全 文 ：印度北部 Pali Gad 流域资源利用模式研究?
李巧宏1 ,2 , P .K . Joshi3 ** , 杨雪飞1 , 2 , N . Lele4 , 许建初1 , 5
??
( 1 中国科学院昆明植物研究所山地生态系统研究中心 , 云南 昆明 650204; 2 联合国空间
科学与技术教育中心 , 印度 台拉登 248001; 3 印度 Teri 大学 , 印度 新德里 110070;
4 印度国家遥感研究所 , 印度 台拉登 248001; 5 世界混农林中心 , 肯尼亚 奈洛比 )
摘要 : 喜马拉雅西部独特、丰富的自然资源对当地居民生计及生态服务等方面起着重要的作用。由于长期
以来当地居民与山地生态系统的相互作用 , 特别是农业生产、畜牧业放牧、薪柴采集以及其他多种多样的
资源利用方式 , 形成了一种特殊的山区文化景观。本文以印度北部的山地小流域 Pali Gad (共有 25 个村子)
为例 , 主要研究当地的资源利用状况 , 利用卫星遥感数据对该地区可利用自然资源进行评估分析 , 通过从
户到户的社会经济调查 , 对其提供的生态服务功能以及受威胁的程度进行估计 , 研究分析了村民对资源需
求及获取的时空变化情况。结果显示 , 平均每人每天的薪柴采集量为 1 .12 kg, 平均每人每天通过修剪枝
叶获得饲料采集量为 3 .69 kg, 平均每人每天从森林中采集草料的量为 3 .25 kg。对生态系统服务功能进行
估测的结果显示 , 森林可提供更多的临时调节功能 , 而农业更多的是支撑服务功能 , 河流?水体给当地人
提供了文化服务功能。以山区典型的人 - 地生态系统为例 , 这类生态系统中的自然资源破碎化程度很高。
研究发现 , 该区域贫瘠土地上的自然资源需求还在不断增加。因此 , 从长远来看 , 人对资源的无止境获取
将不利于整个流域的可持续发展。
关键词 : 生态系统服务 ; 喜马拉雅西部 ; Pali Gad流域 ; 资源利用和需求
中图分类号 : Q 948 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : 0253 - 2700 (2009) 06 - 551 - 08
Resource Utilization Pattern Analysis in Pali Gad Watershed
of Tehri , Garhwal Himalaya (India)
LI Qiao-Hong
1 , 2
, P. K . Joshi
3 **
, YANG Xue-Fei
1 , 2
, N . Lele
4
, XU Jian-Chu
1 , 5 * *
( 1 Center for Mountain EcosystemStudies, Kunming Instituteof Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204 , China;
2 Centre for SpaceScienceand Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific ( CSSTEAP ) , Dehradun 248001 , India;
3 TERI University, New Delhi 110070 , India; 4 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( NRSA) ,
Dehradun 248001 , India; 5 World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi , Kenya)
Abstract : The western Himalaya has had acentral roleas a life support systemfor the local peopleand as a sourceof eco-
logical services . This long term use of these resources, including livestock grazing, fuel wood collection and a variety of
other uses, has shaped its montane cultural landscape . The present paper focuses on resource utilization in the Pali Gad
watershed, which consists of 25 villages situated in the lesser Himalaya . Using a satellite derived map, natural resources
available in this areawereassessed, andthe ecosystemservices provided by themand level of pressureonthemwerecom-
puted through a door to door socioeconomic survey . The study revealed a spatio-temporal variation in the resource demand
and extraction at the permanent villages . Averagefuel wood consumption was 1 .12 kg?day?capita, fodder consumptionwas
3 .69 kg?day?capita from lopping and 3 .25 kg?day?capita from grass collection from forest . An attempt has been taken to
云 南 植 物 研 究 2009 , 31 (6) : 551～558
Acta Botanica Yunnanica DOI : 10 .3724?SP. J . 1143 .2009.09157
?
?? ?Authors for corresponding; E-mail : pkjoshi27@ hotmail . com; jxu@ mail .kib. ac. cn
Received date: 2009 - 08 - 25 , Accepted date: 2009 - 10 - 19
作者简介 : 李巧宏 (1978 - ) 女 , 主要从事民族植物学及自然资源管理研究。 ?
