全 文 ：带籽紫云英翻耕对水稻产量及
稻田土壤性质的影响
王伯诚 *，赖小芳，陈银龙，项玉英，陈剑 （台
州市农业科学研究院，浙江临海 317000）
摘 要 [目的 ]研究带籽紫云英作为绿肥对
稻田土壤性质的影响，为推进绿肥生产和农田
可持续利用提供依据。 [方法]开展 3 年田间定
位实验， 第 1 年设置 4 个不同紫云英翻压量
（2.81， 5.61，8.42， 11.23 t/hm2）处理，无紫云
英翻压作对照处理，后两年均延续上一年实验
结果，每年水稻移栽前将各个小区田面自然长
出的带籽紫云英测产后直接翻耕；测定水稻产
量及稻田土壤养分、生物学性质以及水稳性团
聚体等指标。 [结果]紫云英带籽翻耕的绿肥处
理可使水稻有效穗及产量显著增加，并增加土
壤中的有机酸，同时土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过
氧化氢酶等活性均明显提高；土壤水溶性有机
酸随绿肥施用量增加而升高，但过多绿肥使用
量会抑制土壤微生物量碳；土壤由大团聚体和
微团聚体向中微团聚体富集。 [结论]带籽紫云
英作为绿肥施用能起到改善土壤理化性质和
生物学性质，稳步提高土壤肥力，显著增加水
稻产量的作用， 水稻移栽前翻压量以不超过
8.42 t/hm2（干重）为宜。
关键词 带籽紫云英；翻耕； 水稻产量；稻田
土壤养分；土壤性质
基金项目 浙江省重大科技专项重点农业项
目（2009C2001-TZ）；浙江省台州市应用技术研
究与开发项目（091TG06）。
作者简介 王伯诚 （1960- ），男 ，浙江临海
人，高级农艺师，从事生物技术和植物营养研
究与应用工作，E-mail：wbc1960@163.com。* 通
讯作者。
收稿日期 2013-11-08
修回日期 2013-12-16
Effects of Ploughing Astragalus sinicus at
Maturity Stage on Rice Yield and Soil Properties
of Paddy Field
Bocheng WANG*, Xiaofang LAI, Yinlong CHEN, Yuying XIANG, Jian CHEN
Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai 317000, China
Supported by the Important Science and Technology Program for Agriculture of
Zhejiang Province (2009C2001-TZ); the Taizhou Research and Development of Applied
Technology, Zhejiang Province (091TG06).
*Corresponding author. E-mail: wbc1960@163.com
Received: November 8, 2013 Accepted: December 16, 2013A
Agricultural Science & Technology, 2013, 14(12): 1792-1796, 1803
Copyright訫 2013, Information Institute of HAAS. All rights reserved Soil and Fertilizer
A stragalus sinicus is a conven-tional crop, which can be usedas vegetable, feed and fertiliz-
er. As green manure, it is an organic
fertilizer with high quality. Recently,
ploughing Astragalus sinicus at matu-
rity stage has been applied as green
manure in a new way, which has been
gradually promoted and achieved a lot
in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. The
technique has the characteristics of
saving time, labor and cost; conve-
nient for centralizing work; continual
benefits from one sowing. After
ploughing, the stalks of Astragalus
sinicus become organic fertilizer, and
the exposed or wrapped seeds stay in
the soil for the summer and sprout
naturally when the field surface dried
after the yellow ripening stage of rice[1].
Research on the effects of ploughing
Astragalus sinicus at the maturity
stage on rice yield and paddy soil prop-
erties is of great significance in further
promoting the production of green
manure and solving soil degradation.
As an important part of soil, soil
organic matter, which could affect the
yield and quality of crops, is the mate-
rial basis of soil fertility, and one of the
important indicators for the evaluation
of soil fertility [2]. It had been reported
that ploughing Astragalus sinicus
could not only improve the physical
Abstract [Objective] The effects of ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage as
green manure on paddy soil properties were studied to provide references for ad-
vancing the green manure production and field sustainable development. [Methods]
A three-year field positioning experiment was carried out. In the first year, five differ-
ent levels (0, 2.81, 5.61, 8.42, 11.23 t/hm2) of Astragalus sinicus ploughed at matu-
rity stage were designed. And in the next two years, the amounts of ploughed As-
tragalus sinicus at maturity stage were based on the natural growth amounts of As-
tragalus sinicus at maturity stage of the former year in each plot field. The yields of
Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage were estimated and ploughed directly before rice
transplanting. Rice yield, soil nutrients, biological properties and water-stable aggre-
gates of paddy fields were measured as well. [Results] The effective panicles and rice
yields increased significantly after ploughing Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage.
