作 者 ：樊小林 李进
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 4期 页码：938-946
关键词：碱性肥料；蕉园土壤；土壤酸性；香蕉枯萎病；发病率；病情指数；香蕉产量；
Keywords:alkaline fertilizer, banana plantation, soil acidity, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, disease index, banana yield,
摘 要 ：【目的】我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化严重、 香蕉营养失衡、 巴拿马病（枯萎病）严重泛滥和肆虐，造成香蕉严重减产甚至绝收。中性碱性土壤条件可有效抑制引发巴拿马病（枯萎病）细菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense）的感染。本研究在长期从事香蕉营养与施肥研究的基础上，研制了碱性肥料，并在海南乐东（香蕉枯萎病重灾区）进行了3年碱性肥料田间试验，研究碱性肥料以及其他肥料与其混合使用在改良蕉园土壤酸性的同时，防控香蕉枯萎病及其营养效果。以期通过施用碱性肥料改善我国蕉园土壤状况，降低枯萎病的发生，促进香蕉增产。【方法】试验采用5因素完全方案，分别为碱性肥料（AF）+长效肥料（CRF）+速效肥料（CCF）、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、 CRF+CCF、 CCF 5个处理，每个处理的氮、 磷、 钾总量相等，香蕉整个生育期内施氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）分别为200、 80、 400 g/plant，每个处理重复3次，随机排列。在每次施肥后15~20 d采集表层15 cm的土壤并测定土壤pH值。分别在香蕉孕蕾期、 抽蕾期、 果实膨大期、 收获期调查枯萎病发病率、 病情指数。【结果】土壤pH值分别和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈极显著的负相关，即土壤酸性越强，香蕉枯萎病越严重；黄叶率和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈显著或极显著的正相关，说明香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数越高，香蕉黄叶数越多，绿叶数越少。通过4次施肥，碱性肥料在香蕉生长期供应适量足量氮、 磷、 钾养分的同时，还能有效地提高土壤pH值，使土壤pH值维持在7.0~7.4之间，并且能有效降低香蕉黄叶率、 发病率和病情指数，对防控香蕉枯萎病有显著效果。从香蕉孕蕾期开始，枯萎病呈现加重趋势，到收获期时香蕉发病最严重，但在这期间碱性肥料能明显降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。香蕉收获期，常规肥料处理的枯萎病发病率在62%以上，而碱性肥料处理的发病率降低到了18%以下；并且碱性肥料能明显减轻发病香蕉病情，常规对照处理香蕉病情指数达到了21%，而碱性肥料处理的只有5%。香蕉黄叶率从营养期开始逐渐增大，碱性肥料处理香蕉黄叶率显著低于常规对照处理的黄叶率。碱性肥料处理的香蕉经济收获率由对照的56%增加到了72%，每公顷增产13267 kg，单株增产3.43 kg。【结论】碱性肥料增产的原因在于一方面提高了土壤pH值而降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率及其病情指数，减少了香蕉的黄叶数量，使香蕉有较多的绿叶进行光合作用而高产；另一方面香蕉生长期土壤处于中性偏碱环境能有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的萌发和致病，而有利于其他有益微生物的生长，从而为香蕉健康生长营造良好的土壤环境。由此可见，应用碱性肥料不仅是改良蕉园土壤酸性、 均衡土壤养分、 平衡香蕉营养的施肥技术，而且是防控香蕉枯萎病的有效措施。
Abstract:【Objectives】Soil acidification, nutrient imbalance, frequent occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in banana plantation are the main reasons leading to the serious decrease of banana production and even the constrained abandon of banana orchard in many regions of China. On the base of long term research, a alkaline fertilizer (AF) special for banana was make out, and its effect on regulating soil pH and the control of Fusarium wilt was investigated in a three year’s field experiment in Hainan, so as to develop a cost effective measure to improve soil pH, decline incidence of the Fusarium wilt and increase banana production.【Methods】A complete random design field experiment with five-factor was conducted and the effect of alkaline fertilizer (AF) on soil acidity, incidence of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and banana yield was compared with conventional fertilizer (CCF) for three years in Wanzhong banana plantation district of Ledong County, Hainan Island Province. Each banana plant was applied with 200 g of N, 80 g of P2O5 and 400 g of K2O. There were five treatments： alkaline fertilizer (AF) + controlled release fertilizer (CRF) + conventional fertilizer (CCF), AF + CRF, AF + CCF, CRF + CCF, CCF respectively, each treatment had three replications. 0-15 cm depth soil samples were collected in 60 cm away from the pseudo stem in the bud formation stage, pumping stage, fruit enlargement stage and banana harvest period, respectively.【Results】 1) Both the disease incidence and index of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were negatively correlated with the soil pH value (P<0.01) significantly, which meant the incidence of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was worse in soils with lower pH. The rate of yellow leaf showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation with disease incidence and index as well, in other words, higher disease incidence and index lead to larger number of yellow leaves, and less green leaves consequently. 2) The alkali fertilizer could increase soil pH significantly and keep the soil pH in range of 7.0 to 7.4. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense at each key growing stage of the banana were remarkably lower than controlled fertilizer. The disease incidence and disease index were as high as 62% and 21% in control, while those were only 18% and 5% in the AF treatment, respectively. 3) The harvest rate of banana fruit increased from 56% with the control to 72% with the AF treatment. The harvested yield of the AF treatment increased by 13267 kg/ha, being 156% of the control. 【Conclusions】Application of AF can maintain favorate soil conditions for banana growth through regulate the soil pH in rang of neutral and weak alkaline range, and decline the rate of yellow leaf and increase the single plant yield and the harvest index. Therefore, the use of alkaline fertilizer is a cost effective measure to regulate soil pH value, keep equilibrium of nutrients, resist the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense during banana growth, thus achieve a high yield of banana.
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