全 文 ：Study on Fitting Growth Density of Clematis mand-
shurica Rupr．
WANG Yun-he1，WANG Shao-jiang2，HAN Mei1，YANG Li-min1*
1． College of Chinese Medicinal Materials，Jilin Agricultural University，Changchun，Jilin 130118，China;2． Changling Weather Station of Jinlin
Province，Changling 131500，China
Abstract ［Objective］The aim was to screen the suitable growth density of Clematis mandshurica Rupr． ． ［Method］Three growth densities were
set with 60 cm breath ridge and individual distance of 5，10，20 cm． The biennial C． mandshurica plant yield，morphological characteristics，dry
matter partitioning，yield accumulation trend，yield per unit area and leaf area index (LAI)changing were studied． ［Result］The yield per unit area
increased with the promotion of density，root and rhizome dry matter proportion of total biomass did not have significant change． Yield per unit area
changing increased as leaf area index increased to show growth trend of logarithm function． ［Conclusion］The suitable growth density is 5 cm indi-
vidual distance on the 60 cm breath ridge，the yield per unit of three-year-old C． mandshurica is 3 740． 87 kg /hm2 ．
Key words Clematis mandshurica Rupr．，Planting density，China
Received:December 16，2009 Accepted:January 2，2010
Supported by the Key Plan Program of Science and Technology
Sevelopment of Jilin Province(20075022)．
* Corresponding author． E-mail:ylmh777@126． com
Clematis mandshurica Rupr． is a perennial herb belonging
to Clematis in Ranunculaceae． The root and rhizome could be
used as the traditional Chinese medicine，with the functions of
curing rheumatism and curving obstruction in channels to re-
lieve pain． It could be used to cure rheumatism，paralysis，
numbness，spasm of muscles and so on［1］． The wild C． mand-
shurica is mainly distributed in northeast，northern China，mid-
dle and eastern parts of Jilin Province． With the increasing de-
mand of C． mandshurica，the over digging causes the sharp
decreasing of wild resources and damages its wild resource．
The cultivation of medicinal plants could effectively alleviate the
wild resource pressure，therefore，it is an important method to
protect the medicinal plant resource［2］． At present，the re-
search about C． mandshurica is mainly concentrated in its
chemical components， pharmacology and drug effect［3 －11］．
However， the report about the proper growth density of
C． mandshurica has not been seen． Therefore，we take the
C． mandshurica cultivated in Changchun City，Jilin Province as
the target，and determine the most proper growth density
through measuring the yield，morphological characteristics，dry
matter partitioning，yield accumulation trend，yield per unit area
and leaf area index，which is of great theoretical and practical sig-
nificance to regulate the cultivation of C． mandshurica． Mean-
while，it could provide important theoretical references for the cul-
tivation of C． mandshurica and the promotion of plant yield．
1 Materials and methods
1．1 Tested cultivars Clematis mandshurica Rupr． ．
1． 2 General situation of experimental field The experi-
mental field is located in Medicinal Botanical Garden of Jilin Ag-
ricultural University (43°47N，125°24E)at 251 m above sea-
level． The average annual temperature is 4． 8 ℃，the highest
temperature is 39． 5 ℃，the lowest temperature is － 39． 8 ℃．
The average temperature of the hottest month(July)is 23 ℃．
The average annual rainfall is between 522 mm and 615 mm．
The rainfall is mainly concentrated in June，July and August
which accounts for 70% of the rainfall in the whole year． The
hours of sunshine are 2 688 h．
1． 3 Experiment design On March 9，2008，5 000 biennial
C． mandshurica seedlings in Zujia Institute of Special Wild Eco-
nomical Animals and Plants of Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences were transplanted with 60 cm breath ridge． Table 1
shows the growth density design． After transplanting seedling，
sampling was made every 20 d from July 27，2008． In March，
2009，when the C． mandshurica seedling emerged，sampling
was made every 15 d from March 25． 15 plants were randomly
