全 文 :植物科学学报 2015ꎬ 33(4): 489~498
Plant Science Journal
DOI:10 11913 / PSJ 2095-0837 2015 40489
水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)查尔酮合成酶
基因的克隆和表达
曹建国1ꎬ 陈雪菲2ꎬ 谢颖华1ꎬ 张 敏1ꎬ 王全喜1∗
(1. 上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院ꎬ 上海 200234ꎻ 2. 华东师范大学生命科学学院ꎬ 上海 200241)
摘 要: 查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthaseꎬ CHS)是植物类黄酮化合物合成的关键酶ꎬ 有关蕨类植物 CHS基因的
序列及功能信息尚不完善ꎮ 本研究采用快速扩增 cDNA 末端(RACE)技术克隆获得了模式蕨类植物———水蕨
(Ceratopteris thalictroides)CtCHS基因(GenBank登录号: JX0276161)ꎬ 其 cDNA序列全长为 1616 bpꎬ 具有
3个外显子和 2个内含子ꎬ 开放阅读框(ORF)为 1215 bpꎬ 编码 404 个氨基酸ꎮ 进化树分析表明ꎬ CtCHS 与问
荆(Equisetum arvense)、 松叶蕨(Psilotum nudum)和 3种薄囊蕨的查尔酮合成酶基因聚为一枝ꎬ 说明这些蕨类
植物亲缘关系较近且为单系起源ꎮ 通过构建原核表达体系成功获得 CtCHS蛋白的多克隆抗体并用于免疫印迹分
析ꎬ 结果表明 CtCHS基因的表达明显受紫外光(UV)诱导ꎮ CtCHS基因的克隆与表达分析为进一步研究水蕨类
黄酮化合物的合成及其调控机制提供了依据ꎮ
关键词: 查尔酮合成酶(CHS)ꎻ RACEꎻ 水蕨
中图分类号: Q949.36 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 2095 ̄0837(2015)04 ̄0489 ̄10
收稿日期: 2015 ̄03 ̄06ꎬ 退修日期: 2015 ̄04 ̄28ꎮ
基金项目: 上海市自然科学基金项目(13ZR1429700)ꎮ
作者简介: 曹建国(1968-)ꎬ 男ꎬ 教授ꎬ 主要从事植物生殖发育与资源植物学研究(E ̄mail: cao101@shnu.edu.cn)ꎮ
∗通讯作者(Author for correspondence E ̄mail: Wangqx@shnu.edu.cn)ꎮ
Isolation and Expression Profiling of Gene Encoding Chalcone
Synthase in Ceratopteris thalictroides
CAO Jian ̄Guo1ꎬ CHEN Xue ̄Fei2ꎬ XIE Ying ̄Hua1ꎬ ZHANG Min1ꎬ WANG Quan ̄Xi1∗
(1. College of Life and Environment Sciencesꎬ Shanghai Normal Universityꎬ Shanghai 200234ꎬ Chinaꎻ
2. College of Life Sciencesꎬ East China Normal Universityꎬ Shanghai 200241)
Abstract: Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of plant flavonoids.
Howeverꎬ information on CHS genes in ferns is still unclear. In this studyꎬ rapid amplification of
cDNA ends (RACE) was used to isolate the full ̄length sequence of the CHS gene from model
fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (CtCHSꎬ GenBank accession number: JX0276161) . Sequence
analysis showed that the full length of the CtCHS gene was 1616 bpꎬ with three exons and two
introns. Its ORF region was 1215 bpꎬ encoding 404 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis
indicated that CtCHS was clustered with the other fernsꎬ including Equisetum arvenseꎬ
Psilotum nudum and three leptosporangiate fernsꎬ which reflected the monophyletic feature of
the ferns according to Smith’s system. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of this
gene was significantly affected by ultraviolet (UV) treatment. In this studyꎬ the full ̄length
sequence of CtCHS was cloned and the function of the CtCHS protein was studiedꎬ thus
providing molecular information for further studies on the effect of CtCHS on flavonoids
production.
