作 者 ：李进,张立丹,刘芳,樊小林

期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2016年 22卷 2期 页码：429-436

关键词：碱性肥料；蕉园土壤；pH值；香蕉枯萎病；发病率；土壤微生物群落；

Keywords:alkaline fertilizer (AF), infected banana plantation soil, soil pH, fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC), incidence of FOC, soil microbial community,

摘 要 ：【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。

Abstract:【Objectives】In view of problem of serious declining banana production and even constrained abandon of banana orchards in many regions of China caused by soil acidification, deterioration of microbial community and wide spread of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC)in banana plantation, the objective of the research was to study effect of a kind of alkaline fertilizer (AF) as a measure of improving soil pH, ameliorating the microbial community, reducing incidence of the Fusarium and promoting the growth of banana. 【Methods】The effects of the AF on banana wilt disease development and three main types of microorganisms in soil were studied by using pot culture during banana seedling growth with two-groups and three-levels design. The experiment included fertilizer treatments (AF), conventional fertilizer treatments(CCF) and both the AF and CCF consisted of three levels of applied fertilizer N. The total amount of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O used was the same in one level. There were 6 treatments in total. The tested soil was collected from the wilt disease infected banana plantation in Ledong County, Hainan Island, China. After transplanting bananas to nutritive pots for 130 days, the soil and plant samples were collected on 6 March 2013 when the differences of incidence of FOC were significant among different treatments. 【Results】 1) After four times interval fertilization, the incidences of the FOC of the banana treated with the AF are significantly lower than those in the conventional compound fertilizer treatments, which shows a positive result of the AF application during the banana growth, and the incidence of the disease is 78% in the CCF and 33% in the AF treatment. 2) Soil microbial community is significantly affected by the AF mainly in the soil microbial population. The amount of fungi population in the soil treated with the AF is remarkably less than that in the CCF, while the amounts of actinomycetes and bacteria population are significantly higher than those in the CCF treatments. The amount of FOC is decreased significantly after the AF fertilization. 3) The AF fertilization could raise soil pH value significantly during the experiment. The pH values of the soil treated with AF are increased by 0.75 unit compared to the CCF treatment after four-time interval application. Whereas the soil EC of the former treatment is decreased by 47.76 μS/cm compared to the later one. 4) There are significantly negative correlations between the soil pH value and number of FOC, the incidence of the disease respectively. Meanwhile, there are significant negative correlations between the number of bacteria in the soil and number of FOC, disease index of the FOC. However, the incidence of the disease is significantly positive correlated with number of fungi and FOC. 5) The banana biomass is increased significantly with the increases of both AF and CCF applied in the trial, and the effect of AF is greater than that of CCF.【Conclusions】The use of alkaline fertilizer not only provides nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for banana, but also increases soil pH and improves soil microbial community for promoting actinomycetes and bacteria development. The use of AF will significantly prevent and control the infection of FOC during banana growth.