全 文 ：Efficacy Assessment of 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC for
the Control of Phalaris arundinacea in Barley
Field
Wenxiang XIAO1* , Jizhi MENG1, Zuobin YANG1, Mengdao LIU2, Tingchu MA4, Diyun LIANG5,
Rongquan YANG3, Lijuan ZHANG3, Xiwu GAO6
1. Plant Protection and Inspection Station, Baoshan Yunnan 678000, China;
2. Agricultural Scientific Research Institute, Baoshan Yunnan 678000, China;
3. Protection and Inspect Station of longyang district, Baoshan Yunnan 678000, China;
4. Plant Protection and Inspection Station, Kunming 650000, China;
5. The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100000, China;
6. China Agriculture University, Beijing 100000, China
*Corresponding author. E-mail: bsxwx@live.cn
Received: July 5, 2015 Accepted: September 16, 2015A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2015, 16(10): 2314-2317
Copyright訫 2015, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Plant Protection
P halaris arundinacea (Phalarisarundinacea L.), also knownas reed canary grass and
Yuancaolu, belongs to Phalaris sp.
(Poaceae) including 22 species [1], in
which P. arundinacea is most widely
distributed, mainly in temperate areas
such as North America, Northern Eu-
rope and Asia, and can be found in
Northeast China, North China, North-
west China, East China, and Central
China[2]. P. arundinacea grows in wet
areas and is not rigid for environment.
Two species are widely distributed in
Baoshan city of Yunnan province [3],
which are Phalaris minor Retz. and
Phalaris paradoxa L., respectively. All
of Phalaris minor Retz. , Phalaris
paradoxa L., and wheat and barley are
Poaceae plants with similar appear-
ances, and it is thus difficult to identify
them in field, and to prevent and
control chemically and manually [ 3 ] .
P. arundinacea has good stress re-
sistance and high yield and nutritional
value, and is widely used in forage
grass, constructed wetland, biological
energy source and papermaking raw
material[4-6].
Yunnan is located at border area
of Southwest China, bordering on
Vietnam and Laos. Yunnan is abun-
dant in biodiversity, with rampant exot-
ic invaders[7-8]. Barley is an important
food crop in Yunnan, however, it has
been infected by exotic invasive
weeds including P. arundinacea in re-
cent years, and its yield and quality
have been seriously impacted. In Chi-
na, P. arundinacea was distributed in
Yunnan as early as 10 years ago [9].
There already have been researches
for mastering biological and ecological
characteristics and accumulating
practical experience in controlling ex-
otic invasive pests [10-13]. Pinoxaden is
Abstract The study aim was to explore the optimal dose and application time of
pinoxaden in the control of Phalaris arundinacea in barley field. In the plot experi-
ments, four doses (from 900 to 2 400 ml/hm2) of pinoxaden (50 g/L) EC was ap-
plied for the control of P. arundinacea in barley field. The optimal application time
of pinoxaden was 3-4 leaf stage of P. arundinacea and 4-5 leaf stage of barley. In
this stage of P. arundinacea, the efficacy of four doses was all more than 97%.
The 50 g/l pinoxaden exhibited excellent efficacy to P. arundinacea, and the efficacy
was better than that of the 69 g/L fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and manual weeding. In 4-5
leaf stage of barley and 3-4 leaf stage of P. arundinacea, when the pinoxaden was
applied at the dose from 900 to 1 200 ml/hm2, the efficacy for controlling P. arundi-
nacea could be more than 97%. There was no harmful effect to other arthropods in
field, and it was safe to barley.
