免费文献传递   相关文献

Effects of Abamectin Stress on the Food Chain of Malus micromalus- Aphis citricola-Harmonia axyridis

阿维菌素胁迫对西府海棠-苹果黄蚜-异色瓢虫的影响


The physiological and biochemical indexes of Malus micromalus and the biological parameters of Aphis citricola and its predator Harmonia axyridis were investigated after Abamectin, a pesticide treatments. The results showed: 1) Leaves from M. micromalus displayed lower leaf wax content, chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and higher total aminophenol content and soluble sugar content, compared with the control. The various trends of these indexes were showed as the pesticide concentration increased. 2) A. citricola, an aphid reared on leaves of M. micromalus after Abamectin treatments displayed significantly longer longveity and higher fecundity than those of the control . With increasing of the pesticide concentration, the longveity prolonged, while the fecundity decreased. 3) H. axyridis, who fed the aphids after 8 000 and 10 000 times Abamectin treatmeats had a significantly higher daily predacious number of the aphids, while those fed aphids after 4 000 times Abamectin treatment displayed lower daily predacious number , compared with the control. H. axyridis, who fed aphids after 4 000 and 8 000 times Abamectin treatments, were longer preoviposition period, whereas those fed aphids after 10 000 times Abamectin treatment were shorter preoviposition period, compared with the control. H. axyridis fed aphids after Abamectin treatments showed a significantly lower fecundity and incubation rate than those of the control. Our results indicated that Abamectin could affect A. citricola and its predator H. axyridis through the food chain.


全 文 :!!"
" !
!
#
# $ % %
$
!
%
& ( )
&()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(,)
./01!"!*/1!
,234!# $ % %
6•7Ù$%7+8á9
?
€®:
?
@Ï;<@AB
!
g;Þ
5
[ßà
5
áââ
5
&
5
ã
5
&
5
F
"
™qDE)"€G&)F
5
­H
#"%$%>#
#$%
5
98×9
$
f‹’Ä
$
Nˆ•”
$
+§•a
&()*
! &"7616$71%555
+,-./
!,555
+01*
!%$$% ?"!>>"#$%%#$! ?$%"# ?$7
¦§¨#
#$$9 ?%$ ?%6$
©ª¨#
#$%$ ?$% ?%!&
«¬­®

¸¹º»¼S¿À«¬
"#$$7$!6!$$6# &
! ˜a–¥ÄÅÆÇ
&
!""#$%.&"/7-;#$%()1%,#..&)%>#&&06>-()&"!"#$%6&3)/6"#$%?
;-G&%3&1)&3/#" ?M")6/2&" "N,)&>&%
ZGEFKJN0J5&NE KNFDE5KJGEFMJEFSJEF5-JcNJ5-JMGEF
"@$+&,&$:!+12(!%$(&*(.$2 ! -/12C$2, 3,%.*0+(0%1+42.5&%.()5I1.
"
12 #"%$%>#
/7.%,-$%5+PD2PSQJ/0/FJOG0GER VJ/OPD*.(%.*$+1 GER JHQ23DRGH/3B1%A$2.1 1H)%.C.LD3DJEUDQHJFGHDR GTHD3,VG%# -DGUDQT3/GOHJUJHS! GER PJFPD3H/HG0GHPDQDJERDWDQLD3DQP/LDR GQHPD2DQHJOJRDO/EODEH3GHJ/E JEO3DGQDR4## 3"*.(%.*$+1! GE G2PJR 3DG3DR /E 0DGUDQ/TG"
A.*%$A1+0GTHD3,VGO/EH3/04ZJHP JEO3DGQJEF/THPD2DQHJOJRDO/EODEH3GHJ/E! HPD0/EFUDJHS23/0/EFDR! LPJ0DHPDTDONERJHSRDO3DGQDR46# B"
1H)%.C.! LP/TDR HPDG2PJRQGTHD3> $$$ GER %$ $$$ HJENEN $$$ HJLD3D0/EFD323D/UJ2/QJHJ/E 2D3J/R! LPD3DGQHP/QDTDR G2PJRQGTHD3%$ $$$ HJ23D/UJ2/QJHJ/E 2D3J/R! O/<2G3DR LJHP HPDO/EH3/04B"1H)%.C.TDR G2PJRQGTHD3,VG0/LD3TDONERJHSGER JEONVGHJ/E 3GHDHPGE HP/QD/THPDO/EH3/04[N33DQN0HQJERJOGHDR HPGH,VGGER JHQ23DRGH/3B"1H)%.C.HP3/NFP HPDT//R OPGJE4
B#@ C&,0.5,VG55
*²Q$!
!
[LŒ¨îý¢ù"€
%
".;^
aÖ¢™„·LŒ¨îÂ2/à?lm+X!Xö
÷›X)Ç?Rø
&
Ðlm[ù6¼´•€¥«
&Ôø
"
æ‡!ç
!#$$>#&