Key words: Chalcone synthase (CHS)ꎻ Rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE)ꎻ Ceratop ̄
teris thalictroides
Flavonoids are widely distributed in terrestrial
plantsꎬ including most of the bryophytesꎬ all pteri ̄
dophytes ( fern allies and ferns) and spermato ̄
phytes[1] . So farꎬ more than 10 000 flavonoids
have been identified in the plant kingdom[2-5] .
The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids is well
known in spermatophytesꎬ but unclear in spore ̄
bearing plants. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a
key enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the fla ̄
vonoid biosynthetic pathway[6] . It is a member of
the plant polyketide synthase (PKS) superfami ̄
ly[7] . So farꎬ several hundred CHS genes have
been cloned from plantsꎬ and the structure and
reaction mechanism of higher plant CHS genes
have been studied[8-12] . The CHS gene has be ̄
come an attractive model for studying the regula ̄
tion of gene expression and evolution of gene
families[13-16] .
In pteridophytesꎬ the CHS genes of Equise ̄
tum arvenseꎬ Psilotum nudum and three lepto ̄
sporangiate ferns have been clonedꎻ howeverꎬ
the functions of these genes have not been stu ̄
died. In the present investigationꎬ the fern Cera ̄
topteris thalictroides was selected to clone the
chalcone synthase gene and analyze its function.
Ceratopteris ferns are regarded as model plants
for studying the geneticsꎬ biochemistryꎬ and cell
biology of basic biological processes[17] . The
high ̄efficiency stable transformation of the genus
Ceratopteris has also been established[18ꎬ19]ꎬ
which provides the possibility for studying gene
functions of ferns. The cloning and expression of
the C. thalictroides chalcone synthesis gene can
provide useful information for studying flavonoid
biosynthesis and clarifying the flavonoid biosyn ̄
thetic pathway in ferns.
1 Materials and methods
1 1 Isolation of total RNA and genomic DNA
The spores of C thalictroides were collected
from plants in the botanical garden of the Shang ̄
hai Normal University. The spores were surface
sterilized with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for
3 min. After rinsing three times with distilled wa ̄
terꎬ the spores were sown on MS medium in cul ̄
ture dishes. These dishes were placed in an artifi ̄
cial climate chamber under conditions of 24℃
and a light: dark schedule of 18 h ∶ 6 h. After 2
to 4 weeksꎬ the prothalli of C thalictroides were
collected. Total RNA was extracted from the pro ̄
thalli (0 5 g) using the TRIzoL Reagent ( Invitro ̄
genꎬ USA) method. The cDNA was synthesized
from 2 μg of mRNA using Superscript Ⅲ reverse
transcriptase ( Invitrogenꎬ USA) and the T17Ap
primer according to the manufacturer’s instruc ̄
tions. Following RNase H treatmentꎬ the resulting
single ̄strand cDNA mixture was used as a tem ̄
plate for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . Sub ̄
sequentlyꎬ genomic DNA was extracted from the
prothalli using the CTAB method. The concentra ̄
tion and quality of the RNA and DNA were all
measured by agarose gel electrophoresis and
spectrophotometer analysis before use.
1 2 Generation of the full ̄length DNA sequence
of CtCHS
For PCR amplification of the core region of
the cDNA encoding CHS ̄like enzymesꎬ one set
of the degenerate oligonucleotide primers was
synthesized according to the highly conserved a ̄
mino acid sequences of chalcone synthases
(GenBank) . The first PCR was performed using
LA Taq DNA polymerase ( Takaraꎬ Japan) with
the set of degenerate primers (CtCHS ̄P1: 5’  ̄
GARAARTTCAAGCGCATGTG ̄3’ and CtCHS ̄P2:
5’  ̄GTAGTCRGCSCCRGGCATGT ̄3’) . The PCR
program was: 5 min of pre ̄denaturation at 94℃ꎬ
35 cycles of 30 s of denaturation at 94℃ꎬ 30 s of
annealing at 617℃ꎬ 30 s of extension at 72℃ꎬ
and 10 min of final extension at 72℃.