Meanwhile, the organic acid content in paddy field increased and the activities of soil
phosphatases, invertase and catalase were higher. The soil dissolved organic carbon
also increased with the increasing application of green manure. However, excess
amount of green manure inhibited the soil microbial biomass carbon content. The
macro aggregates and micro aggregates gathered to middle aggregates. [Conclusion]
As green manure, the use of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage could improve soil
physiochemical and biological properties, improve soil fertility and increase rice yield
significantly. But the ploughing amount of Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage before
rice transplanting should be less than 8.42 t/hm2 (dry weight.
Key words Astragalus sinicus at maturity stage; Ploughing; Rice yield; Paddy soil
nutrients; Soil properties
DOI:10.16175/j.cnki.1009-4229.2013.12.028
Agricultural Science & Technology2013
and chemical properties of the soil, in-
crease soil organic matter, total nitro-
gen content [3], and available nitrogen
content[4], activate and accumulate soil
mineral nutrients [5], but also could in-
crease soil porosity, reduce soil bulk
density [6], and increase soil microbial
quantity [7]. There were reports on the
ploughing technique of Astragalus
sinicus as green manure [8], or on soil
nutrient and crop yield [ 9 ] . However ,
there is still limited research on the
effects of ploughing Astragalus sinicus
at maturity stage on rice paddy, espe-
cially on the soil nutrients, soil aggre-
gate structure of rice paddy. There-
fore, the effects of ploughing Astra-
galus sinicus at maturity stage on the
physical, chemical and biological
properties of rice paddy were investi-
gated with the aim to provide refer-
ences for advancing the green ma-
nure production and field sustainable
development.
Materials and Methods
Testing materials
The test was conducted in the ter-
raced fields lying in the mild slope of
low mountains and hills of Zhuxi Town,
Xianju County, Zhejiang Province
(N28°42′ , E120°45′ ). The soil for the
test was red purple soil with basic
physical and chemical properties of
the following: pH of 6.63, organic mat-
ter of 25.5 g/kg, total nitrogen of 1.77
mg/kg, available nitrogen of 170
mg/kg, available phosphorous of 12.8
mg/kg and rapidly available potassium
of 130 mg/kg. The preceding Astra-
galus sinicus variety was Ningbo
Daqiao, while the succeeding varieties
in the following 3 years were succes-
sively Tiansixiang, Jiayou 99, Qianyou
100. The NPK fertilizers were urea
(Shandong Ruixing Chemical Co.,
Ltd.), superphosphate (P2O5 of 12% ,
Hubei Hengyang Chemicals Plant),
potassium chloride (K2O of 60%, made
in Canada, sold by Sinochem Fertilizer
Co., Ltd.).
Testing methods
In 2009, five treatments with dif-
ferent amounts of Astragalus sinicus
ploughed at maturity stage were de-
signed, in which treatment 1 (CK) ap-
plied fertilizer only but no Astragalus
sinicus, while treatments 2 -5 applied
with Astragalus sinicus ploughed at
maturity stage but different amounts.
And the applied amounts (dry weight
of the whole plant, i.e., total amount of
aboveground and underground parts)
were 2.81, 5.61, 8.42, 11.23 t/ha, re-
spectively, with the dry ratio of 21.7 %.
The yield of Astragalus sinicus at the
maturity stage of the local rice paddy
was 3.78-6.29 t/hm2 in the same year.
With an area of 20 m2, all plots were
arranged randomly with three repeti-
tions. In 2010 -2011, the amounts of
ploughed Astragalus sinicus at maturi-
ty stage were based on the natural
growth amounts of Astragalus sinicus
at maturity stage of the former year in
each plot field. The yields of Astra-
galus sinicus at maturity stage were
estimated and ploughed 10-12 d di-
rectly before rice planting. All plots
were consistent in rice transplanting
density, fertilizer dosage, and operated
according to the local routine.