obtained in each growth density． The leaf area meter was used
to measure the leaf area and the leaf area index was calculat-
ed． Then it was oven dried at 45 ℃ to a constant weight，then
the dried weight of underground part，stem and leaf was re-
spectively weighed and they were conversed to be yield． At the
end stage of growth，the height，root length，root number and
stem width was respectively measured and counted．
Table 1 The design proposal of Clematis mandshurica Rupr． with
different planting density
Treatment Planting distance∥cm Density∥plant number /hm2
1 5 33． 4 ×104
2 10 16． 7 ×104
3 20 8． 3 ×104
2 Results and analysis
2．1 Influences of different growth densities on C． mand-
shurica The individual biennial and three-years-old would not
increase with the decreasing of density． The difference of the
Medicinal Plant /药用植物研究 2010，1(2):17 －20 Responsible editor:Jiang Li Responsible translator:Li Pingping
individual plant of biennial plants in different growth densities
showed significant difference(P ＜ 0．01) ，with the highest bio-
mass of single plant of planting distance 10 cm． As to the C．
mandshurica of three-year-old，the treatment of planting dis-
tance of 5 cm showed the highest result，however，these three
treatments showed not very significant difference．
The yield of C． mandshurica of biennial and three-year-old
would decrease with the reduction of density． As to different
growth densities，the yield per unit area difference of biennial
C． mandshurica showed significant difference，in which treat-
ment 1 and 2 showed significant differences． And it showed that
under the research conditions，the yield per unit area would ef-
fectively increase with the promotion of growth density．
2． 2 Influences of different growth densities on the mor-
phological characteristics of C． mandshurica Height，root
length，root number and stem width are the main indexes of the
growth of C． mandshurica，meanwhile，they are the basis of
the research of ecological characteristics． From Table 3， it
could be known that different growth densities had significant in-
fluence on the height，root number and stem width of the bien-
nial C． mandshurica，and slight influence on the root length．
The cultivation distance of 10 cm showed the highest effect．
The heights of treatment 1 and 2 showed significant difference
(P ＜ 0．05) ;the root number of treatment 2 and treatment 1，
treatment 3 showed very significant difference(P ＜ 0．01) ;the
stem width of treatment 3 and treatment 1，treatment 2 showed
very significant difference(P ＜ 0．01)．
Table 2 Effects of different planting density on biomass per plant
and yield per unit of Clematis mandshurica Rupr．
Tree age Treatments
Biomass per
plant∥g /per plant
Yield
kg /hm2
Biennial 1 3． 106 ±0． 12 bB 1 037． 40 ±4． 01 aA
2 4． 405 ±0． 40 aA 735． 68 ±6． 70 bB
3 2． 292 ±0． 15 cC 190． 19 ±2． 46 cC
Three-year-old 1 11． 200 ±1． 85 aA 3 740． 87 ±61． 65 aA
2 9． 928 ±2． 95 aA 1 657． 98 ±49． 26 bB
3 10． 510 ±2． 62 aA 872． 33 ±21． 71 cB
Note:Data is mean ± standard deviation(n =15)． Different lowercas-
es in the same column stand for differences at 0． 05 level(P ＜0． 05) ;
different capital letters mean differences at 0． 01 level(P ＜0． 01)． The
same as follows．
Different growth densities had significant influences on the
height，root length，root number and stem width of the C．
mandshurica of three-year-old with the best effect of cultivation
distance of 10 cm．
Table 3 Effects of different planting density on morphological characteristics of Clematis mandshurica Rupr．
Tree age Treatments Plant height∥cm Root length∥cm Root number(ind．) Stem diameter∥cm
Biennial 1 46． 00 ±3． 92 bA 25． 25 ±4． 57 aA 32． 75 ±2． 22 bB 0． 367 ±0． 03 aA
2 54． 75 ±3． 20 aA 28． 75 ±2． 99 aA 42． 50 ±4． 80 aA 0． 37 ±0． 04 aA
3 51． 50 ±3． 87 abA 24． 50 ±3． 00 aA 33． 75 ±3． 50 bB 0． 26 ±0． 03 bB
Three-year- 1 106． 00 ±5． 94 aA 29． 25 ±4． 35 abA 57． 75 ±6． 40 bB 0． 44 ±0． 05 abAB
old 2 106． 00 ±10． 68 aA 32． 00 ±3． 37 aA 79． 25 ±4． 11 aA 0． 49 ±0． 02 aA
