全 文 ：第27卷第5期 生态科学 270)：320．324
2008年10月 EcologicalS ience Oct．2008
Anexperimentalstudyoftheffectsofsediment
resuspensiononphytoplankton
SONGXiao．1anl·2，LIUZheng．wenl‘，JIANGWei．wei3
J『．NanjingInstituteofGeographyandLimnology,ChinafAcademyofScience,Nanjing210008,．China
2．GraduateSchoolfCnS,Beijing100039,China
3．CollegeofFisheries,HuaZhongAgriculturalUniversity,430070
Keywords：sedimentresuspension；phytoplankton；community；mesocosm
沉积物再悬浮对浮游藻类影晌的模拟实验研究
宋晓兰L2，刘正文P，蒋伟伟3
1．中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所，南京，210008
2．中国科学院研究生院，北京，100039
3．华中农业大学水产学院，武汉，430070
【摘要】 作为浅水湖泊的重要特性之一，由风浪等动力作用引起的沉积物再悬浮对浮游藻类的初级生产力、群落结
构具有重要意义。本研究通过生长季节(5—6月)在太湖梅梁湾湖岸的中宇宙模拟实验，比较在同样的外源负荷下浮
游藻类对不同的沉积物再悬浮程度的影响特征，以及其主要的影响因子。实验在约250L的大桶中进行，通过位于沉积
物一水界面的水泵的动力作用，模拟了三个不同程度沉积物再悬浮：无再悬浮即对照、弱悬浮和强悬浮程度。实验结
果显示：(1)对照、弱悬浮和强悬浮之间悬浮物浓度呈显著性梯度变化，平均值分别为5、30、40mgL-1，水下20cm
光密度分别为表面光密度的80％、35％和25％。"IN和TP在悬浮处理组显著高于对照组，但是弱悬浮和强悬浮之间差
异不显著。生物可利用的各种溶解性营养盐形式对再悬浮的响应特征不明显。(2)浮游藻类生物量和群落结构对再悬
浮的响应显著。对照组的Chla在整个实验阶段都很低，强悬浮组和弱悬浮组的平均Chla分别5倍和2倍于对照组。实验
初始浮游藻类群落种类多样性低，优势种群主要为隐藻(隐藻属Cryptomonasspp．和蓝隐藻Chroomonasacut )。再悬
浮处理显著促进了隐藻的生长，但弱悬浮和强悬浮之间差异不显著。对照组优势种群演替为微小型种类蓝隐藻和绿藻
门的纤维藻属(Ankistrodesmussp．)。(3)以相对丰度为统计数据，浮游动物群落结构对再悬浮的响应显著，弱悬浮
和强悬浮之间差异不显著。对照组的枝角类大型种类潘属(Daphniaspp．)丰度显著高于再悬浮处理组，枝角类小型
种类象鼻涵属(Bosminaspp．)和网纹潘属(Ceriodaphniaspp．)、轮虫丰度则呈相反趋势。可见，再悬浮促进了沉积
物营养盐的释放和水下光照的衰减，还影响了浮游动物的群落结构，使其向摄食藻类能力较差的种类演替，从而在上
行(bottom-up)和下行(top-down)两个方面影响了浮游藻类的现存量和群落结构。
关键词：沉积物再悬浮；浮游藻类；群落；模拟实验
中图分类号：Q948．8 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008·8873(2008)05-320-05
收稿日期：2008-09．10收稿，2008．10-10接受
基金项目：国家科技部支撑计划“应对太湖蓝藻水华的饮用水质保障应急技术研究与示范”
作者简介。宋晓兰(1980一)，女，博士研究生，研究方向：湖泊生态与生物。
‘通讯作者，E-mail：zUu@ni#鹳．踮．强
‘
万方数据
5期 宋晓兰，等：沉积物再悬浮对浮游藻类影响的模拟实验研究 32l
1 Introduction
Episodicresuspensionofedimentsfromthelake
bedbywind-inducedturbulenceorbioturbationisone
ofthecommoncharacteristicsof hallowakes01．
Resuspendedsedimentexecsmanydirectandindirect
effectsonphytoplankton，theimportantprimary
producersofpelagicecosystems．Itmaydecreaseor
increaseprimaryproductivitydependingonthe
relativeextenttowhichitattenuateslight[21，desorbs
oradsorbsnutrientsill，contributesalgalpropagules
【3训andcarriesalgaetothebottominclay．algalfloes
IS]．Suspendedse imentmayhavebothadverseand
beneficalconsequencesforzooplanktongrowthand
survival【6l，andchangetheircommunitystructure
basedonfeedingway,whichinturnimpactonheir
food—phytoplankton．Hence，theneteffectofa
resuspensioneventonphytoplanktoncommu it)，
dependsotonlytheresuspension-inducedchangesof
thephysic·chemicalfactorslikelightandnutrient
(bottom-upeffect)，but．also0nthechangesofthe
organisms，likeentrainedmeroplanktonand
zooplanktonpredation(top-downeffect)．Fewstudies
haveaddressedth relativemportanceof,and
interactionbetween，thesefactors，influencedby
resuspension，onphytoplankton．
Byexperimentallyresuspendingsedimenti
mesocosmsflakewaterf omeutrophic，shallowLake
Taihu，withconstantexternalnutrientload,wehopeto
determinethephytoplanktoncommunityresponseto
sedimentresuspensionandrelevante vironmental
gradientsinfluencedbyresuspension，duringthe
growingseason【springtosuiBiner)．
2 MaterialsandMethods
Thexperimenttr a mentsconsistedofhreel vels
foresuspension：(1)strongresu pension(SR)，i．e．a10
hour’sdurationofresuspensioneachday(8：00．18：001
(2)weakresnspension(WR)，i．e．a5 hour’sduration