Key words Pinoxaden; Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl; Barley; Phalaris arundinacea
50 g/L 唑啉草酯 EC 防除大麦
田虉草效果评价
肖文祥 1*，孟继枝 1，杨祚斌 1，刘猛道 2，马庭矗 4，
梁帝允 5，杨荣权 3，张丽娟 3，高希武 6 （1.云
南省保山市植保植检站，云南保山 678000；2.云
南省保山市农业科学研究所 ， 云南保山
678000；3.隆阳区植保植检工作站；4.云南省植
保植检站，云南昆明 650000；5.全国农业技术
推广中心，北京 100000；6.中国农业大学，北京
100000）
摘 要 为了探索 50 g/l 唑啉草酯防除冬大
麦田虉草最佳用量和时期， 采用 50g/l 啉草酯
EC（爱秀）900~2 400 ml/hm2 4 个用量进行小
区试验，防除冬大麦田虉草。 结果表明最佳施
药时间为虉草 3~4 叶期，大麦 4~5 叶期，此时
施药防除效果最好，4 个用量防效均达到 97%
以上。 50 g/L 唑啉草酯 EC（爱秀）对麦田虉草
具有较好的防治效果， 显著优于对照药剂 69
g/L 精噁唑禾草灵 EW（大彪马）及人工除草。
在大麦 4~5 叶期， 虉草 3~4 叶期时施药，当
用量达到 900~1 200 ml/hm2， 防效可达到
97%以上。 50 g/L 唑啉草酯 EC（爱秀）用于冬
大麦田虉草防除没有观察到对田间节肢动物
的不良影响，对大麦安全，没有产生药害。
关键词 唑啉草酯；精噁唑禾草灵；大麦；虉草
作者简介 肖文祥 (1963-)，男，高级农艺师 ，
主要从事农作物病虫草害防控技术研究工作,
E-mail：bsxwx@live.cn。 * 通讯作者。
收稿日期 2015-07-05
修回日期 2015-09-16
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2015.10.053
Agricultural Science & Technology2015
a phenyl pyrazoline type herbicide de-
veloped by Syngenta, mainly used for
cereal fields, which can effectively
prevent and kill off a variety of impor-
tant annual gramineous weeds, such
as Avena, Lolium, Phalaris and Se-
taria, with high safety for barley and
wheat, and thus can be applied in a
long time period from seeding stage
to advanced stage[14]. Pinoxaden is the
most effective herbicide for controlling
P. arundinacea in barley fields [15] in a
dose range of 900-1 200 ml/hm2, and
has a control efficacy above 97% ,
without phytotoxicity to barley and
broad bean [16]. Pinoxaden belongs to
phenyl pyrazoline type herbicides, the
action mechanism of which is that
acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in-
hibitor inhibits the synthesis of fatty
acid, thus stops cell growth and divi-
sion and damages lipid-containing
structures in cytomembranes, resulting
death of weeds[14]. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl
is a kind of herbicide falling into ary-
loxyphenoxypropionates (AOPPs),
while AOPP herbicides have the dis-
advantages of single action target with
a dose increasing with years, and the
decreasing efficacy is prone to induce
production of resistant weeds[17]. It has
been reported abroad that Phalaris
arundinacea and Alopecurus myosur-
oides produced resistance to AOPP
herbicides[18-19].
In the early 1980s, with seed allo-
cation and transportation, P. arundi-
nacea appeared at north area of the
dam of Baoshan City in Yunnan
Province, and it occurred in large area
of BaoshanCity until the 1990s. P. arun-
dinacea is on the increase in Baoshan
city recently, especially serious in
Longyang district of Baoshan city.
Barley was cultivated in an area of 29
thousand hm2 in Baoshan City in 2014,
and the occurrence area of P. arundi-
nacea was of 10-13 thousand hm2, re-
sulting in a loss of about 10% . In
Longyang district, barley had a culti-
vated area of 6 thousand hm2, with an
occurrence area of 3 thousand hm2, re-
sulting in a loss above 30%, up to 70%
in some field. The cultivated area of
wheat was of 13 thousand hm2 in
Baoshan city, with an area of 2.7-3.3
thousand hm2 harmed by P. arundi-
nacea; and wheat was cultivated in an
area of 4.7 thousand hm2 in Longyang
district, with a P. arundinacea occur-
rence area of 1.3 thousand hm2 and
seriously harmed area of 0.8 hm2. Re-
cently, P. arundinacea mainly occurs
in barley field, wheat field, broad bean
field, oilseed rape field and winter fal-
low field. The harm is especially seri-
ous in barley and wheat fields, and
peasants mainly adopt manual weed-
ing to control it yet though the effect is
not ideal, or the weed is controlled with
fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EW, which is very
prone to phytotoxicity in barley fields at
a low temperature in use for weeding.
Aiming at the prominent problem in
production, efficacy assessment of 50
g/L Pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) for the con-
trol of P. arundinacea in barley field is
conducted, in order to provide scientif-
ic basis for the control of P. arundi-
nacea in barley field.
Materials and Methods
Basic information of test field
The test field was located at
Dongguan Village, Hetu Town,
Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yun-
nan province, with an altitude of 1 648
m, and an annual average tempera-
ture of 15.6 ℃ . The frost-free season
at the area is 204 days. In the test
area, the annual rainfall is 970-1 290
mm, in which the rainfall from June to
October accounts for 80%. The soil is
clay with a fertility better than average
at pH of 6.5. The test area is suitable
for planting a variety of plants, mainly
producing rice, barley, wheat, beans,
vegetables and so on. During the test
period, fine weather was dominant,
while light to moderate rain fell 10 days
after herbicide application for 2 days
with a rainfall of 0.2 mm; the average
temperature was 10.5 -15 ℃ , with a
highest temperature of 16-25℃ and a
lowest temperature of 1 -6 ℃ in 10
days; and the relative humidity was
54%-68%.