Testing items and methods
When the rice matured, the effec-
tive panicles in each plot were investi-
gated, and plant samples were taken
to analyze the economic characters of
rice; when rice was harvested, the
grains in each plot were threshed, air
dried and weighed separately. After
rice harvest, soil samples from 0 -20
cm of the plough layer were taken from
each plot, which were then analyzed
and measured in laboratory. pH, or-
ganic matter, total nitrogen, available
nutrients, water-stable aggregates
were analyzed by using conventional
analytical methods [10]; soil (fresh soil)
water-soluble organic carbon, potassi-
um dichromate external heating
method[11]; (fresh soil) microbial biomass
carbon, chloroform fumigation ex-
traction method[12]; phosphatase (acidic
phosphatase), 4-Nitrophenyl phos-
phate disodium salt hexahydrate (dry
soil); sucrose, 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid
colorimetry (dry soil); catalase, potas-
sium permanganate titration (dry soil)[13].
With emergence and growth of Astra-
galus sinicus observed, the stalk
weights, seed amounts of Astragalus
sinicus ploughed at maturity stage
were inspected and recorded. The
water-stable aggregates of plough lay-
er soil were measured in November
10, 2011, and the calculating formula
for the mass percentage of the aggre-
gates at all levels was as follows:
Mass percentage of water-stable
aggregates (dry basis) = Mass of ag-
gregates at the same level / Total
mass of soil samples × 100%.
Statistical analysis
The variance analysis of the test-
ing results was processed by using
DPS7.05, and the multiple compari-
son was conducted by using LSD or
by averaging.
Results and Analysis
Effects of fertilizing by ploughing
Astragalus sinicus on rice yield and
economic characters
In 2009, the ploughing amounts of
Astragalus sinicus were controlled ar-
tificially, while the amounts in 2010
and 2011 were the natural growth
amounts. According to the seeds in-
spection, when the Astragalus sinicus
at maturity stage of the plot was
ploughed, the seeds amounts entered
into the plough layer together with the
stalks were 118.5-478.5 kg/hm2 in 2009,
and 249.0-334.5 kg/hm2 in 2010, while
279.0 -307.5 kg/hm2 in 2011. For all
treatments, those with greater plough-
ed amounts in the former year had
high population density in the initial
stage, but the differences in stalk
weights and seed amounts decreased
in the pod bearing stage (Table 1), and
the reason was that when the young
plant grew higher, the plantlet squ-
eezed beneath withered in the shade.
As shown in Table 1, compared
with the control, the rice production in
the paddy fields with Astragalus sini-
cus ploughed treatments increased
significantly or extremely significantly,
and the increase presented annual
growth trend. The first-year increased
10.1%-14.1%, second year of 9.7%-
14.9%, third year of 12.4%-17.2%. In
the three consecutive years of Astra-
galus sinicus ploughing, the total stalk
weights of treatment 2-5 were 17.54,
21.07, 24.42 and 27.96 t/ha, respec-
tively (Table 1).
