全 文 ：Insecticidal Active of Hibiscus trionum L against
Wolfberry Aphis
ZUO Ling-xia1* ，XIE Xiao-peng2，YANG Min-li3
1． Yinchuan Science and Technology Vocational College ，Yinchuan 750105，China;2． Ningxia Yucai Middle School，Yinchuan 756500，China;
3． Key Laboratory of Energy Sources ＆ Chemical Engineering，Ningxia University，Yinchuan 750021，China
Abstract ［Objective］The contact toxicity of the extracts from Hibiscus trionum L with different solvents against wolfberry aphis was studied．
［Method］The drop method was used for the determination of the insecticidal activities． ［Result］95% ethanol extract displayed the higher contact
toxicity on wolfberry aphis and the corrected mortality rate of wolfberry aphids increased with the increasing of the concentration and the prolongation
of treating time． The corrected mortality rate in 48 h reached 97． 04% under the concentration of 50． 00 g /L． The regression equation of virulence
was y =1．791 0x +3．750 2 and LC50 =4． 986 7 g /L． The insecticidal activities of five extracts against wolfberry aphids were as follows:chloroform
＞ petroleum ether ＞ ethyl acetate ＞ n-butanol ＞water． The corrected mortality rate of chloroform extract in 48 h was 97． 04%． ［Conclusion］The
study provided a certain reference for further research and its development of H． trionum and its development of new types of botanical pesticide．
Key words Hibiscus trionum L;Wolfberry aphids;Insecticidal activity
Received:October 20，2010 Accepted:December 27，2010
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(20565003)
＆ Natural Science Foundation of Ninxia Province (NZ0719)．
* Corresponding author． E-mail:zuolingxia2007@126． com
Wolfberry is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal mate-
rial，which is also a good tonic，Compendium of Materia Medi-
ca records that wolfberry possess the effects of cold and heat
resistance，strengthening muscles and bones ． Researches
showed that wolfberry not only is rich in nutrient，but also has
wide range of health-care function［1］，which has very broad de-
velopment prospects． However，with the increasing of the
planting areas of wolfberry，the pests damage also increase．
Wolfberry aphid is one of the three major pests affecting the
growth of wolfberry，which makes the production of wolfberry
reducing heavily，and causes huge economic losses to farm-
ers． How to effectively control wolfberry aphid has become an
urgent problem to be solved in wolfberry production． Long-term
usage of chemical pesticides not only leads to the resistance，
but also pollutes the environment seriously． Botanical pesti-
cides are the pesticides derived from plants，which displayed
several advantages［1］，such as friendly to environment，low
toxicities and difficult to make diseases and insects resistance，
which are the preferred pesticide varieties in the production of
pollution-free agricultural products．
Hibiscus trionum L is the annual herb in Hibiscus，Mal-
vaceae，also known as Hong Ling grass［2］，which has been
found in most parts of China． According to traditional Chinese
medicine record，H． trionum has sweet taste with the effects of
clearing heat and detoxication，expelling wind-damp，cough
treatment and promoting urination，which can be used to cure
rheumatism，cold and cough，alvine flux and dysentery，and
also can cure water and fire burns and sore［3］． The seeds of
the plant has the effect of moist lung and cough treatment，
nourishing kidney，which can be used to cure pulmonary tuber-
culosis and cough，kidney asthenia and dizzying，deafness and
tinnitus，because H． trionum has good biological activity［4］，
people often collect the plant for personal use． The insecticidal
activity of H． trionum has not been reported until now［5］． Au-
thor found that H． trionum exhibited relatively high activity a-
gainst wolfberry aphids，so drop method was adopted to deter-
mine the insecticidal activity of different solvents extract of H．
trionum against wolfberry aphids，which provided a certain ref-
erence value for further research and development of H． trio-
num and development of new types of botanical pesticide．
1 Materials and Methods
1．1 Materials
1． 1． 1 Tested plants． H． trionum were collected from the sur-
rounding agricultural land in Ningxia University． Acquisition time
was October，the entire plant was collected，and the seeds
were selected as research subject，which were dried in shade
place，grinded into pieces，screened through 40 mesh，placed