Foun ?dation item: Supported by Center for Science and Space Technology Education in Asia and Pacific (CSSTEAP ) , affiliated to United Nations
evaluate the ecosystemservices . The forest provides more provisional and regulatory services, whereas agriculture provides
more supporting services and river bed?water bodies servemore cultural purposes for the locals . This study contributes an
example of a human shaped ecosystem in a mountainous region where an additional fragmentation of natural resources ex-
ists . An increase in resource demand has been noticed in the less productive lands of the region . This has resulted in in-
creased resource extraction fromthe entire watershed may not be sustainable in the long run .
Key words: Ecosystemservices; Himalaya; Pali Gad; Resource utilization and demand
Recent approaches to development in India, espe-
cially in the Himalayan region, focus on micro level
planning and execution of resource conservation pro-
grams (Sundaram, 1980) . The forest resources in these
areas aredominated by Quercus spp . (Oak) , which is
highly associated with the lifesupport systemfor the lo-
cal inhabitants (Singh and Singh, 1992) . Escalation of
biotic pressureon natural resources has made the fragile
Himalayan ecosystem vulnerable to a variety of ecologi-
cal maladies (Sharma et al. , 1999) . Thedegradation of
the region as a result of road construction, market forc-
es, overpopulation, and other forces has changed the
traditional sustainable use of these resources (Awasthi
et al. , 2003) . Moreover, the transformation of nomadic
pastoralismto nuclear transhumance ( migration by only
oneor two people per family) (Farooquee, 1992) has
increased the resource extraction process ( Singh and
Singh, 1991) . Landholdings are small and fragmented,
consisting mostly of marginal uplands . In this type of
mountain subsistence agriculture system, the demands
on the forest are numerous and fairly self-evident . The
consumption pattern in the region is firmly correlated to
its natural resource base in area and invariably most of
the energy demands are met by the forest′s resources
(Vasudevan and Santosh, 1987; Samant and Dhar,
1997) . Furthermore, the influx of tourismhas increased
the pressure on the surrounding resources ( Singh,
1983) .This scenariowhere almost90 per cent of energy
demand ismetwithnatural resources calls for careful re-
sourceplanning (Sharma et al. , 1999) .
Pali Gad Watershed in theWestern lesser Himala-
yas is a similar kindof watershed, which drains into the
river Yamuna . The watershed provides vast biological
resources for humans and their livestock . Themountain-
ous area endowed by the environmental and topographi-
cal conditions offers limited areas for agricultural activi-
ties in the narrow fissures of the lowland valleys . The
longtermuseof themountains has resultedin amontane
cultural landscape where the present pattern of resource
utilization and habitats and their contentof configuration
reflect human impacts at different levels .The exploitati-
on of biological resources from remote areas by either
moving most livestock from permanent settlements or by
collection of fuel wood and fodder has made it necessary
to assess the critical areas affecting resources . The pr-
esent studywas conducted to assess the resource utiliza-
tion patterns, ecological importance of the Himalayan
landscape forests, and its conservation needs .
Study Area
Pali Gadwatershed constitutes an important water-
shed of theAgalr basin in theouter Garhwal Himalayan
range and forms apart of theTehri Garhwal andDehra-
dun districts . It lies between 30 .29°N to 30 .35°N
and 78 .07°E to 78 .13°E . The average altitude varies
from1 160 m to 3 020 m a.s. l . The watershed covers an
area about 60 km2 (approx) . The areais boundedby the
main Mussoorie ridge (outermost ridgeof the Himalayas)
in the south, the Nag Tibba ridgeof theouter Himalayan
range in the north, the western part of Surkanda Temple
in the east and the confluenceof Aglar and theYammuna
River in the west . This region ismostly covered by forest
of oak, pine and deodar or deodar mixed . The patches of
highland grasslands are found at ahigher altitude .Shrubs
andgrassesmostly cover the lower slopes .The outer as-
pect of lower slopes (mostly southern aspect) is covered
byXerophytic vegetation . The location and setup of the
study area is shown in Fig. 1 .