!
XÔý7Ÿí,
1ù1^a
?
"€Â2/à†å?lm£Š:Z
žÞˆ
!
Q¥d\?lmùβ
%
Œqn*+?1ù
"
ýþ
!%998#!
am5þÖDÞ1ù†å?lm
$
®
:?lmd\¡ø‰í,?@7^a?wA@
A
!
m5‹Œj"€ö÷ø†1ù
!
^aù‡l7
ö1ù?"€Æï;^6Ö7^a
?
"€?/à<
l†@A
&
DÞ¡"€Ýa,?îÙ¹\(.é
RãÆñ
&
I#6!
!
—?®t[d\¡DÞ7
Ýa,?Ù¹þˆ
%
DÞcEn7í,?*+K
!
l
mÔøƒ[ùû7DÞ7"€?wA@A
!
DÞ
7^a?wA@A
&
ÚDÞ1ù7"€
?
".;^
a
?
™„·RLŒ@A?lmL¸gF³"
&
¢*K
!
,an™„Æ¥MNàá\.€§K
?³âí#
!
¢M¥ö÷TâMNàá\›†?@
?‚–
&
DÞ7ŸMNàáLùý!€
!
¢3ðª
±7MNàá\›?@˜M…,?@A
!
?Y
Œ©Dކålm¢7^a?@A-Ÿ7å
!
Ú^
‹Œj"€ö÷DÞ1ù
!
^aù‡l7ö1ù
?"€Óï;^
!
6ÖDÞùa@ÄÒ"€
?
".
;^a
?
™„þ`Þ?.€§7,an™„˜M@
A
!
n©DÞ7"€?@Að8
!
{³|lmDÞ7
,an™„?@A
!
…¬c®3§¨
&

!

*6\DÞ7Ýa6,?Ù¹þˆ³wù6DÞ?
E‘-ð!Gt?
!
•)DÞ?ý>‘ìṉ̃{
5!
!
# о…ç

98×91ù7f‹’Ä
?
Nˆ•”
?
+§•a?@A
#Ôþˆž
!
Г7"€ºÞÞ,
%
‘(,a®3
—˜
%
-…ŸMNàá?¹;(e
&
*$!
!
-5l
m³"¤¥ž>‘DÞ
"
,a?VhÔ>‘
#
ó
‚,aMä:=
!
÷ý™„7,a?Â7:F
!

™„?aäó
&
‡ž°0Þ>‚†»K?†š
›2¢
"321,%02.+1<1%51(1&#
œMiýŸÂ^ý°
0Þ > ?  ‚
"
Ý V ` ç
! #$$7 #$
 a ž
"(ìñš
!
`†K?·•Ÿ
"I%)<$%)>1
.2*&%(0+1#
˜a‘.3
"
Ò{æç
!#$$6G$ #$$6V#!
öFœ Š
"YJHDQ#
MP
"kGÅÑ

"#$$%#
n
ZN
ç
"#$$%#
ƒ:ïÂ.‡A
&
?
Y
!
&‰+$jÚDÞ?—¡ñ‘ýÜjÚZ3ž
>‘°0
&
M˜ñDÞ7Dƀ"»M‚
%
M•†å?
@A + < ü [ ö ü à á ? l m
!
‡ · ¢ A
"+3JG\/2P/Q#
5ìÑ£
"@1221 .2C.*1#
?FÚ9—
‘ž1P
%
‚z”•€E•Õ
" &[B#
?:;
"
BD¦ç
!#$$>#$
*6Ò
"@NHGOP0/3#
5ì`†F
i\Líw«¥—‘.3
!
ÚPH—‘1P
"
ÅÑ

!#$$%$ #$$##$
¤Õ¥5ìE§
"K+)*.2&A1H#
FÔ`’;w«¥—‘n
,+g
.3
!
`’;ÜvH
nFÚ9
GrV
Ê1P
"BSO] &(1+4!%9"9#&
ÚñDÞ7f‹’Ä?@A
!
®:¸gF³"
&