The results from the tests of three
consecutive years showed that the ef-
fects of fertilizing by ploughing Astra-
galus sinicus on economic characters
of rice were consistent. Taking the
year or 2010 for example (Table 2),
compared with the control, the effec-
tive panicles and yield of rice fertilized
by ploughing Astragalus sinicus were
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Agricultural Science & Technology 2013
Table 2 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on economic characters of rice
Treatment
Number of effective
panicle∥104
panicles/hm2
Plant
height∥cm
Panicle
length∥cm
Total grain
grain/panicle
Seed setting
rate∥%
Filled grains
grain/panicle
1 000-grain
weight
Yield
t/hm2
1 (CK) 155.5 cB 123.0 27.8 230.9 77.6 179.1 25.30 7.05 bB
2 181.0 bA 119.1 27.2 230.5 77.8 179.4 25.33 8.29 aA
3 182.3 bA 120.6 27.4 228.7 78.5 179.6 25.27 8.27 aA
4 183.5 abA 121.3 27.6 228.1 74.4 169.8 25.01 7.79 aA
5 188.3 aA 120.2 26.1 220.5 77.7 171.3 24.78 7.99 aA
Different capital and small letters in the same column represent significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
Table 3 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on soil nutrients of paddy field
Treat-
ment pH
Organic
matter
g/kg
Total
nitrogen
g/kg
Alkali-
hydrolyzable
nitrogen∥mg/kg
Available
phosphorus
mg/kg
Rapidly available
potassium
mg/kg
1 (CK) 5.66 26.5 c 1.79 133 13.2 110.0
2 5.63 28.9 ab 1.88 143 14.7 100.0
3 5.69 29.1 ab 1.92 137 13.6 110.0
4 5.64 28.2 ab 1.86 141 15.1 100.0
5 5.62 30.0 a 1.98 139 13.7 80.0
Different capital and small letters in the same column represent significant difference at
0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
Table 4 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on soil enzyme activity of
paddy field in 2010
Treatment Phosphatase∥μg/g·h Sucrase∥mg/g·d Catalase∥g/ml
1 (CK) 286.43 c 2.344 c 0.148 c
2 294.50 b 2.640 ab 0.182 ab
3 309.47 b 2.552 ab 0.194 a
4 469.63 a 3.067 a 0.158 b
5 416.63 a 2.640 ab 0.158 b
Different capital and small letters in the same column represent significant difference at
0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
Table 1 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on stalk weight and rice yield
Treatment
2009 2010 2011
Stalk weight
t/hm2
Rice yield
t/hm2
Stalk weight
t/hm2
Rice yield
t/hm2
Stalk weight
t/hm2
Rice yield
t/hm2
1 (CK) - 5.05 bB - 6.70 bB - 7.25 dC
2 2.81 5.60 aA 7.57 7.35 aA 7.16 8.15 cB
3 5.61 5.75 aA 7.17 7.40 aA 8.28 8.35 bA
4 8.42 5.80 aA 7.37 7.65 aA 8.63 8.45 aA
5 11.23 5.70 aA 8.37 7.70 aA 8.37 8.50 aA
1, The stalk weight was the dry weight during ploughing. In 2009-2011, the dry weight
rates of stalk were 21.7 %, 23.1 % and 50.0%, respectively. 2, Different capital and small
letters in the same column represent significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 levels,
respectively.
all significantly higher than the control
with no Astragalus sinicus fertilizing,
while there was no significant differ-
ence in other growth indicators be-
tween the two treatments.
Effects of fertilizing by ploughing
Astragalus sinicus on soil nutrients
of paddy field
The testing results (Table 3)
showed that, compared with the con-
trol, the soil organic matter contents of
the treatments with ploughed Astra-
galus sinicus increased by 6.4% -
13.2% , with an average increase of
9.8%, and the differences all reached
significant level; the contents of total
nitrogen, available nitrogen and avail-
able phosphorus were all increased,
while there was no significant change
in pH and available potassium content,
which presented an overall decreasing
trend.
Effects of fertilizing by ploughing
Astragalus sinicus on the biological
properties of paddy soil
Effects on soil enzyme activity of
paddy field The three-year tests
showed that the effects of fertilizing by
ploughing Astragalus sinicus on the
biological properties of paddy soil were
almost consistent. Taking the year of
2010 for example (Table 4), the activi-
ties of soil phosphatases, invertase
and catalase in the treatments with
Astragalus sinicus ploughing were all
significantly higher than that in the
control with no Astragalus sinicus
ploughing; and the activities of
phospatases and invertase of treat-
ment 4 were the highest, while treat-
ment 3 showed the highest catalase
activity, indicating that ploughing green
manures into the soil could strengthen
soil enzyme activities.
Effects of different treatments on
soil active organic carbon of paddy
field The testing results showed con-
sistence in the effects of different
treatments on soil active organic car-
bon. Taking the year of 2010 as an ex-
ample (Table 5), compared with the
control, soil water-soluble organic car-
bon and microbial biomass carbon
contents in the green manure treated
groups were significantly increased.
Treatment 5 showed the highest soil
water-soluble organic carbon content,
and the microbial biomass carbon in
treatment 3 was the highest, which al-
so showed higher proportion of total
organic carbon, indicating that soil mi-
crobial biomass carbon did not have
and direct proportion relation with the
application amount of green manure,
which might be caused by the effects
of overused green manure on micro-
bial activities.