Materials and Methods
For the present study, a land use land cover map derived
fromIRS-1D LISS III + PAN (merged data-5 m spatial resolu-
tion) prepared at 1∶50 000 was taken . Thegeospatial information
about thedistributionof thevillages, road network andtopography
255 云 南 植 物 研 究 31 卷
Fig . 1 Location of study area
was taken fromthe topographic sheets published by Survey of In-
dia ( SOI ) . The resource distribution and availability was as-
sessed using thesemaps . An extensive field work of fifteen days
was carried out to understand the relative authenticity of the pre-
pared spatial maps .
For the socio-economic study, a structured questionnaire
(Patton, 1981; Clarke, 1986) was used to interview the mem-
bers of each household . A door to door survey was conducted in
the17 villages ( n= 105 households) of the study area to collect
information on socio-economic status, land use and resource use
pattern . The village names are varying as per the slight topo-
graphic features and?or the origin . The total villages as per the
record are25 , but duetoproximity to each other only 17 aretak-
en into account . During the survey, school going children and
stategovernment workers were also approached to document the
change in land use patterns of the region .
Results
Resource Distribution
The distribution of the resources has been as-
sessed using the land use land cover map derived using
IRS-1C LISS + PAN data ( Joshi et al. , 2003 ) . Forest
is a dominant resource covering 62 .7% of the total ar-
ea in Pali Gad watershed, followed by shrubs 23% ,
agriculture 7 .8% , treefarmland cover 5 .5% and river
bed 0 .6% of geographical area . The forest cover per
capita is around 0 .65 ha which is approximately equal
to the record of Dehradun district ( capital of Uttaran-
chal ) . It reveals that the watershed is deficient in the
forest resource in spite of forest cover . The canopy
density of the preferred woody species ( for fuel wood
and fodder) is lowest ( ca . 20% - 30% ) near villages
located at lower altitudes and highest ( ca . 60% -
70% ) at middle elevations . However, the higher ridg-
es also havelowdensity due to nomadic pastoralismand
camp sites . Thedensity is also biasedof theusefulness
of the tree type . The oak forests are lopped ( irrespec-
tiveof the elevation and distancefromvillages) because
of their multipurpose uses .
3556 期 LI Qiao-Hong et al . : Resource Utilization Pattern Analysis in Pali GadWatershed of Tehri , Garhwal . . .
Resource Utilization Pattern
There are 1082 families in the study areaof which
70% are migratory . A general profile of the area pre-
pared on thebasis of information collected fromthedif-
ferent government departments is given in Table 1 . The
profile of thevillages on an average family basis is giv-
en in Table 2 . It is basically prepared after the door to
door survey . The database reveals that there is apopu-
lation of 1082 people primarily dependent on the re-
sources of Pali Gad Watershed . Theprimary occupation
of the inhabitants is farming (85% ) . From April-No-
vember, paddy is grown in irrigated agricultural fields
and vegetables viz ., potato and beans in the rain fed
agricultural fields . The areaof land devoted to agricul-
tural has been found to be increased in the subsequent
survey carried out by Survey of India ( SOI ) in 1963
and 1986 . The land transformation from forest to agri-
cultural lands has occurred in themajority of the areas
and in lower altitudes fromscrub to agriculturehas also
been found (Li , 2005 ) . Themap generated using sat-
ellite remote sensing data also reveals an increase in
agricultural areas ( Joshi et al. , 2003 ) . The socioeco-
nomic survey showed that until the last decade ( late
1990s) , most of the villagers weregrowing cereals and
millets . After the availability of the seeds in the local
market, the people have switched cultivation over to
cash crops viz ., potato, peas and beans . However,
someof thevillages at high altitude still cultivatemillet
and cereals but at a much lower amount . The lands in
these regions are not productive enough to sustain agri-
culture for economic benefit . This has resulted in addi-
tional pressureon the adjoining forest areas . The lifein
thehills is labor intensive, specifically for women . The
low fertility of the land and low availability of resources
have resulted in greater dependency on natural resourc-
es and hard work . A rough sketch of monthly activities
carried out by thelocal people asper thesocioeconomic
survey is given in Table 3 .