(8：00-13：00)，and(3)controltreatment(C)，i．e．without
resnspension．Resuspensionwasaccomplishedby
bubblingairtotheboRomsedimentusingasubmersible
pump．Therearethreereplicatepertreatment．The
experimentwagrunfor45daysfrom14Mayto29June
2008．Nutrientenrichment(1．88nagPL 15d,46．88mg
NL．15d,calculatingfromtheaveragephosphorus
loadingntoTaihuLakeandN／Pmassrmioof25)was
appliedinalltanks．
Samplesweretakenforwaterchemistry,
phytoplanktondzooplanktonon hesecondday
f llowingtheexperimentset-upandevery5 days
thereaRerbeforethepumpwasgenerated．Detailsof
samplingandmethodsaregiveninJinandTu(1990)．
Thevariablesselectedforanalysiswere：water
temperature，lightintensity,pH，theconcentrationsof
total，inorganicandorganicsuspendedsolids(TSS，
ISS，OSS，respectively)，totalandtotaldisso ved
nitrogen(TN，andDNrespectively)，ammonium-N
(NI-h+-N)，nitrite—N(N02"-N)，nitrate-N(N03’-N)，total，
totaldissolvedandoahophosphatephosphorus(TP
TDPandP043-prespectively)，andphytoplankton
chlorophyll—aconcentration(Chl口)，phytoplankton
andzooplanktontotalbiomassandcommunity
composition．
Datawereeithertransformedwheren cessaryto
me tANOVArequirements．Pre-treatmentdatasets
weretestedforuniformitybyone-wayanalysesof
variance(ANOVAs)．Repeated-measuresA_NOVAs
wererun0ntransformedti seriesdataexcept
pretreatmentdatato detectwhethersignificant
differencesowingtotreatments，timeortheirnteraction，
、Ⅳitllresnspensionlevelastreatmentvariables，followed
byTukeyposthoctests．P<0．05wasconsidered
significant．
Dominantlgalgroups(phylum／genera)were
defmedasthoseummedatleastupto80％oftotal
abundance／biornassandwitlla minimumindividual
contributionhigherthan1％oftotalbundance／biomass。
Multivariatean lysisofvariance(MANOVA)，with
dominantphytoplanktorgzooplanktongr upss
dependentvariables，wasrtlnto testforoverall
treatmenteffects．TointerpretthMANOVA,one-way
ANOVAsweredoneondominantphylum／genera．AII
analyseswerecarriedoutusingaSASV8．0．
万方数据
322 生态科学EcologicalScience 27卷
60
50
40
甚30
蜀
20
们
∽
H’0
二
∞
g
自
0
O．20
0．15
O．10
0．05
O．00
0 6 10 15212733 384347
0 6 10 1521 273338,t347
O 6 1015 2127 3338 4347
0 6 10 1521 27 333843 47
Days
Fig．1Timeconr髓ofinorganicsuspendedsolidsconcentrations(ISS)，TN，nandChlainthexperimentsr presentingbyhe
mean+SD．C：control(unmixed)；Wg：weakresuspensiontreatments；SR：strongresuspe siontreatments．ab，Cindicatedth
significantdifferencesamongtreatments(p3 ResultsandDiscussion
Nosignificantdifferencesinenvironmentor
planktonvariablesw refoundamongmesocosnLs
beforeresuspensionoccurred．
Theweatherfluctuatedduringthexperiment,
whichwasreflectedinthetransitofdDrtOwetseason
andthevariablewatertemperature(18-27。C)，forthe
wetseasonstartinginthemiddleofJune，Although
mostvariablesdifferedsignificantlyinresponsetotime，
thetime×resuspensioninteractionhadnoeffectOil
themexceptP043"-pandN02"-N(Repeated-measures
ANOVAs，P<0．05)，whichindicatedthatthesignificant
differencesweremainlyowningtotreatments．
Concentrationsofsuspendedsoli s，totalni rogen,
andtotalphosphoruswerestimulatedevi entlyby
artificalsedimentresuspension(Fig．1；one—way
ANOVAs，psignificantdifferencesbetweenweakandstrong
resuspension(Tukeyposthoctests)．Soluble
bio．availablenutrientconcentration，i．e．TDN，TDP,
NI-h+-N，N03。-N，andP02-P,werevariableandhadno
or lesssignificantresponsewithresuspension
treatments(p>o．05)．Lightintensityof20cmbelow
watersurfacewasabout80％，35％and25％offull