’Ä
"G1+0A.*%$A1+0#
ù³Rã?ä&¨í"€
&
¡i‹l‚!
-5žê7¢¤Ð•)DÞ
&
N
ˆ•”
"3ùf‹’ÄK?£ã,a
!
®:lmÍùû7DÞ7¢Ù¹þˆ†å
&
+§•
a
"B1%A$2.1 1H)%.C.#
ùNˆ•”?Rã‘.;™
„9³
!
̱DÞ7¢@A?lmü[
!
Ð[ùDÞ
?wA@A
!
Ú©.€§ð8lmDÞ7+§•a
?@A
!
®:¸gF³"
&
&‰+6f‹’Ä¥rðS
!
lmý
%
ž>‘D
Þ
"
98×9
#
ÄÒ.€§f‹’Ä
?
Nˆ•”
?
+§•a?Þ27Nˆ•”n+§•a?ŽA@
A
!
6rBDÞ1ù7^a
?
"€/à?@Aný
%
ž>‘DÞ?aóFÖ¢7™„?º9F
!
é¡
r_•)Ù¹y™„?°±aŽ?«€;cš
&
…¥‚ìñDÞ
!
.>™„?‚Æñ
!
÷ïÈ?
,aÙ¹ÉÔ÷ˆ‚A3ÿ
&
FG
yzbܠ
%1%5
0212
%1>_
98×9)Ð
"
覽3M€µpd(f
$M˜
#!
—¡ñ‘
! $$$ b7 $$$
¸
&