Test herbicides
Fifty g/L pinoxaden EC(Aixiu) was
purchased from Swiss Syngenta crop
protection Co., Ltd; and 69 g/L
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl EW (Dabiaoma)
was purchased from Bayer Crop Sci-
ence (China) Co., Ltd.
Test design and herbicide applica-
tion method
The test was designed as follows:
50 g/L pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) A, 900
ml/hm2;B, 1 200ml/hm2;C, 1 500ml/hm2;
D, 2 400 ml/hm2; E, 69 g/L fenoxaprop-
p-ethyl EW (Dabiaoma), 1 050 ml/hm2;
F, manual weeding; and G, clear water
as control. The test had 7 treatments
and used randomized block design,
with four repetitions, and the plot areas
were of 20 m2.
The test was carried out on
February 8 in 2014, at 4-5 leaf stage
of barley and 3 -4 leaf stage of P.
arundinacea, herbicide was sprayed
onto stem leaves of P. arundinacea
once according to experiment treat-
ments using 3WBS-16 (A) backpack
type manual sprayer having a pore di-
ameter of 1.6 mm, and the spray
quantity was of 900 kg/hm2. The treat-
ment F was subjected to manual
weeding.
Investigation, record and mea-
surement method
The reaction of P. arundinacea to
herbicides and the phytotoxicity to
barley were observed 7, 15, 30 and 45
days after herbicide application. The
number of P. arundinacea individuals
was investigated at the 15th, 30th and
45th day, and the control efficacy was
calculated. Each plot was sampled at
three points, each of which had an
area of 0.25 m. The number of re-
maining plants in each sampling point
was recorded, and the fresh weight of
overground parts of remaining plants
was weighed, to calculate the efficacy
according to formula (1).
Stem (fresh weight) control effica-
cy=(CK -PT)/CK ×100% (1)
In which: PT was the number of
remaining weeds (fresh weight) in a
treatment plot; CK was the number of
remaining weeds (fresh weight) in cor-
responding control.
Results and Analysis
Control efficacy
Seven days after herbicide appli-
cation, with 50 g/L pinoxaden EC,
treatment A showed a light toxic symp-
tom; in treatment B (1 200 ml/hm2) and
treatment C (1 500 ml/hm2), P. arundi-
nacea showed an obvious toxic
symptom; in treatmentD (2 400ml/hm2),
P. arundinacea showed a more seri-
ous toxic symptom, with leaves turning
yellow; and with the control herbicide
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl EW (Dabiaoma), in
treatment E (1 050 ml/hm2), P. arundi-
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Agricultural Science & Technology 2015
Table 1 Efficacy assessment of 50 g/L pinoxaden EC for the control of Phalaris arundinacea in barley field
Sequence Herbicide Dose
In 15 days after
herbicide
application
In 30 after
herbicide
application
In 45 days after
herbicide
application
In 45 days after
herbicide
application
Stem control
efficacy∥%
Stem control
efficacy∥%
Stem control
efficacy∥%
Fresh weight
control efficacy∥%
A 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) 900 ml/hm2 24.67 Aa 73.68 Bbc 98.08 Cc 97.04 Cc
B 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) 1 200 ml/hm2 41.98 ABab 81.52 Bbc 98.94 Cc 98.76 Cc
C 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) 1 500 ml/hm2 51.87 ABab 90.84 Bc 100.00 Cc 100.00 Cc
D 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) 2 400 ml/hm2 64.49 Bb 95.89 Bc 100.00Cc 100.00 Cc
E 69 g/L Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl EW(Dabiaoma) 1 050 ml/hm
2 21.31 Aa 58.22 Bb 74.07 BCbc 72.93 BCbc
F Manual weeding - 71.47 Bb 54.77 Bb 49.97 Bb 51.54 Bb
G Control Clear water - - - -
The control efficacy was the average of four repetitions; different lowercase letters after the data in the same column indicated a significant
difference (P＜0.05); and different capital letters indicated a significant difference (P＜0.01).
nacea showed a light toxic symptom.
Fifteen days after herbicide appli-
cation, P. arundinacea in treatment A
presented an obvious toxic symptom,
with a control efficacy of 24.67% ;
treatment B showed that P. arundi-
nacea started to turn yellow, with a
control efficacy of 41.98%; the P. arun-
dinacea in treatment C started to turn
yellow, with a control efficacy of
51.87% ; the yellowing of P. arundi-
nacea in treatment D was aggravated,
and some were withered and died,
achieving a control efficacy of 51.87%;
in treatment E, P. arundinacea showed
obvious toxic symptom and started to
turn yellow, and barley showed an ob-
vious phytotoxicity symptom, achiev-
ing a control efficacy of 21.31%; and in
treatment F, P. arundinacea started to
grow again, and the efficacy was of
71.74% (Table 1).