The core sequence thus obtained was used
094 植 物 科 学 学 报 第 33卷
to design specific primers for the rapid amplifica ̄
tion of cDNA ends ( RACE ) to determine full ̄
length nucleotide sequences including 5’  ̄ and
3’  ̄untranslated regions of cDNA. Both 5’  ̄ and
3’  ̄RACE were performed using a cDNA amplifi ̄
cation kit ( Invitrogenꎬ USA) . For 3’  ̄RACEꎬ total
RNA was reverse ̄transcribed using the adapter
primer ( 5 ’  ̄TTGATGGCCTTGGTAGCAGCCTC ̄
CTTG ̄3’) . The PCR program was: 5 min of pre ̄
denaturation at 94℃ꎬ 30 cycles of 30 s of dena ̄
turation at 94℃ꎬ 30 s of annealing at 63℃ꎬ 30 s
of extension at 72℃ꎬ and 10 min of final exten ̄
sion at 72℃ꎬ with the universal amplification
primer as the antisense primer. Likewiseꎬ 5 ’  ̄
RACE procedures including terminal deoxynucleo ̄
tidyl transferase tailing were performed according
to the manufacturer’s protocols using primer
( 5’ ̄TTGATGGCCTTGGTAGCAGCCTCCTTG ̄3’).
The PCR program was the same as above apart
from the annealing temperatureꎬ which was
667℃. The PCR amplifications were carried out
three times and the PCR products were ligated
into pEASY ̄T5 zero cloning vector ( TransGen
Biotechꎬ Beijing) and cloned in Trans1 ̄T1 phage
resistant competent cells followed by sequencing
from both sides.
1 3 Construction of the expression vector pET32a ̄
CtCHS in Escherichia coli
A pair of specific primersꎬ that isꎬ CtCHS ̄P3
(5’  ̄CGGGATCC ATGCCGGCCCATAG ̄3’ꎬ start
codon boxed and BamHⅠ restriction enzyme site
underlined) and CtCHS ̄P4 (5’  ̄CCAAGCTT TTA
GCTTGCGGTAAGGGG ̄3’ꎬ stop codon boxed
and HindⅢ restriction enzyme site underlined)ꎬ
were designed and synthesized to amplify the
coding region of CtCHS cDNA by PCR with the
incorporation of the restriction enzyme site and
protective baseꎬ which would simplify later vector
construction. Using the cDNA as a templateꎬ the
PCR program was the same as above apart from
the annealing temperatureꎬ which was 575℃.
The PCR product was purifiedꎬ digested with
BamHⅠ and HindⅢꎬ and then ligated into ex ̄
pression vector pET32aꎬ which was pre ̄digested
with the same enzymes. The resulting recombi ̄
nant plasmid pET32a ̄CtCHS was then sequen ̄
ced from both strands to confirm that the open
reading frame was correct. Subsequentlyꎬ
pET32a ̄CtCHS was transferred into host strain
BL21 for protein expression.
1 4 Expression and characterization of recombi ̄
nant CtCHS in E coli
A single colony of the E coli strain BL21 har ̄
boring plasmid pET32a ̄CtCHS was inoculated
and cultured at 37℃ in Luria ̄Bertani (LB) liquid
medium containing ampicillin (100 mg / L) with
shaking (250 r / min) . When the optical density
(OD600) of the cultured cells reached ~ 0 6ꎬ
protein expression was induced by the addition of
isopropyl ̄β ̄D ̄thiogalactoside ( IPTG) in the me ̄
dium to a final concentration of 1 mmol / L. The
cultivation of E coli strain BL21 with pET32a ̄
CtCHS was continued for 0 5ꎬ 1ꎬ 2ꎬ 4 and 6 hꎬ
respectivelyꎬ and the protein expression levels
were assessed by analyzing the total protein on
SDS ̄PAGE followed by coomassie brilliant blue
staining. The E coli strain BL21 cells harboring
pET32a ̄CtCHS were also analyzed without IPTG
as the control. Taking advantage of 6∗His ̄tagꎬ
the fusion proteins were purified by AKTA protein
purifier (GEꎬ USA) . The purified protein was sent
to the company to make protein antibodies.