! $$$
¸
%
> $$$
¸n
%$ $$$
¸
6
†—‘
&
6¤ÐÃ`¥7 
&
%1#5
023€²45
©­H9q<ˆÑàÉO¹¨:
#
$MÛÝ
a?f‹’Äà
!
qr4inEíi"
&
ŸÛL™
œ†¤Ð98×9
!
ޚ!
%!8!%$!%8
™n
#$
™qrŠ¬
!
Ñ»Š’ÄF
%$ F!
BâG¥
!
ñŸ
FO
%
FÚ9
%
5’;H
%
w«¥–‘nz”•€E
•Õ
"&[B#
:;?iw
%
qz
&
$w«¥–‘«ñ
w«¥qzªý
!
¢£›­ÑÛ?iw†‡B X()FK’"€M‚lmþ
"%999#
?–¢
&
Nˆ•”n+§•a«°™qQˆÑlmþ
!ˈä
!
˜¡,Ôf‹’ÄKsŒ5
#
(
&
,
ÔOP?”aqr‰
6
†‚
"
¤Ð
! $$$!> $$$
n
%$ $$$
¸98×9
#
?’ÄàK
&
”a¡ˆ+§
•aŠ.:ª¼¡’ÄKŠ.
#
Ø
&
þ<‰+¡
"#> q8#:!
Â7—0
7$_ b>$_!
t Ø#
%7-e
>B
op1{¼
&
‰+þñNˆ•”n+§•a?
âjE2†
&
%165
\Ln6+â€,)*
Ê
6$
Ò`”ÚŸ^…‹Œ§
"
wx
%8 O<#
ô
 F@®‡
"
ZÑM
!%9>"#
¨6-.‚1?È
ɒÄFTâMäØ#
&
Ñ=
! P
¨¬”a?©
u
%
ÔJi礍
&
j•”OP
!
[\ÑҔaþ
˜`”?Ÿ‘
&
Ñ
! P
d\þ˜`”‰Â^DÞ
°0‚FKwÔJ
&
‰+#Ž
6
™®Û
%
î
’ÄF
&
с‚R`
6
î
&
%1!5
WK75+â€,)*
Ê
6$
Ò+§•a`aڟª«l
"
wx
6 Oý
%8 O<#
Ô%ÒsŒ
!
s¨¢
6
þn
!
þh”
&
Ñ
7 P
¨¬³î©unÔJi¤
&
љ.3•”˜
®Û’ÄF
&
j²•ïÞa
!
hr–J
$
ñ«
°Â.‚?•”sŒ•a
!
³˜ÚŸª«l
"
w
x
6 Oý
%8 O<#
ԏ¢5Ø
%
˜a
&
[\ÑÒ?
˜a‘
!
Ñ
7 P
d\þ˜a˜‰ä<—x#?‹
Τ
"
wx
%8 O<#!
¨¬a?¬•¤
&
+§•a
Þa½.v­®
#! P
š¨¬¢¨‘.‘
!
Ċ›
‚1E2†?Nˆ•”›
#$$
Òƥ̀
&
с
‚R`
6
î
&
%185
Cä(
‰+‡ˆ«ñ
YJO3/Q/TH)WOD0
!pn
&g&&
&HGHJQHJOQ.%"4$
Ÿÿqz!p{¼‰+Ÿÿ?ák
kÿ
%
ákç+n†*qzçOÆ
&
DG
³€b(Y
#1%5
89:;bˆ+â8âi†‡
FO—‘¡ÞšžŸ7 
&
DÞ°0XýF
6"%
& ( )
!"
"
5
O—‘Xž
!
öè鍎?—‰FO—‘-Pž/
0
&
›‚y7 ÂÊ*+ž
!
-.‚ŽÊü
*+£ž
!
Ð-.™ŸŽÊü*+-ž
&
5’;H—‘¡ÞšýŸ7 
&
DÞ°0X
ý5’;H—‘Xý
!
öè鍎?—‰TjK-¤
ïã1PšK3?/0
!
!
%$
™=÷QE
!
ښ1
Pւ#`C
&
›°0‚y7 ÂÊ*+ž
!
-
.°0‚ŽÊü*+£ž
&
Ðޚ!
%
™n!
%$
™
!
kl—‘ýŸ7 
!
Ð*+-ž
&
y7 ÂÊ
!
FÚ9—‘<-.P0?Pž
$
èéÐÞ°0?.3
!
˜M?þ^ƒ.E
&
›°0
‚y7 ÂÊ*+ž
!
-.°0‚ŽÊü*
+£ž
&
.FÚ9—‘1P?QEþ^ª¡Þ
š
%$ b%8
™ÎÏ
!
¢%$
™þ^QE
!
öDÞÐ
ñ°0Xýþ^ï¤:X
&
&[B
:;¡Þš-¤ãK3š1P/0
&
Þ
š!
%
™
!&[B
:;ndbK3
!
Ú¡!
%$
™ÎÏ
y7 ?*+=÷QE
!
!
%8
™db1P
!
!
#$
™
y7 «&³h
& > $$$
¸n
%$ $$$
¸‚1
&[B
:;ýŸ7 
!
Ú
! $$$
¸‚LžŸ7 
!
›°0‚Ž*+ž
$
?_ž°01ù.>Z"
€ÙàóF
!
‰¤¥Õ:3ý
!
Úý°01ù1"€
ö,üR
!
7ýº–šF1P
!
‰¤¥Õ:?Pž
&
w«¥–‘¡ÞšýŸ7 
&
èéDÞ°0
.ýw«¥–‘Pž
!
Úèޚ™Ÿ?.3L-K
3/0
!
E4¡Þš
%8
™7 ‚?w«¥–‘
db1P
!
¢£
6
†‚1?w«¥–‘K3/0
db-~"db-¤1P/0
&
›Dށ‚y7
 ÂÊ*+ž
&
-.°0‚ŽÊü
!
ޚ
%
™
n
8
™›‚Ž*+Q2
!
Þš
%$
™n
%8
™7
 y›‚Ž?*+3E
!%8
™=÷QE
!
ޚ
#$
™7 y›‚Ž*+1P÷QÇ`C
&
m
FG
6•7Ù7á9¹Üp=¬-@AB
!
:-7RFG!""#$%.&"-7-;$%()&)!"#$%6&3)/6"#$%
•W¸Ÿ
BJRNHJ/E
ޚ™Ÿ
BGSQGTHD3
2DQHJOJRDrR
FO—‘
ZGW0GSD3
O/EHDEHrF
5’;H—‘
&/0NV0D
QNFG3
O/EHDEH"_#
FÚ9—‘
P0/3/2PS0
O/EHDEH
r"?%
#
&[B
r"j,F
?%
CZ#
w«¥–‘
+/HG0GO/EHDEH
r/F,"%$$ F#
?%
0
! $$$
> $$$
%$ $$$
X
% $1>8 q$4%$G 71#! q$4#"V 81#! q$4!9G %!717% q649%G %9$1"$ q#47>D
8 $178 q$4$9O !1%8 q$4!"O !196 q$4##V %>"1!" q!486G ##>1"# q84$"R
%$ $177 q$4$"V 71>> q$467G 6188 q$488D %96166 q64>9G #7!16> q748#G
%8 $18! q$4$9O !19! q$468O 61"9 q$4#%R %6>1$9 q#4"7G #!718# q74"%V
#$ $18> q$4$8O 818! q$4!!O !1"$ q$46#O %6"1!! q!4"9V #!61>8 q8499O
% %1$! q$4$9G 81>! q$466V 81># q$46>G %>"196 q%#479G #$>17" q64"6D
8 $19> q$4%$GV 61#7 q$46"O 817" q$46#V #!617> q94$"G #!61"# q#489R
%$ $1>> q$4$>V 71%6 q$48"GO 6196 q$4#7D #"81"% q74!8G #>71!$ q%4"9G
%8 $1>8 q$4$7O !1%9 q$469O !1!> q$4!"R %"91%6 q747>G #"91>" q%%48#V
#$ $1>" q$4%6O !1"6 q$469O 81#6 q$4#$O %"$17! q"469V #791%$ q849$O
% %1## q$4$9G 81$9 q$4#!G 716% q$469G #%$17" q7469G #%!1!9 q84!9D
8 %1%# q$4%%O #17> q$47%V 71$7 q$4!8V #78169 q%#4>%G #7#1$7 q!4>#R
%$ %1%6 q$4%%V 81#8 q$4#$V !18$ q$4!9D #991"% q64!!G 6$7166 q74"#V
%8 %1$7 q$4$8O 6179 q$4!>V !19$ q$4%#R %9916> q!4#%G 6%#1"% q%746"G
#$ %1$> q$4$>O !1$8 q$46"V 8176 q$4#9O %9716! q!4%9V #">1!" q"48"O
% %16" q$4$9V !16> q$4!6G 71"$ q$46%G %"#196 q94$9G %791>% q#497D
8 %16! q$4$7V #1%" q$47%O 7186 q$47%V #$91!! q647>G #%#1>$ q84$8O
%$ %1!% q$4%%G !16# q$4%"V 81%9 q$4##D #!%1>" q%!4>$G #!$1"" q64%6G
%8 %16! q$4%#V #1"! q$4"O 8176 q$467R %881!6 q"4$8O #$718$ q#4!6R
#$ %167 q$4$7V 616% q$4#"O 71$! q$4%#O %881># q74!9V #%>1"$ q74#6V
55
!.v\-.xy‰~
-&B
ç+
8_
`C*+ž
&
1.
& YDGEQT/0/LDR VSRJTD3DEH0DHD3Q/E HPDQGRJTD3DEODGH8_ 0DUD0VS-&BHDQH4+PDQG#1#5
\Ln6+â€,)*
7f‹’ĤÐDÞ98×9šNˆ•”?Ô
JiF‰
#$
Nˆ•”Š.›‚’ÄFš?O
PFn7¹(?C(¹„#?iw‡ˆF‰
6&
ޚ
%
™Nˆ•”?ÔJi=
7>1%!_ b
>71%!_!
?_98×9û<üÝ?ñþ;
&
ޚ
8
™ÔJidb1P
!
ޚ
%8
™ÔJi1P¥
7"1!9_ b"817%_!
Þš
#$
™Ù¹þˆž1
P
&
?_98×9¡ÐÞ:#Ù¹Nˆ•”þˆ
üÝ
&
Nˆ•”Š.98×91ù1Fš
!
¢¹(
„#y7 ÂÊ,I
$
OPFy7 ÂÊ.E
&
¢
!"%
5!
!
# о…ç

