 346 kg/hm2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. Idea were 19 844 kg/hm2 and 15 989 kg/hm2, while the yield of MB treatment was 19 657 kg/hm2 in 2001-2002. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 23 073 kg/hm2 and 23 446 kg/hm2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 25 285 kg/hm2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. All star were 29 594 kg/hm2 and 27 677 kg/hm2, while the yield of MB treatment was 32 191 kg/hm2 in 2002-2003. There were no significant differences in the tested alternatives from the yield obtained by MB treatment according to statistic analysis. VIF reduced MB emission. Low dosage of MB with VIF by hot gas system did not show any significant difference from normal MB dosage with polyethylene munching in yield and the vigor of strawberry. Solarization+BCA gave higher yield than the untreated control, but it was significantly lower than that from plots treated with MB. It can not be used as an alternative to MB. Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens. The yield, however, in MB, MB+VIF, MS, MS+VIF treated plots was higher than that of the untreated ones.