Western blot analysis was subsequently car ̄
ried out to verify the correct expression of the
CtCHS protein. After protein electrophoresisꎬ the
gel was electro ̄blotted onto a membrane using
the trans ̄blot electrophoretic transfer cell system
(GEꎬ USA) . The membrane was then blocked in
TBS containing 5% skim milk powder for over 1 h.
The primary anti ̄rabbit CtCHS antibody was add ̄
194 第 4期 曹建国等: 水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆和表达(英文)
ed to the membrane at a 1 ∶ 20000 dilution in TBS
containing 5% skim milk powder. After washingꎬ
the membrane was treated with a goat anti ̄rabbit
secondary antibody (NEBꎬ China) at a 1 ∶ 2000
dilution. Finallyꎬ the membrane was soaked in
Amersham ECL prime western blotting detection
reagent (GEꎬ USA) to detect the immobilized
specific antigens conjugated to horseradish pero ̄
xidase (HRP) labeled antibodies.
1 5 UV treatment and western blot analysis of
CtCHS
For UV treatmentꎬ the prothalli after 21 days
growth were exposed to UV irradiation treatment
in the dark in a closed chamberꎬ and samples
were collected at 0ꎬ 1ꎬ 2ꎬ 3ꎬ 4 and 5 h of treat ̄
ment. Subsequentlyꎬ total protein was extracted
from all treated tissues using phosphate buffer
(10 mmol / L Hepesꎬ 5 mmol / L phosphate buffer
pH 7 5ꎬ 10 mmol / L MgCl2ꎬ 10 mmol / L NaClꎬ
25% glycerol) . According to the Bradford (Bio ̄
Radꎬ USA) method for protein quantitativeꎬ the
CtCHS protein expression levels were assessed
though western blottingꎬ using glyceraldehyde ̄3 ̄
phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) as the
control.
2 Results
2 1 Generation and characterization of the full ̄
length DNA of CtCHS
A set of degenerate primers and cDNAs pre ̄
pared from total mRNA as the template yielded a
300 bp ( approx.) core sequence. Full ̄length
cDNA sequences including the 5 ’  ̄ and 3 ’  ̄
untranslated regions were obtained by employing
the RACE method with primers derived from the
core sequence. This cDNA contained an open
reading frame (ORF) of 1215 bpꎬ encoding 404
amino acids. ExPASy Compute PI / MW server a ̄
nalysis showed that the molecular weight (MW)
was 44 33 kDꎬ and the isoelectronic point (pI)
was 628. Sequence analysis showed 80% of the
amino acid sequence of CtCHS ( GenBank
accession number JX0276161) was consistent
with the CHS of E arvenseꎬ reflecting their close
evolutionary relationship.
Is it worth noting that three exons and two in ̄
trons were found in the C thalictroides genomic
CtCHS sequence by comparing the genomic and
cDNA sequences. Exon 1 ( 197 bp )ꎬ exon 2
(689 bp) and exon 3 (329 bp) were separated
by intron 1 (312 bp) and intron 2 (89 bp) . The
putative splicing sites obeyed the gt / ag rule as in
most species (Fig. 1) .
2 2 Construction and expression of the recombi ̄
nant vector pET32a ̄CtCHS
A specific PCR ̄amplified fragment for protein
expression was the coding sequence of CtCHS
(1215 bp ) . After digestion with BamHⅠ and
Hind Ⅲꎬ which did not cut within the coding
regionꎬ the amplified fragment was ligated into
the BamHⅠ and HindⅢ pre ̄digested pET32a
vector to generate the recombinant plasmid
pET32a ̄CtCHS ( Fig 2) . The complete nucleo ̄
tide sequence of the PCR ̄amplified fragment was
confirmed correct by sequencing from both
strands before it was transferred into E coli strain
BL21.