Different fertilizing by ploughing
Astragalus sinicus on paddy water
stable aggregates
As shown in Table 6, the contents
of soil aggregates increased with de-
creasing levels in the paddy field, in
which aggregates of size < 0.106 mm
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Agricultural Science & Technology2013
Table 5 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on soil active organic carbon
of paddy field in 2010
Treatment WSOC∥mg/kg MBC∥mg/kg WSOC/TOC∥% MBC/TOC∥%
1 (CK) 138 c 729 b 1.00 5.30
2 270 ab 1 091 a 1.82 7.35 a
3 199 b 1 196 a 1.29 7.75 a
4 265 ab 1 129 a 1.85 7.88 a
5 384 a 1 011 a 2.36 6.20 ab
Different capital and small letters in the same column represent significant difference at
0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
Table 6 Effects of fertilizing by ploughing Astragalus sinicus on soil water-stable
aggregates of paddy fields mm
Treatment < 0.106 0.106-0.250
0.250-
0.500
0.500-
1.000
1.000-
2.000 > 2.000
1 (CK) 32.74 17.22 c 21.5 c 15.34 8.71 4.48 ab
2 27.45 20.02 ab 26.13 ab 15.36 6.87 4.16 b
3 30.56 21.17 a 26.92 ab 12.03 5.54 3.78 c
4 30.77 17.67 b 29.57 a 14.89 4.52 2.58 d
5 28.56 20.07 ab 27.03 ab 13.65 4.85 5.84 a
Average 30.02 19.23 26.23 14.25 6.10 4.17
Different capital and small letters in the same column represent significant difference at
0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
was the largest accounting for 30.02%,
while the aggregates of size > 2.000
mm were the least for 4.17% . With
0.25 mm as the divided size, aggre-
gates of size > 0.250 mm and those
of < 0.25 mm each accounted for al-
most the same of 50%, while the for-
mer was only slightly higher than the
latter. In treatments 2-5, the contents
of aggregates of size 0.250-0.500 mm
and of 0.106-0.250 mm were all sig-
nificantly higher than the control,
while those of > 2.000 mm (except
treatment 5), 1.000-2.000 mm and <
0.106 mm were lower than the control.
The results suggested that the macro
aggregates and micro aggregates in
the paddy rice soil with ploughed As-
tragalus sinicus tented to gather
around middle aggregates (0.106 -
0.500 mm) .
Discussion and Conclusion
In paddy rice field, Astragalus
sinicus could fix the carbon and nitro-
gen in the atmosphere, and also could
absorb soil nutrients, which were then
returned back into the soil, improving
the soil organic carbon and nitrogen
contents. Nutrients like phosphorus,
potassium, could be effectively re-
leased through ploughing and the ac-
tions of microorganisms in the soil [14],
meanwhile, fresh organic matter could
promote the decomposition of original
organic matter in the soil [15], which
could promote the renewal and in-
crease of soil organic matter. Plough-
ing Astragalus sinicus into soil could
loose soil, which could benefit the ex-
tension of rice roots to get more nutri-
ents, strengthen the tillering ability to
increase the effective panicles to in-
crease yield. In the small ecosystem of
paddy soil, due to green manure fertil-
izing, carbon and nitrogen entered into
the soil from outside, and the release
of phosphorus and potassium in-
creased. However, rice production in-
crease also took away more nutrients,
thus, the contents of phosphorus and
potassium were not all increased in the
harvested soil. Therefore, during fertil-
ization, special attention should be
paid to the combination of phosphorus
and potassium.
Soil enzyme is a protein to cat-
alyze biochemical reactions, and soil
enzyme activity indicates the strength
of the biochemical reactions in the soil.