Table 1 Socio-economic structureof villages
Village
names
Human
HH Pp
Land
Ag ( Ni) Ag ( i) Ag (Tt) Ar (Tt)
Cattle
C O B S G H M Tt
Infrastructure
Sc PS PO El Rd Tel
Airi 29 ?156 26 .00 2 ?. 58 28 _. 57 178 . 29 15 8 13 o0 8 1 H8 53 1 0 *0 0 r0 0
Bangsil 49 ?214 60 .16 1 ?. 73 61 _. 89 115 . 58 35 40 31 o15 45 1 H4 171 3 0 *1 0 r1 0
Bhuyansari 51 ?279 39 .78 1 ?. 71 41 _. 50 91 .78 82 44 60 o21 90 2 H12 311 1 0 *0 0 r0
Burkot 18 ?106 15 .20 0 ?. 47 15 _. 67 27 .96 18 15 15 o4 8 1 H2 63 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Chak Pot 4 ?25 7 .72 0 ?. 00 7 M. 72 40 .46 8 6 7 \3 9 0 H2 35 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Dugada 59 ?300 NA NA 44 _. 31 109 . 35 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 151 1 0 *0 0 r0 ?0
Kakaru 16 ?71 13 .29 0 ?. 00 13 _. 29 37 .42 7 8 3 \0 6 0 H0 24 1 0 *0 0 r0 0
Khera Malla 27 ?165 27 .03 0 ?. 00 27 _. 03 123 . 64 28 32 32 o10 14 2 H8 126 1 0 *0 1 r0 1
Khera Talla 18 ?127 17 .01 3 ?. 37 20 _. 38 64 .23 24 28 23 o12 12 2 H6 107
Kinsu 34 ?171 19 .03 5 ?. 78 24 _. 81 78 .35 40 34 36 o7 20 1 H3 141 1 0 *0 1 r0 0
Kuwa 27 ?186 10 .11 4 ?. 89 15 _. 00 67 .69 25 10 10 o5 10 1 H4 65 1 0 *0 0 r0 0
Muldhar 67 ?387 69 .70 1 ?. 70 71 _. 41 128 . 35 36 40 44 o11 31 2 H10 174 1 0 *0 0 r0 1
Mundni 43 ?233 45 .07 5 ?. 83 50 _. 90 371 . 14 20 20 14 o4 6 1 H6 71 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Munglori 49 ?319 42 .83 4 ?. 65 47 _. 48 177 . 21 40 50 41 o20 60 2 H20 233 1 0 *0 0 r0 0
New Digon 11 ?64 7 .91 0 ?. 00 7 M. 91 33 .08 15 10 8 \2 10 1 H4 50 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Old Digon 21 ?118 24 .51 0 ?. 48 24 _. 99 122 . 45 20 20 11 o4 12 1 H2 70 2 0 *0 0 r1
Ontor 50 ?283 48 .24 7 ?. 97 56 _. 21 97 .00 30 40 46 o20 50 2 H10 198 1 1 *0 0 r0 0
Papra Malla 42 ?218 34 .58 5 ?. 63 40 _. 21 122 . 36 34 40 36 o20 32 2 H10 174 1 0 *0 1 r0 1
Pujaldi 14 ?95 3 .78 1 ?. 59 5 M. 37 8 .97 15 20 10 o5 10 0 H2 62 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Siras 140 ?771 0 .00 0 ?. 00 113 r. 87 781 . 23 20 25 31 o10 22 3 H15 126 1 0 *0 0 0 0
Sirwa 41 ?196 47 .09 0 ?. 86 47 _. 95 164 . 11 0 0 0 \0 0 0 H0 99 0 0 *0 1 r1 1
Tewa 60 ?338 33 .73 6 ?. 48 40 _. 21 148 . 82 25 30 35 o10 40 1 H15 156 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Thatyur 105 ?360 3 .78 2 ?. 02 5 M. 80 22 .91 20 10 17 o5 10 0 H0 62 2 1 *1 1 r1 0
Thika 100 ?521 25 .97 3 ?. 68 29 _. 65 239 . 76 42 32 28 o8 19 1 H4 134 1 0 *0 1 r0 0
Udarsu 7 ?50 6 .01 1 ?. 56 7 M. 57 52 .06 10 10 8 \2 10 0 H3 43 0 0 *0 0 r0 0
Total 1082 ?5753 849 r. 66 3404 .20 2899
NB: HH-Households, Pp-Population, Ag ( Ni) -Agriculture ( Non-Irrigated) , Ag ( I ) -Agriculture ( Irrigated) , Ag (Tt) -Agriculture (Total ) , Ar
(Tt) -Area (Total areof village) C-Cow, O-Ox, B-Buffalo, S-Sheep, G-Goat, H-Horse, M-Mule, Tt-Total , Sc-School , PS-Police Station, PO-Post Of-
fice, El-Electricity, Rd-Road, Tel-Telphone Nb: Area in Hectares
455 云 南 植 物 研 究 31 卷
Table 2 Socio Economic Status as per survey
Name Hh Pp
