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作 者 ：张 黎,周 青.

期 刊 ：中国生态农业学报 2008年 16卷 5期 页码：1322-1325

关键词：未培养微生物；环境微生物基因组；基因组文库；微生物生态作用；

Keywords:Uncultured microorganism, Metagenomics, Genomic library, Microbial ecological effect,

摘 要 ：自然界约99%的微生物不能通过传统的分离筛选途径进行培养(即未培养微生物),为获得新的基因资源,更全面地认识微生物多样性和微生物在自然环境和生物圈中的重要作用，近年来随着分子生物学的快速发展及其在微生物研究中的广泛运用，以环境中未培养微生物为研究对象的新兴学科--环境微生物基因组学成为国内外学者的研究热点。本文介绍了环境微生物基因组学的分析研究策略及生态作用：从环境样品中直接提取所有微生物的总DNA，采用适宜的载体克隆到宿主细胞中构建宏基因组文库，再筛选新的活性物质或基因；从生态学角度分析微生物不可培养的原因,可利用环境微生物基因组技术进行土壤污染修复、畜禽养殖除臭、鉴定新物种以及确定特定生态环境体系中未培养微生物种群与群落的结构组成及物种的进化模式。

Abstract:In the environment, about 99% microorganisms have not been or can not be cultured by traditional cultivation approach. With the development of molecular biology and its application in microbiology, a new research field of metagenomics has emerged. Without prior isolation and cultivation of relative microorganisms from environmental samples, metagenome libraries are constructed by extracting DNA from environmental samples and transforming it to surrogate host. This review explains unculturability of microorganisms from the point of ecology. Metagenomics can be used for bioremediation of polluted soils and deodorization of animal manure. Furthermore, microorganisms are of immense significance in the collection, investigation and exploitation of genes in uncultured microorganisms.

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