After ploughing into the soil as green
manure, the whole plants increased
soil organic components, and it could
produce lots of soluble organic com-
pounds after rotting which could also
increase the content of water-soluble
organic carbon, providing a carbon
source for the microbial activity. More-
over, it also greatly enhances the bio-
chemical reactions, and increase soil
enzyme activities [16-17]. Our first-year
test results showed that because of
too much ploughed Astragalus sinicus
amounts, there were bubbles in the
fields at the beginning, and after trans-
planting, some rice seedlings withered,
indicating that under flooded anaerobic
reducing conditions, ploughing Astra-
galus sinicus could produce reductive
gas, and it was difficult to decompose
the stalks in short time. Therefore, the
yield of treatment 4 was the highest,
while that of treatment 5 decreased.
And the next two years showed normal
performances, which was connected
with the ploughing amounts, because
the naturally growing amounts in the
paddy field did not exceed the plough-
ing amount in treatment 5 of the first
year. Treatment 3 and 4 had higher
growth amounts and ploughing
amounts of Astragalus sinicus, thus
the soil active organic carbon in-
creased and soil enzyme activity en-
hanced. Microbial activity is insepara-
ble from the soil organic matter, and
soil microbial biomass carbon presents
significant positive correlation with soil
organic matter content [18] and soil wa-
ter-soluble organic carbon content is
generally not more than 200 mg/kg [19].
In our test, the content of treatment 1
was lower than that value, while the
treatments ploughed Astragalus sini-
cus (except treatment 3) were all high-
er than the value. The reason was that
after ploughing Astragalus sinicus, the
stalks rotted in the soil, producing lots
of soluble organic compounds and
thus increasing water-soluble organic
carbon content.
Aggregate is an important part of
the soil structure, and soil aggregates
conditions and soil organic carbon
content can be used as comprehen-
sive indicators to evaluate of soil fertil-
ity, which also play important roles in
maintaining soil functions, such as af-
fecting soil water heat transfer, soil nu-
trient retention, soil nutrient supply and
conversion, soil erosion and root pen-
etration ability and development [20].
TANG et al. found that the increase of
soil total carbon content could promote
the formation of soil aggregates. We
also found that soil biomass carbon
content in the treatments ploughed
Astragalus sinicus were significantly
higher than the control with no
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Agricultural Science & Technology 2013
ploughed Astragalus sinicus plough-
ing, indicating that planting and
ploughing green manure into soil in-
creased the soil organic matter con-
tent, which provided nutrients and en-
ergy for the life activities of microor-
ganisms in the soil, thus increasing
microbial biomass carbon content.
Ploughing Astragalus sinicus into pad-
dy soil could increase the organic car-
bon content in the soil and improve the
formation of water-stable aggregates,
promoting the sustainable develop-
ment of soil structure.
As green manure, the use of As-
tragalus sinicus at maturity stage could
improve soil physiochemical and bio-
logical properties, improve soil fertility
and increase rice yield significantly.
But the ploughing amount of Astra-
galus sinicus at maturity stage before
rice transplanting should be less than
8.42 t/ha (dry weight).
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Responsible editor: Qingqing YIN Responsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU
growth from silking stage, and the
growth slowed down in maturity stage.
A high plant population is beneficial to
nitrogen accumulation in ears of
maize. A large ratio of nitrogen in base
fertilizer can postpone nitrogen
metabolism in ears, but a large ratio of
nitrogen fertilizer in silking stage will
benefit to the nitrogen accumulation in
ears in late stages.
The leaf nitrogen accumulation
was delayed in the high plant popula-
tion. In the high population, the contri-
bution rate of leaf nitrogen to grain was
higher when the ratio of nitrogen in
base fertilizer was less.
The nitrogen translocation from
stem and sheath from jointing to silk-
ing in all the treatments at 95 000
plants /hm2 was higher than that at
85 000 plants/hm2, but the nitrogen
location was quite different in the
stages after silking. The contribution
rate of stem and sheath nitrogen to
grain was greater if a larger ratio of ni-
trogen was applied as base fertilizer.
Under rain-fed conditions, the ni-
trogen uptake rate in maize reached
the peak from silking to 15 d after silk-
ing. A large ratio of nitrogen fertilizer in
silking stage can improve the nitrogen
uptake rate in late growth stages.
In summary, grain yield varied
significantly under different nitrogen
application patterns. It was advan-
taged for nitrogen fertilizer efficiency
on condition that nitrogen application
was moved backward. Accumulating
too much nitrogen in earlier stages in-
hibited nitrogen uptake in later periods.
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