ambientlightincontrol，weakresuspensionandstrong
resuspensiontreatments，correspondingwiththe
turbiditygradi ntsalongresuspensionlevel．
Thereis a similarsignificantincreaseof
phytoplanktonbiomassdchlorophyllaconcentration
alongresuspensionlevel(Chla：Fig1，mean-士s．d：44-1，
134-4and204．6PgL—forC，WRandSRrespectively,
0
5
O
5
O
S
0
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
∞
∞
们
{；；
∞
竹
O
万方数据
5期 宋晓兰，等：沉积物再悬浮对浮游藻类影响的模拟实验研究
one-wayANOVA，pTest，p<0．o001)．Intermsofbiomass，theinitial
phytoplanktoncommunitywasdominatedby
Crytophytes(Cryptomonasspp．，Chroomonasacuta)，
andDiatoms(Cyclotellaspp。)， Ch orophytes
(Chlamydomonasspp．)toa lesserxtenLwhich
togethercomprised>95％ofthephytoplanktonbiomass。
whichs oweda verylowspeciesrichness．Diatoms
decreaseddramaticallyaftersecondsampling．The
effectofresuspensiononoverallphytoplankton
communitywassignificant(Wilk’SLamba=0．45，
F=2．54，p<0．0001)，whichwasmainlyowningtothe
variationofCryptomonasspp．，Chroomonasacutand
Ankistrodesmussp．(one-wayANOVAs，p--O．027，0．027
and0．001 respectively)．Thesignificantincreasein
phytoplanktonbiomassfresuspensionmes cosmsWas
mainlybecauseoftheconsistentincreasein
Cryptomonasspp．(Fig．2)．Whileincontrolmesocosms，
thebiomassofphytoplanktonWasl w,andthe
dominantspeciesshiftedfromCryptomonasspp．tOiny
species(ChroomonasacutaandAnkistrodesmussp)．
Thereisnoeffectofresuspensionlevel(strongand
weak)onphytoplanktoncommunity．
Fig．2Timecourseofphytoplanktonphylumco positionin
thexperimentsr presentingbythemean-+-SD．C：control
(unmixed)；mR：weakresuspensiontreatments；SR：strong
resuspensiontreatments．Notethataxiscalesarenothe
samefordifferentsuspensionlevels．
Despiteth initialfiltration，zooplanktonbecome
moreabundantforextendedp riodsoftimein
323
mesocosms．Wesampledthezooplanktononthe27th,
3lstand38thdayoftheexperimenLandfoundthat
resuspensioninfluencedtheircompositionev dently
(Wilk’SLamba=0．14，F=4．28，p=o．0002)，whichWas
mainlyowningtothedifferencesofDaphniaspp．，
Bosminaspp。andCeriodaphnias p．(one—wayANOVAs，
p=o．0066，0．0007and． 501respectively)．Incontrol
mesocoslllS，large—sizedDaphniaspp．Wasdefinitely
dominantwhereasitsrelativeabundanceWasv rylow
inresuspensionmes cosms(Fig．3)．Smallgenera,
includingBosminaspp．，Ceriodaphniasp ．，androtifers
showedtheinversecondition，althoughtheffectof
resuspension0／1 thelatterWasnotstatistically
significantly(Fig．3)．
Fig．3Meanabundances(±SD)oftotalndominant
zooplanktongroups／generainthexperimentfrom27to38
days．Thepercentageabovethebarwastherelative
abundance,and籼bindicatedthesignificantdifferences
amongtreatments(pSedimentr suspensionalteredthelightclimatend
nutrientsi shallowakes．111ehighersuspendedsoli s
concentrationandlower1ightintensityinresuspension
treatmentscomparedwiththesetwovariablesin
controls。indicatedthereW sapotentiall ghtimitation
forthephytoplanktonofthef rmer．Ontheotherhand,
theincreasesoftotalnitrogenandphosphorusinthe
万方数据
324 生态科学EcologicalScience 27卷
resuspensionmesocosms
nutrientdeficiency
couldreducephytoplankton
and thereforepromote
phytoplanktonproduction．However,theeffectof
resuspensiononthebio—availabilityofnutrientsi he
watercolumniscomplexandvariable．Dissolved
reactivephosphorus(DRP)，whichisconsideredthe
limitedfactorforphytoplanktongrowth，maybeeither
increasedordecreaseddependingonthequilibrium
betweensedimenta dwaterIll,partitionbetween