98×91ù7f‹’Ä
?
Nˆ•”
?
+§•a?@A
\DÞ°0Xý¹(„#XI
!
ÚDÞ°0XžO
PFX>
& %$ $$$
¸Â7Ÿ
! $$$
¸óž.3Þ
aOPF
!
¢%$ $$$
¸‚šÞaOPFÊ7 
.3
%%9188_&
m
DG
6•7Ù7€®:—>Ž@AB
:-7RDG!""#$%.&"-7-;#$%()&);&%-2(%@ &";-G&%3&1)&3/#"
•W¸Ÿ
BJ0NHJ/E
ÔJi
Y/HG0JHS"_#
% 8 %$ %8 #$
! $$$ >71%! q$4"9G 8"1"7 q$47#G "61!6 q$4%!!G "817% q$4>8G 771>% q$4>8G
> $$$ ""1!# q$4!"G "$16" q$4!8G "%18! q$4%%G "$1%# q$496G 7!17# q$46%G
%$ $$$ 7>1%! q$47%V 791$> q$4"8V 7"1"" q$47!V 7"1!9 q$4%7V 7#179 q$4!8V
m
HG
€®:)?6•7Ù$%™+8á9¹Ü@@ARBs\CD¶
:-7RHG#$=)0(%@ -)02&)5#3(%@ &";*3&1)&3/#" ,#-,#0&)!*6&3)/6"#$%=)0#,/7-;#$%()<,#..
•W¸Ÿ
BJ0NHJ/E
¹(„#
-/EFUDJHSrR
Ê7 .3Àqi
(EO3DGQD3GHDO/<2G3DR
LJHP O/EH3/0"_#
OPF
CDONERJHSrPDGR
Ê7 .3Àqi
(EO3DGQD3GHDO/<2G3DR
LJHP O/EH3/0"_#
! $$$ %64#6 q$4#"G !819# #>1$$ q!48>O #"1#"
> $$$ %%1#" q$4%8V #!166 691$$ q#478V ""16$
%$ $$$ %$18% q$4%%O %819# !>16$ q#4$>G %%9188
X 91$" q$4%8R * ##1$$ q#47!R *
#165
WK75+â€,)*
+§•a7Š.›‚’ÄFšNˆ•”?
¨‘.‘
%
˜a:#
%
і˜a‘n¬•iç?iw
‡ˆF‰
!