in fresh bags and stored in refrigerator for standby．
1． 1． 2 Tested pests． Wolfberry aphids were taken from the liv-
ing wolfberry trees without application of pesticides around Xixia
District in Yinchuan City，wingless healthy adult aphids with the
same size were selected as the tested pests．
1． 1． 3 Instruments． HP400GS intelligent artificial climate incu-
bator (Wuhan Ruihua Equipment Co．，Ltd．) ;AL204-type
electronic balance (Shanghai Haimeitele － Toledo Instruments
Co．，Ltd．) ;RE-252AA Rotary Evaporator (Shanghai Yarong
Biochemical Instrument Factory) ;SHB2-Ⅲ type multi-use of
recycled water vacuum pump (Zhengzhou Changcheng Indus-
try ＆ Trade Co．，Ltd．) ;KA-2250 DE Numerical Control ultra-
sonic cleaner (Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co．，Ltd．)．
1． 2 Methods
1． 2． 1 Extraction method． 100 g seed powder of H． trionum
Plant Diseases and Pests 2010，1(6) :61 －63
were weighed，placed into 1 000 ml conical flask and added
with 10 times amount of 95% ethanol． After soaking for 24 h，
ultrasonic extraction was conducted for 40 min，and filtered．
The residues were extracted with the same procedure for two
times． All the mother liquids were incorporated and concentrat-
ed by removing solvent under vacuum until dryness．
Different polar-solvent extracts were prepared by extracting
the ethanol extract with solvents of variation polarity． 6． 180 6 g
ethanol extract was weighed，suspended in distilled water (30
ml)and then diverted solution into 250 ml separalory funnel．
The solution was extracted with petroleum ether for three times
with the ratio of 1∶ 1，then followed with chloroform，ethyl ace-
tate and n-Butanol in turn． These five kinds of extract were
concentrated respectively by removing solvent under vacuum
until dryness and the sub-fractions were obtained． The specific
separation process was shown in Fig． 1．
Fig． 1 Extraction and isolation of ethanol extracts of
H． trionum
1． 2． 2 Determination of insecticidal activity． Drop method［6］
was adopted． Ethanol extract of H． trionum was diluted into se-
ries of concentrations with 50% acetone，1 μl liquid was dripped
on the pronotum of tested pest，30 heads of pests were treated
with each concentration，each treatment repeated six times，
50% acetone treatment was set as control． The wolfberry
aphids after treatment were placed in fresh wolfberry leaves，
and subsequently put in intelligent artificial climate incubator，
the mortality condition of tested pests were recorded at 24 and 48
h，the mortality rate and corrected mortality rate were calculated．
2 Results and Analysis
2．1 Contact activity of ethanol extract against wolfberry
aphid The contact activity of ethanol extract with different
concentrations against wolfberry aphid was determined with
1． 2． 2 method，the results were shown in Table 1． As shown
in Table 1，ethanol extract of H． trionum had good contact ac-
tivity against wolfberry aphid． With the increasing concentration
and prolongation of treating time，the corrected mortality rate of
wolfberry aphid were all increased;when the concentration was
50．00 g /L，the corrected mortality rate reached 97． 04% at 48
h，virulence regression equation was y = 1．791 0x + 3．750 2，
LC50 =4． 986 7 g/L，r =0． 995 0． (95% confidence interval of
LC50 was 4． 188 5 －5．936 9 g/L)．
Table 1 The insecticidal activity of different concentrations of
ethanol extracts against wolfberry aphids
Tested
sample
g /L
24 h
Mortality
rate∥%
Corrected
mortality
rate∥%
48 h
Mortality
rate∥%
Corrected
mortality
rate∥%
50．00 94． 44 94． 28 97． 22 97． 04
25． 00 83． 89 83． 43 88． 33 87． 57
12． 50 72． 78 72． 00 75． 56 73． 97
6． 250 56． 11 54． 85 62． 22 59． 76
3． 125 31． 67 29． 72 40． 00 36． 10
CK 2．78 － 6． 11 －
Note:Each treatment had 30 heads of pests with six repeats． The
same as below．
2． 2 Insecticidal activity of extracts from different solvents
against wolfberry aphid 0． 1 g extracts obtained according to
the method in 1． 2． 1 were weighed，respectively，50% ace-
tone was used to prepare the liquid into the test concentration
of 5 g /L，insecticidal activity test was conducted according to
the method in 1． 2． 2，and the results were shown in Table 2．
As shown in Table 2，the insecticidal activity of different ex-
tracts against wolfberry aphid was significantly different，the in-
secticidal activities in decreasing order were successively as
follows:chloroform extract ＞ petroleum ether extract ＞ ethyl ac-