Upon induction by IPTGꎬ CtCHS was ex ̄
pressed as a major protein product in total cellu ̄
lar proteins of the recombinant vector. Simulta ̄
neously SDS ̄PAGE patterns of total cellular pro ̄
teinsꎬ visualized by coomassie brilliant blue stai ̄
ningꎬ showed the time course for expression of
the target protein (Fig 3a) . The maximal level of
the protein expression was obtained 6 h after
IPTG induction. The molecular weight of the ex ̄
pressed recombinant protein was estimated to be
about 63 kD fused with His ̄tagꎬ therefore the size
of the expressed CtCHS protein was in good a ̄
greement with that deduced from the amino acid
294 植 物 科 学 学 报 第 33卷
Three exons (uppercase) were separated by two introns ( lowercase) . Putative intron splicing sites gt / ag were boxed.
Fig 1 Genomic DNA sequence of the Ceratopteris thalictroides chalcone synthase gene
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
23130
9416
6557
4361
2322
20272000
1000
750
500
250
100
bpbp
Lane 1: DL2000 DNA Markerꎻ Lane 2: PCR product of CHSꎻ
Lane 3: pET32a ̄CHS digested by BamHⅠ / Hind Ⅲꎻ Lane 4:
pET32a digested by BamHⅠ / Hind Ⅲꎻ Lane 5: pET32a ̄CHS
digested by BamHⅠꎻ Lane 6: pET32a ̄CHS digested by Hind
Ⅲꎻ Lane 7: λHind Ⅲ DNA Marker.
Fig 2 Gel electrophoresis appraisal figure
of vector construction
sequence of CtCHS. Howeverꎬ a similar molecu ̄
lar weight band was found at the position of the
recombinant protein for the E coli strain BL21
without induction. Western blotting of samples
confirmed its specific immune activity to the anti ̄
rabbit CHS antibodiesꎬ while the control with a
similar band did not react (Fig 3b)ꎬ confirming
the correct expression of the chalcone synthase
in E coli. Taking advantage of the 6∗His ̄tagꎬ we
obtained highly purified CtCHS protein and anti ̄
bodyꎬ and laid the foundation for CtCHS function
research.
2 3 Western blotting analysis of CtCHS under
UV treatment
Following prothalli treatment under UVꎬ the
CtCHS was obviously induced (Fig 4). Under UV
394 第 4期 曹建国等: 水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆和表达(英文)
M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M 1 2 3 4 5 6
a
b
63 kD
a : Accumulation of recombinant CtCHS protein in E coli strain
BL21. SDS ̄PAGE patterns of total cellular protein under induced
conditions to perform a time courseꎬ visualized by coomassie
brilliant blue R250 staining. Lane 1: Sample collected before in ̄
duction by IPTGꎻ Lanes 2-6: Samples collected after induction
by IPTG for 0 5ꎬ 1ꎬ 2ꎬ 4 and 6 hꎬ respectivelyꎻ Lane 7: Soluble
protein after 6 hꎻ Lane 8: Insoluble protein after 6 hꎻ Lane M:
Protein molecular weight marker. Dashed line (63 kD) indicates
protein of recombinant CtCHS. b : Western blotting of recombi ̄
nant protein. Western blotting patterns of total protein under in ̄
duced conditions to perform a time courseꎬ visualized by stai ̄
ning with ECL prime western blotting detection reagent.
Fig 3 Expression of recombinant CtCHS in
E coli strain BL21
1 2 3 4 5 6
a
b
a : Lane 1: Samples collected before UV irradiationꎻ Lanes 2-
6: Samples collected after UV irradiation for 1ꎬ 2ꎬ 3ꎬ 4 and 5 hꎬ
respectively. b : C. thalictroides glyceraldehyde ̄3 ̄phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used in western blotting as the
control.
Fig 4 Expression profile of CtCHS under UV treatment
treatmentꎬ CtCHS accumulation reached the
highest level at 3 h and then gradually declinedꎬ
but still showed higher levels than that without
treatment (0 h) . The decrease in CtCHS may be
caused by injury from UV treatment to the young
gametophytes of Ceratopteris.
3 Discussion
In generalꎬ CHS genes are highly conserved
and usually contain one intron and two exonsꎬ
with the only exception being Antirrhinum majusꎬ
in which the CHS gene contains two introns[20] .
The position of the intron in CHS genes is usually
conserved. Exon 1 usually encodes 37-64 amino
acid residues and exon 2 encodes almost all the
active sites. The length of the intron varies in
different plant speciesꎬ ranging from less than
100 bp to more than 1 kb (Fig 5) [16] .