8&
m
IG
@Ï;<)?6•7Ù$%™€®:@@iE?=
:-7RIG9-(2@ <,#0-$(&=.)=;7#,&"M*"N,)&>&%"#0C(%>;*3&1)&3/#" ",&;0(""#,#)%!*6&3)/6"#$%
•W¸Ÿ
BJ0NHJ/E
¨‘.‘
BGJ0S23DRGOJ/NQEN% R 8 R %$ R %8 R #$ R
! $$$ %$81$$ q!48>R %$$17" q648%R 9!1$$ q647%R 9%166 q"4""R >917" q848%R
> $$$ %$917" q#48#V %$9166 q#48#V %$"1$$ q"49!V %%%166 q#4$>V %%!17" q#4$>G
%$ $$$ %%!17" q#4$>G %%%17" q#48#G %%#17" q648%G %%!1$$ q!467G %%%17" q!4"6V
X %$"17" q#4%>O %$"166 q648%O %$616$ q%4%$O %$>1$$ q!48>O %$7166 q648%O
m
MG
@Ï;<)?6•7Ù$%™€®:@@0FGs

ÞH0F=\IJŽ
:-7RMGT)$=7-%(&),-%#& "#$=)0(%@ <#,"#;-2#-)0<,#&3(<&.(%(&)<#,(&0.&"M*"N,)&>&%"#0
C(%>;*3&1)&3/#" ",&;0(""#,#)%!*6&3)/6"#$%
•W¸Ÿ
BJ0NHJ/E
˜a:#
g3D/UJ2/QJHJ/E
2D3J/RQr" R#
Ê7 .3
-5Àqi
(EO3DGQD/3RDO3DGQD
3GHDO/<2G3DR LJHP
O/EH3/0"_#
%–˜a‘
CDONERJHS/T
2D3TDÊ7 -5Àqi
BDO3DGQD3GHD
O/<2G3DR LJHP
O/EH3/0"_#
¥i
(EONVGHJ/E
3GHDr"_#
Ê7 -5Àqi
BDO3DGQD3GHD
O/<2G3DR LJHP
O/EH3/0"_#
! $$$ #%1#> q$46"G #%1"7 #">17" q7477R ?##198 !>18> q%4#6R ?#"1"9
> $$$ %91%9 q$4%$V 91>$ 6$617" q#48#O ?%71$! 8916% q$4!7O ?%%1>8
%$ $$$ %71#% q$49%R ?"16$ 6#6166 q!4$!V ?%$1$7 7%1!% q$46#V ?>1"#
X %"1!> q$4!"O * 67%17" q!4%7G * 7"1#> q$46#G *
55
›°0‚1+§•a?¨‘.‘y7 ÂÊ
*+ž
!
Ú
> $$$
¸n
%$ $$$
¸‚Ž*+-
ž
& ! $$$
¸‚1¨‘.‘žŸ7 
!
Ú
> $$$
¸
n
%$ $$$
¸‚LžýŸ7 
&
èéޚ™Ÿ?
.3¢¨‘.‘-2-/0
&
ޚ‚
%
™n
%$
™›‚ŽÛž*+
!
Þš
%8
™n
#$
™7 
y›‚Ž?*+ž
&
3Ÿ+§•a˜a#mI
"8$
™ÎÏ
#!
C%
–˜a‘ƒý=
% $>9
[
"
lùÆ
!%99!#&
&lmŒ
¨¬Z:
%!
™?˜a‘
"
©Ñ҉a!
%
™˜ad
bÿ’
#&
›‚Ž•a˜a:#
%
%–˜a‘n¬•
i*+ž
&
y7 ÂÊ
!! $$$
¸n
> $$$
¸
‚š+§•a?˜a:#,I
!
Ú
%$ $$$
¸‚L
·{
$
%–˜a‘_5Ÿ7 
!
öDÞ°0X
ý%–˜a‘Xž
$
a?¬•ižžŸ7 
!
8"%
& ( )
!"
"
5
.7 Â Ê q r 1 P Z
>1"#_! %%1>8_
n
#"1"9_&
HG
£¤
Hyw«¥ù^aMI(¹OP?Rãó‘y
LŒ!Ý
&
&‰+‰_
!
98×9‚š
!
5’;H
n–w«¥—‘žýŸ7 
$
5’;Hn–w
«¥—‘?.30ª<…ŸNˆ•”?MI(¹O
P
!
ö5óºÞNˆ•”v—˜
&
Ò!·ç
"%99$#
–³""€Líw«¥?8•m5óy¯”
"3,$)<.#
?v—˜<³w/ë
$
lçZç
"#$$8#
³
"ZDÞ1ù1Q°
"F12(/$H)+0A902,&120A#
5
’;H?—‘ýŸ7 
$
+