Statistics per family ( Average)
M?f C(m) C(nm) Tt F?f ( d) F?g ( d) FW?f ( d)
LPG Kerosene Electricity
Airi 29 m156 u8 [3 z2 ?5 13 ?(2 ) 15( 2) 7 .2 (2 ) A P A
Bangsil 49 m214 u2 [1 z2 ?3 8 .75(3 ) 8 .75( 6) 1 .33 (6) A P A
Bhuyansari 51 m279 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A A A
Burkot 18 m106 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A A A
Chak Pot 4 Z25 cNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A A A
Dugada 59 m300 u8 [2 z2 ?4 22 . 5(2 ) 8 ?. 6 3 .2( NA ) A A A
Kakaru 16 m71 cNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A P A
Khera Malla 27 m165 u7 [6 z2 ?8 32 .5 (1 b. 5 ) 22 .5( 1 N. 5) 11 .6( 1 O. 5) A A A
Khera Talla 18 m127 u5 [5 z2 ?7 12 . 5(3 ) 12 .5 ( NA ) NA A P A
Kinsu 34 m171 u7 [3 z2 ?5 25 ?(6 ) 15 (10 ) 5 .5 (6 ) P P P
Kuwa 27 m186 u6 [5 z0 ?5 4 ?( 5) 30(1 ). 5) NA A P A
Muldhar 67 m387 u10 2 z3 ?5 37 .5( 0 O. 5) P P A
Mundni 43 m233 u12 10 ?2 12 22 .5 (6 b. 5 ) 50(1 ). 5) 16 .25 (2 a. 3) A P A
Munglori 49 m319 u11 28 ?3 31 35 ?( 1) A P A
New Digon 11 m64 c12 5 z2 ?7 37 . 5(2 ) 60( 2) 8 (2 ) A A A
Old Digon 21 m118 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A P A
Ontor 50 m283 u8 [6 z2 ?8 55 ?(4 ) 27 .5 ( NA ) 10 .7 (3) A A A
Papra 42 m218 u10 9 z2 ?11 41 .25( 1 .5 ) 33 .75 (1 a. 5 ) 5 .8 (1 <. 5 ) A P A
Pujaldi 14 m95 c7 [3 z2 ?5 5 ?( 2) AN 27 .5 (2) A P A
Siras 140 ?771 u6 [3 z2 5 20 (3 ) 17 .5( 2) 5 (2 ) P P A
Sirwa 41 m196 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A P A
Tewa 60 m338 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A A A
Thatyur 105 ?360 u8 [1 z2 3 27 .5 (2 b. 5 ) 27 .5( 2 N. 5) 14 .5( 1 O. 5) A A A
Thika 100 ?521 uNA NA NA NA NA NA NA A P A
Udarsu 7 Z50 c7 [3 z0 ?3 45 ?(3 ) 22( 2) 17 .5 (2) A A A
NB: HH-Households, Pp-Population, M?f-Members per family, C( m) -Cattle ( milking) , C ( nm) -Cattle ( non-milking) , Tt-Total , F?f( d) -Fodder from
forest ( distance traveled to collect) , F?g( d) -Fodder from grass ( distance traveled to collect) , FW?F( d) -Fuel wood fromforest (distance traveled to col-
lect) , LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas, A-Absent, P-Present
Resource Demands
The demands of the locals from the forest are for
fuel , fodder, and leaf litter and non-timber forest prod-
ucts . The resource demand for the different villages
varies as per the location of the village . The villages
located in the altitude rangeof 1 000 - 1 800 m require
relatively less biomass from natural resources for day to
day activities unlike the villages located at the altitude
5556 期 LI Qiao-Hong et al . : Resource Utilization Pattern Analysis in Pali GadWatershed of Tehri , Garhwal . . .
rangeof 1 800 - 3 600 m . There is a seasonal variation
in thenatureof resources extracted fromthe forest (Ta-
ble 2 and Table 3) . The collection of firewood is done
throughout the year, whereas lopping mostly occurs
frommid January to early May . The leaf litter is col-
lected during the winter season which is from October
to March of next year .