C. thalictroides
G. biloba
P. sylvestris
A. thaliana
G. max
P. hybrida
Z. mays whp)(
Z. mays C2( )
100 bp exon intron
Fig 5 Comparison of chalcone synthase gene
organisation in Ceratopteris thalictroidesꎬ Gingko bilobaꎬ
Pinus sylvestrisꎬ Arabidopsis thalianaꎬ Glycine maxꎬ
Petunia hybridaꎬ Zea mays (whp) and Zea mays (C2)
The strictly conserved CHS active site resi ̄
duesꎬ Cys170ꎬ His315ꎬ and Asn348[8]ꎬ as well
as the highly conserved CHS signature se ̄
quenceꎬ G384 FGPG[9]ꎬ were found in CtCHS
(Fig 6 ) . The two Phe residues ( Phe221 and
Phe271 )ꎬ important in determining the substrate
specificity of CHS[10]ꎬ were also found in the
present species. Both P nudum and Physcomi ̄
trella patens were contained in these active sitesꎬ
and exhibited enzyme activity[21ꎬ 22] .
In almost all casesꎬ the evolution of the multi ̄
gene family of CHS has been analyzed with
exons. We produced a neighbor ̄joining ( NJ )
phylogenetic tree using ClustalX and MEGA5
software packages. Phylogenetic analysis
( Fig 7 ) indicated that C thalictroides and
P nudumꎬ E arvenseꎬ Dryopteris erythrosoraꎬ
Cyclosorus acuminatusꎬ and Salvinia natans
formed a separate cluster based on exon nucleo ̄
tide sequences analysisꎬ which is in agreement
with their molecular evolutionary relationship ac ̄
cording to Smith’s system [23] .
Ultraviolet (UV) light is a potential hazard for
organisms because it can damage DNA and im ̄
494 植 物 科 学 学 报 第 33卷
C. thalictroides
M. sativa
P. sylvestris
A. thaliana
E. arvense
P. nudum
M. paleacea
P. patens
- -MMYQQGCFAGG
- -MMYQQGCFAGG
- -MMYQQGCFAGG
- -MMYQQGCFAGG
- -MMYQQGCFAGG
- -MLYQQGCFAGG
- -MLYQQGCFGGA
- -MMYQTGCFGGA
170
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWIAHPGGPA
- -FWCVHPGGRA
- -FWAVHPGGPA
315
- -SDYGNMSSAC
- -SEYGNMSSAC
- -SDYGNMSSAC
- -SEYGNMSSAC
- -SEYGNMSSAC
- -ADYGNMSSAC
- -YNYGNMSGAC
- -SEFGNMSSAS
348
- -LLGFGPGLT
- -LFGFGPGLT
- -LFGFGPGLT
- -LFGFGPGLT
- -LLGFGPGLT
- -LFGFGPGLT
- -VVGFGPGLT
- -FIGFGPGLT
387
Sequences around the active site residuesꎬ Cysꎬ Hisꎬ and Asnꎬ and the signature GFGPG loop are shown. Residue
numbers are those of C. thalictroides chalcone synthase.