¡1ùop1
!
³)Líw«¥—‘-K3/0
&
^a¡MI(¹ÒP\Š.LŒ?[5
%
Ì0
7¢MIOPû&
&‰+‰_

Nˆ•
”Š.
%$ $$$
¸98×9‚?FšOPFÊ7
 .3Z
%%9188_!! $$$
¸n
> $$$
¸‚1Lq
r.3Z
#"1#"_
n
""16_$
¹(„#y7 ÂÊ
ž,I
&
?_7f‹’ĤÐ98×9š¢˜M
?M‚M•8•@A÷!‡LŒÍNˆ•”?M€
)BŸ
!
n’ÄFö98×91ùš¢LŒ*ª
(M®8
!
…³®8<…Ÿ•”?¥:
%
Š.nM
P
$
ÚNˆ•”¹(„#?,IL¡³wP0K‡
ìZ•”†_?Vðö<…Ÿ+§•a?Š.
&
Ý
)Dç
"%99>#
–³"º Ð
"CDE2S3/WJ?V
hÔ°0¡ŽAÐÞ
"
‚?F
#
¤17™MF
 
"I&(%12)*/05.&22&2.#
–Þ ûžÆñ
!
ö˜a‘ù7 `?
%198
¸
&
Ò{æç
" #$$6V #
³ " Z · • Ÿ ` a Š .  š ­
"@N23/TD\JE#%
až‚?`†
"
¾`
76#!
¢š(
Þa˜a‘žýŸ7 
!
FœZ·•Ÿ˜a
&
yY.
!
&‰+‰_

+§•aŠ.›‚
1?Nˆ•”š¢¨‘.‘žýŸ7 
!
ö˜a
:#ž{Ÿ7 
&
?_7f‹’ĤÐ98×9
š¢˜M?M‚M•8•ÄÒ.€§Þ2ƒ@A÷
!·LŒÍ+§•a?M€)BŸ
!
n+§•aŠ
.98×91ù1Nˆ•”š¢M€)BŸ(M®
8
!
…³®8óüE(.+§•a7•”?‚Æ
ñ
&
x~ç
"#$$>#
–³"ž>‘ažóüE(
.[+•a
"B.<<$C1A.1 51%.&,1(&#
7¸±l”
"8.<1?‚Æñ
!
¢\‘.Žž·
{
!
‘.‘ž.3
&
6K-6#ï
!
98×9°0=÷³wª
"! $$$
¸
#
@ì+§•a?˜a‘n¬•iž
1P
&
DÞ7+§•a?çºnOPF?@AºÞ
Ðޚ+§•a†_-ó֍u`
!
-ó7•”?
v—˜’÷<þ?‚Æñ
&
ڞ°0
"%$ $$$
¸
#
98×91ùÌ<…Ÿ•”?¥:
%
Š.nMP
!
Ð
.7™„+§•aƒ¥¡GH@A
"
‡˜a:#
?·{
%
‘.‘?.3
#!
©ÚGtZ+§•a†_
?u`ցaóF
&
…5óyž>‘DÞó‚,
aMä:=
!
÷ý™„7,a?Â7:F
!
(™™„
?aäó"
x~ç
!#$$>#&
{ډ_ž°0
Þ>‚1•)Ù¹nM€‚5<þ«€
$
ÚG
&™„
!
j‡.>™„?°±aÆñÖ‚ìñ
ºa>ù,a?/ì
"Z3JFPH&(1+4! %998$
Ð)ç
!#$$##&
?Y¡Eíìñ5‹Œ„jP
ž98×9°0
!
6÷ý+§•a?‘.óF
!
-5
DÞ?*+
$
.5<þG&+§•a†_
!
‚
”a?(M
$
ì…3†£ã?,a‚TÐóŸŠ
Iè{
!
éq(.›°?Ì0
!
˜M
(
>>ë
)
?
þ^
&
dnj¨¬Z+§•a:
%!
™?˜a‘
!
ږ
˜a‘ùa_&‰+12
!
<8{³|lm
&
<
/DÞ7’Ä
?
•”
?
+§•a?@A
!
dnj©
DÞìñšf‹’ÄFM‚M•?®8Š0ÆZ
Ç|iw
!
¤5óʅ`Ú
!
˜-¦$DÞ&
DÞP%€y"€LŒ®8?ëÆñ
!
ÖDށ
‚?’ÄF7•”n+§•ajÔ%çÕ:;?
@A‡l
!
<8{³|lm
&
L M + ,
æ‡!
!
5
5
”
!
ZsË
4#$$74
¯Q7Eœ
[
#
°03ý?A^Ö
¢7¯”†_(M?Æñ
4
MN)³
!#!"8# 99% ?9974
x
5
~
!
Á²²
!
U=|
!
ç
4#$$>4
ž>‘až7[+•a‘.”
aÖOP?@A
4
D()lm
!#9"6# #6 ?#84
lùÆ
!
ÙD³
!
û:ú
!
ç
4%99!4
+§•aM€)f;¨¬
4
K’D
)F)³
!%#"## %%9 ?%#!4
lçZ
!
U:Ñ
!
´eÑ
!
ç
4#$$84
DÞ1ù7Q°<=€—‘?@
A
4
™q&(µ
!"7# %8 ?%"4
ZÑM
4%9>"4
ˆ§³†sŒ”a?†‡
***
È?F@®‡
4
^a
4]
!#!"## %%6 ?%%84
ý
5
þ
4%9984
í,1ù1?^a
?
"€Â2/à
4
MN)ÚV
!%!
"8# 8% ?8"4
Ð
5
Æ
!
l
5
C
!
5
5
”
!
ç
4#$$>4
"€".;^a™„9Ž?•)
¼´ëà
4
JfD)³
!#$"%# #7 ?#>4
Ð
5
)
!
Tµf
!
Ќ7
4#$$#4
ž>‘DÞ7†íœaF?@
A
4
MN)³
!##"6# 6!7 ?68%4
Ò{æ
!
Z¼¿
!
û[Ó
!
ç
4#$$#4
DÞ7-.`†Þ†
&[B
:;?
@A
4
\XD()
!68"!# !8% ?!874
Ò{æ
!
cH”
!