3 77． 75 ±7． 68 bB 25． 75 ±2． 22 bA 66． 25 ±7． 81bAB 0．38 ±0． 05 bB
2． 3 Influences of different growth densities on the dry
matter partitioning of C． mandshurica C． mandshurica with
different densities had different requirements toward the ener-
gy，which would cause differences existing in the underground
biomass ratio，stem biomass ratio and leaf biomass． The com-
prehensive performance under different environmental condi-
tions could be considered to be the reflection of plant biology
characteristics． From Table 4，as to biennial C． mandshurica，
there existed significant difference on the underground biomass
ratio of different growth densities(P ＜ 0．05)，in which treatment
1 and treatment 3 performed very significant difference(P ＜
0．01);there was no significant difference in the stem biomass
with different growth densities;the leaf biomass occupied one
half of the total biomass，in which the leaf biomass ratio of
treatment 1 and treatment 2 showed significant difference(P ＜
0．05)． As to C． mandshurica of three-year-old，there existed
very significant difference on the underground biomass ratio
and stem biomass of different growth densities(P ＜ 0． 01) ，
while the leaf biomass did not exist significant difference． The
stem biomass of C． mandshurica of three-year-old occupied
one half of the total biomass，while，the leaf biomass only ac-
counted for 20% of the total biomass． The ratio of under-
ground biomass accounting for the total biomass of biennial
and three-year-old C． mandshurica did not perform significant
changes．
Table 4 Effects of different planting density on dry matter parti-
tioning of Clematis mandshurica Rupr．
Tree
age
Treatm-
ents
Root and
rhizome
biomass ratio
Petiole
biomass
ratio
Leaf
biomass
ratio
Biennial 1 0． 35 ±0． 01 aA 0． 22 ±0． 01 aA 0． 43 ±0． 01 bB
2 0． 30 ±0． 03 bAB 0．21 ±0． 03 aA 0． 50 ±0． 04 aAB
3 0． 26 ±0． 02 cB 0． 39 ±0． 02 aA 0． 51 ±0． 02 aA
Three- 1 0． 33 ±0． 02 aA 0． 46 ±0． 04 bB 0． 21 ±0． 04 aA
year-old 2 0． 38 ±0． 03 aA 0． 39 ±0． 02 cB 0． 23 ±0． 01 aA
3 0． 27 ±0． 03 bB 0． 55 ±0． 04 aA 0． 18 ±0． 03 aA
2． 4 Influences of different growth densities on the yield
accumulation trend of C． mandshurica From Fig． 1 and
Fig． 2，the yield accumulation trend of C． mandshurica of the
three growth densities were basically consistent with the shape
of S，and the yield would gradually increase with the growth
development and would increase with the promotion of density．
The yield accumulation per unit area at the early stage of
growth of biennial C． mandshurica with different growth densi-
ties was slow，and got into the acceleration stage in middle
September with a fast accumulation，while，the accumulation
peak emerged in end September． C． mandshurica of three-
81 Medicinal Plant 2010
year-old would enter the rapid accumulation period in middle
June，while，the accumulation peak would emerge in middle
September． The yield accumulation of treatment 3 was also
slow，and its yield accumulation would also emerge in middle
and end September． The yield changing trend of different
growth densities showed that the biennial three-year-old C．
mandshurica would enter the end stage of growth in October，
and the stems and leaves would grow old，and defoliation
would even occur in high density．
Fig． 1 Yield accumulation trend under different planting
density of biennial Clematis mandshurica Rupr．
Fig． 2 Yield accumulation trend under different planting
density of three-year-old Clematis mandshurica
Rupr．
2． 5 Influences of different growth densities on the leaf ar-
ea indexes of C． mandshurica The leaf area index (LAI)is
an important index to measure the massive plants production
scale． From Fig． 3 and Fig． 4，it could be seen that the plant
yield changing of biennial and three-year-old C． mandshurica
would perform logarithm and function growth trend with the en-
largement of LAI． When the LAI was low，the yield would rapid-
ly increase with the promotion of the LAI． When the LAI was
high，the yield would slowly increase with the promotion of the