In thewatershed, the requirements havebeen es-
timated as 3 .69 kg?capita?day fodder from lopping,
3 . 25 kg?capita?day fodder from grass from the forest
and 1 .12 kg?capita?day fuel wood fromthe forest . The
total livestock in the region is2899 includingcows, ox-
en, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses and mules . Cows
and buffalo are basically kept for their milk, whereas
other animals arekept for their food value as well as for
performing labor intensive work . The other benefits of
raising livestock are their availability of dung for ma-
nure in the local fields . The increase in the livestock
population has also increased the demands of lopped
fodder andgrazinggrounds . The collectionof resources
also varies between permanent villages and temporary
huts . The temporary huts in the high ridges consume
highest amount of fuel wood throughout the year for
temporary construction and as fire wood .
The development activities viz ., road construc-
tion?clearing, dam repairing, etc . also affects the re-
source demand of the area . These activities predomi-
nantly occur during the dry seasons . After the creation
of Uttaranchal as a state, thesepressures increased tre-
mendously . The increaseinpressureis attributed to the
extraction of wood?timber for development activities . In
addition to the fuel wood, the construction of lodges
and temporary rest houses demands wood fromthe sur-
rounding forest . Thedemand for the day to day activity
bounds the locals to extract the resource . There is a
spatial variation in the composition of the fuel and fod-
der species consumed . The preferred species are Quer-
cus spp . for fuel and fodder demand, however in the
high ridges, Abies are also consumed . Consumption in
camping sites varies according to the tourist inflow in
the areas . An estimategathered fromthesocio-econom-
ic data reveals that 4 kg?capita?day fuel wood is
required and the demand by these masses could in-
creases to 7 kg?capita?day in the winter season .
Ecosystem services
Unlike other parts of Himalaya, the region is de-
voidof soyam?civil forest (forest of villages?blocks for
management and resource utilization) and van samiti
(forest department shares forest land with local people
for management) . However, there is a high level of un-
derstandingof the importance of forests within the local
people . The tree farmlands aremanaged for theprotec-
tion of the environment and for useduringharsh climat-
ic conditions . During the survey, an attempt wasmade
to record the importance of ecosystem resources and
services to local people . Ecosystemservices were cate-
gorized as provisional , regulatory, cultural and sup-
portive . The sample size ( n= 105 household) was tak-
en into consideration . The forest ecosystemprovides the
maximum ecosystem services and other ecosystems
viz ., agriculture, grassland, river?water body and tree
farmland provide medium services, whereas scrub sup-
ports the least services ( Table 4) . The forest provides
moreprovisional and regulatory serviceswhileagriculture
supports more supporting services and river beds?water
bodies providemore cultural services to the locals .
Discussion
The patternof resourceutilization is amajor cause
of alteration in the composition and structureof vegeta-
tion . The expansion of agricultural fields due to de-
mand for cash crops has degraded the forest condition
( Joshi et al. , 2004; Joshi and Gairola, 2004 ) . More-
over, the increase in the cattle population has en-
hanced pressure on the grazinggrounds as also the de-
mands for lopped fodder fromthe forest . The change in
agricultural practices frommillets?cereals to cash crops
has already reduced the availability of agricultural by-
products as fodder . The increasing human population
has not only expanded the fuel wood and fodder de-
mand but the extraction of them has also increased .
Resource extraction has been found to be proportional
to thenumber of female family members per household .
Subsequently, thenumber of livestock is also affected .