dissolvedandparticulateph s s，thepH，theF ：Pratio
andtheoxygenco tentofthesediment17J．
Resuspensionresultedinincreasesinbiomassof
phytoplanktondominatedby ryptophytes，coinciding
withthenutrientimpulses．Otherwork shavealso
foundcryptophytepopulationsto befavoredby
wind—inducedsedimentmsuspeusion[81．Cryptophytesare
knownto haveanexclusivecombinationof
photosyntheticpigmentsandalethereforeabltogrow
underlowlightconditions[91．Inaddition，cryptophytes
maybemixotrophicandthusnotdependentOll
photosynthesisalone[91．Therecruitmentofcryptophytes
fromsedimentsh勰alsobeenobserved[101．
Theconsistentlylowbiomassofphytoplanktonin
thecontrolmesocosmswasunexpectedincaseofthe
clearwatenOneexplanationm ghtbenutrient
limitation，becauseunliker uspensiontreatments，
therewaslittlenutrientreleasedfromthesediment．The
dominantti yChroomonasacutandAnkistrodesmus
spbelongstotheopportunisticspec eswiththeability
ofusingutrientmorefficiently,whicharemore
adaptedoliveinthelownutrientenvironment．
Manyfieldandlaboratorystudieshave
demonstratedthatsuspendedclaycanreducethe
feedingrate，populationgrowtha dcompetitiveability
ofmultipleDaphniaspecies16J．Suchobservationslead
tothexpectationthaturbidconditionswilltendto
favorzooplanktonthathaver lativelyselectiveforaging
abilities(e．g．copepodsandrotifers)，whichwasalso
foundinourexperimentexcepthattheabundanceof
copepodsremainedlowinallmesocosms．Theabundant
Daphniaspp．incontrolmesocosrnscouldpreyon
phytoplankton，whichisanotherm chanismexplaining
thelowbiornassofphytoplanktoninadditiontonutrient
limitation．Thedominanttinyspeciesincon仃ol
mesocosms(2-4∥m)aresaidtobeinefficientlycleared
bymanycladocerans．Cryptomonasspp．，asthegood
foodforDaphnia，increasedinresuspensionmesocosms，
alsobecauseth largefilter-feedingf ederswere
depressedbyuspendedsolids．
References
Il】HamiltonDP&MitchellSF．1997．Wave-inducedshear
stres溺，plantnutrientsa dchlorophyllinsevenshallow
lakes【J】．FreshwaterBiology，38：159-168．
1212 HellstrOmT．1991．Theeff ctofresuspensiononalga
productionina shallowake川．Hydrobiologia，213：
183．190．
【3】 SchelskeCL，CarrickHJ．&AldridgeFJ．1995．Canwi d
inducedr suapemionof eroplanktonaffectphytoplankton
dynamics【J】．JournaloftheNorthAmericanBenthological
Society,14：616--630．
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msuspensionoilphytoplanktonproduction：teasingapart
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FreshwaterBiology，49：143-159．
15l GuentherM．&Bozelli＆2004．Factorsinfluencing
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【6l KirkKL．＆GilbertJJ．1990．Suspendedclayandthe
populationdynamicsofplanktonicrotifersandcladocerans
【J]．Ecology，71：1741-1755．
【7l SchefferM．1998．TheEcologyfShallowLakes【M】．
DordrechtBos o—LDndon：KluwerAcademicPublishers：
49．56．
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万方数据
沉积物再悬浮对浮游藻类影响的模拟实验研究
作者： 宋晓兰， 刘正文， 蒋伟伟， SONG Xiao-lan， LIU Zheng-wen， JIANG Wei-wei
作者单位： 宋晓兰,SONG Xiao-lan(中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,南京,210008;中国科学院研究生
院,北京,100039)， 刘正文,LIU Zheng-wen(中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,南京
,210008)， 蒋伟伟,JIANG Wei-wei(华中农业大学水产学院,武汉,430070)
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGICAL SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2008,27(5)

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