种植由籼稻品种和粳稻品种杂交衍生的DH群体，连续4年测定剑叶长度，运用基于混合模型的复合区间作图法，定位其QTL及上位性互作，估算遗传主效应和环境互作效应。结果表明，全部18个QTL都参与了上位性的形成，其中3个没有自身的遗传效应，但参与了3对上位性互作，这是传统方法不能发现的。另外，一个QTL可与多个QTL发生互作，这可能预示着存在更高阶互作。QTL与上位性互作可以具有不受环境影响而稳定表达的效应，以及与环境的互作效应。有些QTL与环境的互作效应可以在多环境下被检测到，但却不具有主效应，这种QTL可能易受环境因子的影响。QTL与环境的互作效应为随机效应，一个QTL或一对上位性与环境的互作效应总和理论上应等于零，否则会影响对遗传效应的估算，因此多环境下估算的遗传效应更可靠。
A double haploid rice population from IR64/Azucena was used to dissect the quantitative inheritance of flag leaf length. The QTL mapping method based on mixed linear model approaches was employed for detecting QTLs with additive and epistatic effects as well as their QE interaction effects in 4 years. The results revealed that altogether 18 QTLs for leaf length were detected on 11 chromosomes, and all of them were involved in epistasis. 3 QTLs were involved in epistasis but without detectable additive effects, such loci might play the role of modifying agents that tend to activate other loci or modify the action of other loci. The same locus could get involved in interactions with more than one other locus, as might indicat the possibility of multi-QTL associations in the formation of complex traits. QTL and epistasis could have both genetic main effects that expressed stably in every environment and QE interaction effects. Some QTLs had QE effects under multi-environments but without genetic main effect, as might suggest expression of this kind of QTLs could be modified by environmental factors easily. And also some QTLs had only genetic main effect, so would not easily be affected by environment. Epistasis had wider range of epistasis × environment effects than that of main effects, might indicate that some digenic interactions were more easily subjected to environmental influence. Compared with indirect mapping method with QE effects but without epistatic effects, more QTLs were detected in the present study, but no major QTL was found. The QE effects were treated as random effects, so the sum of QE effects would be zero in theory, and multi environments were suitable for estimating genetic main effects better.
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