etate extract ＞ butanol extract ＞water extract． The insecticidal
activity of chloroform extract was the highest，the corrected
mortality rate at 48 h reached 97．04%;and the insecticidal ac-
tivity of water extract was the lowest，the corrected mortality
rate at 48 h was 10． 06%． This indicated that the insecticidal
activity of H． trionum was mainly concentrated in the part ex-
tracted by chloroform，which was a class of weakly polar sub-
stances，the specific components need to be further studied．
Table 2 The insecticidal activity of different solvent extracts
against wolfberry aphids
Tested sample
g /L
Extraction
rate
%
24 h
Mortality
rate
%
Corrected
mortality
rate∥%
48 h
Mortality
rate
%
Corrected
mortality
rate∥%
Petroleum ether
extracts 73． 99 52． 78 51． 43 66． 11 63． 90
Chloroform extracts 2． 06 92． 22 92． 00 97． 22 97． 04
Ethyl acetate extracts 1． 36 26． 67 24． 57 34． 44 30． 17
N-butanol extracts 3． 38 16． 11 13． 71 25． 56 20． 72
Water extracts 17． 60 6． 67 4． 00 15． 56 10． 06
3 Discussion
ⅰ)The results showed that H． trionum had high contact ac-
tivity on wolfberry aphid，and the insecticidal active substances
in H． trionum was confirmed to be a class of weakly polar com-
pounds through preliminary separation of ethanol extract and in-
secticidal activity tracking test．
ⅱ)The part extracted by chloroform in H． trionum ethanol
extract was confirmed to have the strongest activity，which laid
the foundation for further research on the insecticidal active
substances of H． trionum． However，there are many kinds of
26 Plant Diseases and Pests 2010
secondary compounds in plants with complex structures，the
substances obtained in chloroform part are still the compounds，
so further column chromatography separation and active track-
ing methods should be adopted to isolate and purify to obtain
the monomer substance with insecticidal activity． But the ac-
quired rate of chloroform extract is very low，causing great diffi-
culty in amount in the subsequent separation． The insecticidal
mechanism of H． trionum also needs further investigation．
References
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(in Chinese)．
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野西瓜苗对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性研究
左玲霞1，谢晓鹏2，杨敏丽3 (1．银川职业技术学院，宁夏银川 750105;2．宁夏育才中学，宁夏银川 756500;3．宁夏大学能源化工重点实
验室，宁夏银川 750021)
摘要 ［目的］研究野西瓜苗不同溶剂萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性。［方法］采用点滴法测定野西瓜苗乙醇提取物和石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、
正丁醇及水等 5种不同极性萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性。［结果］95%乙醇提取物对枸杞蚜虫有较高的触杀活性，而且随着提取物浓度的增
大和处理时间的延长，枸杞蚜虫的校正死亡率都在升高，浓度 50． 00 g /L 时，48 h 的校正死亡率达 97． 04%，毒力回归方程为 y = 1． 791 0x +
3． 750 2，LC50 = 4． 986 7 g /L。5种萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性顺序为氯仿 ＞石油醚 ＞乙酸乙酯 ＞正丁醇 ＞水，氯仿萃取物 48 h的校正死亡率
97. 04%。［结论］该研究结果对野西瓜苗的进一步研究开发以及将其开发成新型的植物源农药具有参考价值。
关键词 野西瓜苗;枸杞蚜虫;触杀活性
基金项目 国家自然科学基金资助项目(20565003);宁夏自然科学基金资助项目(NZ0719)。
作者简介 左玲霞(1978 － )，女，宁夏中宁人，硕士，讲师，从事植物源农药研究。
收稿日期 2010-10-20 修回日期
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2010-12-27
(Continued from page 27)
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losses of quality and output caused by tobacco spot disease［J］．
Plant Protection，2001，27(6):11 －13． (in Chinese)．
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effect experiment of fertilizer 3414［J］． Xinjiang Agricultural Sci-
ences，2008，45(1):135 －141． (in Chinese)．
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data analysis in agroforestry experiments with Excel［J］． Hubei Ag-
ricultural Sciences，2009，48(7):1754 －1756． (in Chinese)．
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(in Chinese)．
烟草赤星病对烟叶产量产值损失率估计研究
余 清 (云南省烟草农业科学研究院，云南玉溪 653100)
摘要 ［目的］研究烟草赤星病对烟叶产量、产值损失的影响。［方法］在烟叶采收期分上、中、下部叶 3个部位进行赤星病不同危害程度对烟叶
产量产值损失率估计研究，并进行回归相关性分析。［结果］赤星病病级与烟叶单叶重呈极显著强负相关性;赤星病病级与单叶重损失率存在
极显著强正相关性。中、上部叶单叶重损失率上升速度明显高于下部叶，上、中、下部叶单叶重损失率分别为:3． 18% ～28． 95%、3． 43% ～28. 88%、
10. 07% ～26． 90%。赤星病病级越高，烟叶产量、产值越低，损失率越高;相关性分析表明，赤星病病级与烟叶产量和产值均呈极显著的强负相关关
系，而与产量、产值损失率呈极显著的强正相关关系。赤星病对烟叶产值的负影响远大于对产量的影响，烟叶产量损失率最高为 28. 56%，产值损失
率最高可达 89． 67%。［结论］该研究为准确把握赤星病防治的关键时期，减少其对烟叶的危害，提高烟叶产值提供了理论依据。
关键词 烟草赤星病;单叶重;烟叶产量;烟叶产值;损失率
基金项目 国家烟草专卖局项目“全国烟草有害生物调查研究”(110200902065);云南省烟草专卖局(公司)科技项目“云南烟草有害生物调查”
(2010YN19)。
作者简介 余清(1964 － )，男，云南保山人，硕士，副研究员，从事烟草植保研究和云南省烟草病虫害预测预报工作。
收稿日期 2010-11-12 修回日期 2010-12-21
36ZUO Ling-xia et al． Insecticidal Active of Hibiscus trionum L against Wolfberry Aphis