Fig 6 Alignment of CHS sequence parts from Ceratopteris thalictroides (JX027616 1)ꎬ Medicago sativa (P30074)ꎬ
Pinus sylvestris (CAA43166)ꎬ Arabidopsis thaliana (CAI30418)ꎬ Equisetum arvense (Q9MBB1)ꎬ Psilotum
nudum (BAA87922)ꎬ Marchantia paleacea (BAD42328)ꎬ and Physcomitrella patens (ABB84527)
Medicago sativa
Medicago truncatula
Astragalus membranaceus
Glycyrrhiza inflata
Pueraria montana
Arachis hypogaea
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Senna tora
Rosa chinensis
Fragaria x ananassa
Prunus avium
Pyrus communis
Malus x domestica
Gossypium hirsutum
Acer palmatum
Lonicera japonica
Antirrhinum majus
Cannabis sativa
Eustoma grandiflorum
Gentiana triflora
Solanum lycopersicum
Capsicum annuum
Solanum tuberosum
Petunia x hybrida
Nicotiana tabacum
Loropetalum chinense
Saussurea medusa
Hydrangea macrophylla
Vaccinium corymbosum
Camellia japonica
Camellia sinensis
Ipomoea batatas
Ipomoea nil
Nelumbo nucifera
Persea americana
Raphanus sativus
Brassica juncea
Brassica napus
Brassica oleracea
Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis halleri
Parrya nudicaulis
Rudbeckia hirta
Dianthus monspessulanus
Polygonum cuspidatum
Rheum palmatum
Fagopyrum tataricum
Litchi chinensis
Populus alba
Paeonia lactiflora
Vitis vinifera
Citrus sinensis
Siraitia grosvenorii
Dendrobium nobile
Bromheadia finlaysoniana
Lilium speciosum
Narcissus tazetta
Allium cepa
Elaeis oleifera
Zingiber officinale
Scutellaria baicalensis
Perilla frutescens
Torenia hybrida
Boesenbergia rotunda
Triticum aestivum
Zea mays
Oryza sativa
Pinus densiflora
Pinus pinaster
Ginkgo biloba
Dryopteris erythrosora
Cyclosorus acuminatus
Salvinia natans
Ceratopteris thalictroides
Equisetum arvense
Psilotum nudum
Physcomitrella patens
Fabales
Rosales
Gentianales
Solanales
Ericales
Brassicales
Caryophyllales
Lamiales
Poales
Coniferales
Magnoliophyta
Gymnospermae
Pteridophyta
Bryophyta
9993
99
75
90
79
94
89
97 65
99
99
99
9981
85
97
94
68
76
5356
59
99
99
99
96
90
99
99
80
98
99
99
70
99
99
52
82
85
50
72
Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap values.
Fig 7 Neighbor ̄joining phylogenetic tree based on exon nucleotide sequences of plant chalcone synthase
594 第 4期 曹建国等: 水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆和表达(英文)
pair several physiological processes[24] . Like all
other organismsꎬ plants have counter ̄measures
to protect themselves from UV damage. One of
the most common responses of plant seedlings to
UV light is the transcriptional activation of fla ̄
vonoid biosynthetic genes[25ꎬ26] . Flavonoids are
strongly UV ̄absorbing and accumulate mainly in
epidermal cells after UV treatmentꎬ suggesting
that they function as a protective shield[25] . The
expression of CHS genes is regulated by light
through a photoreceptor ̄mediated mechanism[27] .
Studies in a wide range of speciesꎬ such as Ligu ̄
strum vulgareꎬ Vitis viniferaꎬ petuniaꎬ and Arabi ̄
dopsis have provided new evidence that UV
light induces the synthesis of flavonol com ̄
pounds[28-33] . The western blot analysis of CtCHS
under UV treatment showed that the expression
of the CtCHS gene increased. This phenomenon
might be due to an acute need for extra material
in terms of UV protection. The flavonoid skeleton
present hydroxy group is the main structural fea ̄
ture responsible for chelating metal ions such as
ironꎬ copperꎬ and zincꎬ and hence inhibits the
formation of free radicals and protects plants from
UV irradiation[33] . This may explain why the
CtCHS gene expression in young prothalli in ̄
creased transiently under UV ̄induction.
In conclusionꎬ we cloned the CHS gene from
the C thalictroides fernꎬ and analyzed the nucleic
acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated
that C thalictroides CtCHS had a close relation ̄
ship to fern allies Equisetum arvense and Psilo ̄
tum nudumꎬ but not to the spermatophytes. The
CtCHS gene was introduced into an expressed
plasmid pET ̄32a vector and the fusion protein
was highly expressed in E coli strain BL21 with
IPTG induction. The expressed CtCHS protein
had a molecular weight of about 45 kDꎬ a size
matching that predicted by bioinformatic analysis.
Western blot analyses revealed that UV irradiation
treatment increased CtCHS expression in C. tha ̄
lictroides. The present investigation provides
base data for understanding the flavonoid biosyn ̄
thetic pathway of ferns.
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