The studies carried out by Schmidt-Voft ( 1990 ) , in
Nepal andAwasthi et al. ( 2003 ) in Uttarkashi ( India)
655 云 南 植 物 研 究 31 卷
Table 4 EcosystemServices
Ecosystem types
Agriculture Forest Grassland River?Water Body Scrub Tree Farmland
Provision
Food 5 ?4 ?3 4 1 . 5 2 .5
Biochem and pharmaceutical 1 ?4 ?2 `. 5 2 1 1 .5
Genetic resource 1 ?3 ?1 `. 5 2 1 2
Fuel wood 1 ~. 5 5 ?1 0 2 4
Fiber 2 ~. 5 2 ?1 `. 5 0 2 . 5 3 .5
Ornamental 1 ?1 ?1 1 1 1
Fresh water 1 ?4 ?1 `. 5 5 1 2 .5
Regulating
Air quality 2 ~. 5 4 ?. 5 2 `. 5 2 .5 1 . 5 3 .5
Climate regulation 1 ~. 5 4 ?. 5 2 3 .5 1 3 .5
Erosion control 2 ~. 5 4 ?. 5 2 `. 5 1 1 . 5 4
Ecosystem Water purification 1 ?3 ?2 4 1 1 .5
Services Waster treatment 2 ~. 5 2 ?1 2 .5 2 1 .5
Regulation to human disease 2 ~. 5 3 ?1 `. 5 2 .5 1 . 5 2 .5
Biological control 4 ~. 5 3 ?. 5 3 `. 5 1 .5 2 3
Detoxification 1 ~. 5 3 ?3 1 1 2
Strom protection 2 ?2 ?2 1 1 1
Cultural
Cultural diversity and identity 2 ~. 5 3 ?. 5 3 `. 5 5 1 1
Recreation?tourism 1 ?4 ?4 `. 5 5 1 1
Supporting
Primary production 3 ~. 5 1 ?1 1 .5 1 1 .5
O2 ?production 2 4 ?2 1 .5 1 2 .5
Pollination 5 ?3 . 5 2 `. 5 2 1 . 5 1 .5
Soil formation & retention 3 ?2 . 5 2 `. 5 1 1 2
Nutrient cycle 4 ~. 5 3 ?3 `. 5 2 .5 1 . 5 2 .5
Wildlife habitat 1 ~. 5 4 ?3 `. 5 4 1 2
NB: Values ranging from1 - 5 ; Purely based on socio-economic survey and knowledge base .
found higher demand than the present study . This is
probably because the altitudes of these study areas are
much higher than those measured in this study . At
higher altitudes, fuel wood demand is found to be rela-
tively higher than in low altitudeareas, even duringthe
summer . Dependency on the preferable forest resources
has been reported by the other workers also . There are
several studiesof resource utilization that emphasizethe
general role of socio-economic and environmental fac-
tors (Baudry, 1993; VeldKamp and Fresco, 1996; De
Koning et al. , 1998; Van der Veen and Otter, 2001;
Hietel et al. , 2004 ) . The present study is able to
evaluate the ecosystem services which are valued cor-
rectly by the people using them ( Wackernager and
Rees, 1996) .
Conclusion
The present study identifies the unsustainable
trends of resourceharvestingprevalent in Pali GadWa-
tershed . The transformation of lifestyles due to chang-
ing socio-economic conditions is the root cause for these
trends . The direct evidences are the expansion of agri-
cultural land, intensification of agriculture, and in-
crease in livestock and human population . Considering
the present trend, it can be inferred that within the
next few decades the forests in the vicinity of the per-
manent villages and camp sites would be used up for
day to day activity . The unavailability of preferred spe-
cies near accessible areas will force people to relocate
to other areas . The increase in tourist and development
activity after the formation of the Uttaranchal state is
degrading the high altitude forest . The result will be
the lowering of the timberline and shrinking of forest
resources in the region . The generation of a similar
type of database for other watersheds in different altitu-
dinal belts shall provide the footprints of unsustainable
resource extraction and subsequent affects .
Acknowledgement: Theauthors are grateful to the local people
7556 期 LI Qiao-Hong et al . : Resource Utilization Pattern Analysis in Pali GadWatershed of Tehri , Garhwal . . .
of Pali Gad Watershed for sharing their lifestyle information and
providing all logistic andfield support while carrying out thefield
work . Mrs . QiaohongLi and Ms . Xuefei Yang aregrateful to lo-
cal people for their nice hospitality during the socio-economic
survey . Ms . Haiying Yu prepared the sitemap and we also ap-
preciate Ms . Juliet Lu for her critical reading this manuscript .
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