!
ç
4#$$6G4
†íñDÞ7`†›Þ†M‚
M•?@A
4
\XD()
!67"8# 867 ?8!%4
7"%
5!
!
# о…ç

98×91ù7f‹’Ä
?
Nˆ•”
?
+§•a?@A
Ò{æ
!
ÐZK
!
cH”
!
ç
4#$$6V4
3†ÄQ;DÞ?ìñ7Fœ·
•Ÿ˜aÖ`†M•@A?lm
4
\XD()
!67"%$# %%76
?%%"$4
Ò!·
!
½nq
4%99$4
¯Qà#"»LŒ€ú8•7¯”M¥?@
A
4
"€G&)³
!%""%$# 98 ?9>4
BD¦
!
Þ`C
!
ݎ­
4#$$>4
·¢A1ù7Ñ£MI(¹ÖM‚
M•?@A
4
ZU²kE))³
!67"6# ># ?>84
Ý)D
!
Ð
5
ª
!
ý·¸
4%99>4
º Ð?VhÔ°0‚?F7™M
F –Þ MP?@A
4
HXDE))³
!#8"!# 68# ?6884
ÝV`
!
Z
5
ß
!
C
5
`
!
ç
4#$$74
š­naž7†š›2¢
œMi?@A
4
^a4]
4!6"7# ">9 ?"964
ÅÑC
!
Ò{æ
!
ÝVÇ
!
ç
4#$$%4
*6Òç$6>7`†M‚M•
?@A
4
"€G&)³
!#>"6# #"! ?#">4
ÅÑC
!
Ò{æ
4#$$#4
†í$6>7`†MIM‚?Ç|lm
4
Ú6
()
!! %# ?%!4
\X()FK’"€M‚lmþ
4%9994
¤("€M‚)*+ÑU
4


()ï´×
4
BSO] .,! +P/@3/LE g0GEHP/22D3 +P3DGHH/IJODg3/RNOHJ/E JE ,QJG4-/Q@G{/Q!
gPJ0J22JEDQ! 6 ?%"4
kG",OG3J +DH3GESOPJRGD# JQJEO3DGQDR VSRJ3DOHGER QSQHDH/J?"6#4
ZN k! KN k-! MNGE & A! &(1+4#$$%4)TDOHQ/TPD3VJOJRDQ/E 3JOD
3DQJQHGEODGER /E " @gc# ! X$+1<1%51(& +0,&2 " c/(EHD3EGHJ/EG0k/N3EG0/TgDQHYGEGFDZ3JFPHBk! .D3]D3HIck4%9984(EHDF3GHJ/E /TOPDO/EH3/0QSQHDgDQHJO&OJ! !!"6# #$" ?#%>4
!
!"#$
5
ØÙÚ
"
""%