Thirty days after herbicide appli-
cation, P. arundinacea in treatment A
started to turn yellow and wither, and
the efficacy calculated according to
remaining plant number was of
73.68%; treatment B showed withered
and died P. arundinacea in a large
area, with a control efficacy of 81.52%;
treatment C also showed a large area
of withered and died P. arundinacea,
with a control efficacy of 90.84%; most
P. arundinacea was died in treatment
D, achieving a control efficacy of
95.89%; P. arundinacea in the control
E started to wither, most leaves of bar-
ley showed obvious phytotoxicity
symptom, and the efficacy was of
58.22%; and P. arundinacea in treat-
ment F continued to grow, and the ef-
ficacy was of 54.77% (Table 1).
Forty five days after herbicide ap-
plication, P. arundinacea was withered
and died in large area, and treatment
A and treatment B achieved control
efficacies of 98.08% and 98.94%, re-
spectively; P. arundinacea in treat-
ments C and D was all died, with a
control efficacy of 100%; phytotoxicity
symptom in barley was disappeared in
treatment E, the growth regained, and
the control efficacy was of 74.07% ;
and the treatment F subjected to
manual weeding had a control efficacy
of 49.97% (Table 1).
According to fresh weight of re-
maining P. arundinacea, efficacies
were assessed, in which the efficacy of
treatment A was of 97.04% ; that of
treatment B was of 98.76% ; that of
treatment C was of 100%; that of treat-
ment D was also of 100%; that of treat-
ment E was of 72.93% ; and that of
treatment F was of 51.54% (Table 1).
Variance analysis showed that 45
days after herbicide application, the
differences between blocks were not
significant, while those between treat-
ments were significant. Multiple com-
parison showed that 45 days after
herbicide application, P. arundinacea
stem control efficacy and fresh weight
control efficacy reached the significant
level between treatment G with treat-
ments A, B, C, D, E and F; treatment F
was not significantly different with
treatment E, but was significantly dif-
ferent with treatments A, B, C and D;
and the differences among A, B, C, D
and E were not significant.
Influences on crops and environ-
ment
It was observed that for 50 g/L
pinoxaden EC (Aixiu), phytotoxicity did
not occurred at the doses of 900 ,
1 200, 1 500 and 2 400 ml per
hectare, so it had a high safety for bar-
ley; and for 69 g/L fenoxaprop-p-ethyl
EW (Dabiaoma), obvious phytotoxicity
symptom was observed 15 days after
application at the dose of 1 050 ml per
hectare when the temperature was
lower than 0 ℃ , with leaf apexes
turned yellow and withered. The phy-
totoxicity symptom disappeared 45
days after application, and barley con-
tinued to grow.
In the dose range of each test
treatment, no harmful effect was ob-
served on organisms in the test envi-
ronment by the tested herbicides.
Conclusions and Discus-
sion
From above comprehensive anal-
ysis results, 50 g/L pinoxaden EC
(Aixiu) had a good efficacy in control-
ling P. arundinacea in winter barley
field. In the range of 900-1 200 ml/hm2,
its efficacies on P. arundinacea (3-4
leaf stage) reached 97.04% and
98.76%, which were significantly better
than those of 69 g/L fenoxaprop-p-
ethyl EW and manual weeding; and
when the dose reached 1500 ml/hm2,
the efficacy could reach 100%.
Even at the dose of 2 400 ml/hm2,
50 g/L pinoxaden achieved a control
efficacy of 100% without producing
phytotoxicity on barley. Fenoxaprop-p-
ethyl gave rise to cross resistance in
controlling weeds[20]. Therefore, pinox-
aden was a better herbicide for con-
trolling P. arundinacea than other her-
2316
Agricultural Science & Technology2015
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Responsible editor: Na CHENG Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
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Responsible editor: Yingzhi GUANG Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
bicides [15], and also better than other
control methods. These results sub-
stantially accorded with the test results
obtained at other regions and the effi-
cacies showed in literatures, and in-
novation was made in the aspects no
phytotoxicity at low temperature (0 ℃)
and the control of P. arundinacea in
winter barley field in Baoshan.
Fifty g/L pinoxaden EC (Aixiu)
was safe to barley production without
producing phytotoxicity; the application
at 4-5 leaf stage of barley and 3-4 leaf
stage of P. arundinacea could achieve
an efficacy above 97% in the dose
range of 900-1 200 ml/hm2, and there
was no influence on test results under
a low temperature condition (0℃).
No bad influence was observed
on arthropod in field when 50 g/L
pinoxaden EC (Aixiu) was applied to
control P. arundinacea in barley field.
This method and result could be ap-
plied and popularized in Yunnan and
even the whole nation .
We advised control tests on P.
arundinacea in the field of barley after
8-10 leaf stage to be conducted, and
control tests on P. arundinacea in the
fields of crops including broad bean
and oilseed rape to be conducted, in
order to further improve application
effect.
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