LAI． When the LAI reached 1．57 and 3．07，the yield would not
increase with the promotion of the LAI． And it would perform
negative increasing with the shadedby foliage．
3 Results and conclusions
(1)Under the three growth densities(planting distance 5
cm，10 cm，20 cm)of C． mandshurica，the yield would in-
crease with the promotion of growth density whatever the indi-
vidual plant yield changes． The differences of these three
growth densities would perform significant or very significant
level．
Fig． 3 The relationship between leaf area index and yield
of biennial
Fig． 4 The relationship between leaf area index and yield
of three-year-old
(2)Different growth densities have significant influences
on the height， root number and stem width of biennial
C． mandshurica，and would have significant influences on the
height，root length，root number and stem width of C． mand-
shurica of three-year-old． The planting distance of 10 cm is the
best．
(3)As to different growth densities，the difference of the
underground biomass of biennial and three-year-old C． mand-
shurica would reach significant level(P ＜ 0．05) ，the stem bio-
mass ratio of biennial C． mandshurica does not perform signifi-
cant difference，and the stem biomass ratio of C． mandshurica
of three-year-old would reach significant level(P ＜ 0． 05)． As
to different growth densities，the difference of the leaf biomass
ratio of C． mandshurica of three -year-old would not reach sig-
nificant level，however，and biennial C． mandshurica with the
planting distance of 5 cm and 10 cm would exist significant
difference(P ＜ 0． 05) ，and C． mandshurica of biennial with
the planting distance of 5 cm and 20 cm would exist very signifi-
cant difference(P ＜ 0．01)． Although different growth densities
have some influences on the biomass ratios of different parts，
the ratio of underground biomass of biennial and three-year-old
C． mandshurica to the total biomass would not exist significant
changes．
(4)Under three growth densities，the yield accumulation
period of biennial and three-year-old C． mandshurica would ap-
pear to be the shape of S ． And the accumulation would per-
form a peak in middle September，then it would decline，and it
would reach a low point，and it would show defoliation with the
planting distance of 5 cm． The treatment of planting distance of
5 cm would keep greater yield，and the treatment of planting
91WANG Yun-he et al． Study on Fitting Growth Density of Clematis mandshurica Rupr．
distance of 20 cm has the lowest yield．
(5) The yield change of biennial and three-year-old
C． mandshurica would show logarithm and function growth
trend with the promotion of LAI．
Above all，the best growing density of C． mandshurica is 5
cm with the 60 cm breath ridge，namely the growth density of
334 000 plants /hm2 ．
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檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪
．
东北铁线莲适宜种植密度研究
王云贺1，王少江2，韩梅1，杨利民1* (1．吉林农业大学中药材学院，吉林长春 130118;2．吉林省长岭气象站，吉林长岭 131500)
摘要 ［目的］为筛选东北铁线莲的适宜种植密度。［方法］在 60 cm垄作下，设计 3个种植密度，即株距 5、10、20 cm，研究了 2、3年生东北铁线
莲产量、形态特征、干物质分配、产量增长动态、单位面积产量和叶面积指数变化。［结果］随着种植密度的增加单位面积产量随之增加，但地下
部分生物量占总生物量的比例没有显著性变化，单位面积产量变化随叶面积指数增大呈对数函数增长趋势。［结论］东北铁线莲适宜种植密度
为 60 cm垄作下约 5 cm株距，3年生产量可高达 3 740． 87 kg /hm2。
关键词 东北铁线莲;
欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁
种植密度
(From page 16)
［9］LIN Q，WEI LH． Research on microwave extraction and stability of
the natural yellow pigment in the coat of peanut［J］． Chemical Re-
search，2002，23(1):32 －35． (in Chinese )．
［10］LIANG N，DU YZ，MO RQ． Studies on microwave extraction of the
pigment from Begonia fimbristipula Hance［J］． Guangdong Trace
Elements Science，2004，11(10):60 －63． (in Chinese )．
微波提取黄柏根中天然色素及其性质研究
陈小利，吕俊芳，张美丽，过志凌 (延安大学化学与化工学院，陕西延安 716000)
摘要 ［目的］为黄柏根中天然色素的利用提供理论指导。［方法］利用微波萃取法对黄柏根中天然黄色素的提取工艺条件及稳定性进行研
究。［结果］微波萃取的最佳工艺条件为，以蒸馏水为提取剂，原料用量与提取剂比为 1∶ 100(w/w) ，微波功率为 520 W，提取时间为 160 s。对该
色素稳定性研究的结果表明，该色素为水溶性色素，适用 pH范围比较广。对光、热稳定性较好，大多数食品添加剂对色素的稳定性影响不大，
对氧化剂 H2O2 的耐受能力较差，对还原剂 Na2SO3 的耐受能力强。［结论］黄柏根中提取的色素，水溶性好、稳定性好，是一种理想的天然色素。
关键词 黄柏根;天然色素;微波萃取;稳定性
02 Medicinal Plant 2010