为了探讨施氮量对小麦籽粒加工品质调控的生理基础，选用强筋品种济麦20，在山东省龙口市前诸留村和中村(在中村进行了连续两年定位试验)，研究了田间高产条件下，小麦氮与硫积累和再分配与籽粒品质的关系及施氮量对其调控的效应。结果表明，随施氮量由0增加至195~204 kg hm-2，开花期营养器官中氮和硫的积累量及开花后吸收分配至籽粒的氮量和硫量增加，开花后各营养器官中的氮向籽粒的再分配量及叶片和穗轴+颖壳中的硫向籽粒的再分配量增加，籽粒中氮和硫含量提高，氮、硫含量比（N/S比）由16.38~16.98降至14.22~14.48，谷蛋白含量比例提高，籽粒品质改善；施氮量为276~285 kg hm-2时，植株氮积累量无显著变化，茎秆+叶鞘中氮转移量减少，残留量增多，抑制了硫向籽粒的转移，导致籽粒硫积累量和含量降低，N/S比升高至15.20~15.27，谷蛋白含量占总蛋白质含量的比例减少，籽粒品质下降。说明施氮量影响了植株氮、硫积累量及向籽粒再分配的数量，调节了籽粒氮和硫含量及N/S比，导致籽粒蛋白质组分比例的差异，进而影响了籽粒的加工品质。使品质改善的适宜籽粒N/S比为14.22~15.27。兼顾高产和优质的适宜施氮量为195~204 kg hm-2。
Nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) are essential plant nutrients, both of them are constituents of protein. About 70% of N and 1/3 of S in vegetative organs were redistributed to the ears after anthesis. The proportion of ear N and S allocated from the redistribution of vegetative organs are 70% and 48%, respectively. The N and S accumulated in vegetative organs before anthesis then redistributed to grains after anthesis are important for the grain quality of wheat. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of nitrogen application rate on the accumulation and redistribution of N and S, and grain quality of wheat, for providing a theoretical basis on appropriate amount of nitrogen application in production. In the present study, field experiments were carried out using the winter wheat cultivar “Jimai 20”, on two locations, one with alkalihydrolysable nitrogen of 85.87 mg kg-1 and available sulphur of 18.91 mg kg-1 in 0–20 cm soil layer, and treatments of 0, 105, 195, 285 kg ha-1 nitrogen applications, another with alkalihydrolysable nitrogen of 84.00 mg kg-1 and available sulphur of 16.74 mg kg-1 in 0–20 cm soil layer, and treatments of 0, 132, 204, 276 kg ha-1 nitrogen applications, using urea as the nitrogen fertilizer. Half of the nitrogen fertilizer was applied before sowing, the other half topdressed at jointing stage. The treatments were applied also with105 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 135 kg K2O ha-1 before sowing. Each treatment had three replicates, and the plot area was 3 m×8 m =24 m2. The basic seedlings were 150 plant m-2. The results showed that the amount of N and S accumulated in vegetative organs before anthesis and the amount of N and S in grains from the absorption after anthesis, the amount of N redistributed from vegetative organs to grains, the amount of S redistributed from leaves and spike axis + glume to grains increased, the contents of N and S, the proportion of glutenin in grains increased and the grain quality improved, the N/S ratio in grains decreased from16.38–16.98 to 14.22–14.48 with nitrogen applied from 0 to 195–204 kg ha-1. The residual N in stem + sheath increased and the S redistribution was inhibited, the amount of N accumulated in plant were not affected significantly by excessive nitrogen applications of 276–285 kg ha-1, and consequently, resulted in the decrease of sulphur accumulation amount, sulphur content, the proportion of glutenin in grains and the grain quality, and the increase of N/S ratio (increased to 15.20–15.27) in grains. It was suggested that the regulation of nitrogen application rate on protein compositions and grain quality is based on the changes of N and S contents and N/S ratio in grains due to the accumulation and redistribution of N and S. The optimal N/S ratio in grains for quality improvement was 14.22–15.27. The appropriate amount of nitrogen application for high yield and high quality was 195–204 kg ha-1.
全 文 ：