作 者 ：徐万里,刘骅,张云舒,王西和,秦巧,廖宗文*
期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 8期 页码：4565~4571
Keywords:ammonia volatilization, long-term field experiment, nitrogen use efficiency, in situ monitoring,
摘 要 ：在17a的新疆国家灰漠土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验区，采用通气法对春小麦种植体系8种处理，即（1）对照（种植、不施肥，CK）、（2）施氮肥（N）、（3）施氮磷肥（NP）、（4）施氮钾肥（NK）、（5）施氮磷钾肥（NPK）、（6）施氮磷钾肥+有机肥增量（NPKM1）、（7）施氮磷钾化肥+有机肥常量（NPKM2）、（8）施氮磷钾化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）的氨挥发损失与不同肥料配比、长期不同施肥土壤特性变化之间关系进行研究。结果表明：（1）在当地春小麦种植典型施肥模式，即“基肥撒施后机械翻耕，追肥撒施后灌水”下，在施氮量为84.97～241.5 kg?hm-2的条件下，不同处理基肥氨挥发累积量为0.194～2.236 kg N?hm-2之间；追肥氨挥发累积量在0.078～0.210 kg N?hm-2之间，远低于基肥氨挥发量；基肥和追肥氨挥发损失氮素之和占总施氮量的039%~1.23%。（2）相同施氮量241.5 kg?hm-2的N、NP、NK、NPK 4个处理，氨挥发累积量分别为1.017、0.944、1.988、2437 kg N?hm-2，氨挥发量与不同处理土壤速效钾含量相关性达显著水平（r=0.951, P<0.05，n=4）。（3）施氮量分别为151.8、84.9、216.7 kg?hm-2有机肥处理NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKS的氨挥发累积量分别为1.404、1.041、1.583 kg N ?hm-2，氨挥发量与氮肥使用量呈显著正相关（r=0.581，P<0.05，n=18）。以上结果表明，氨挥发不是新疆灰漠土长期定位试验春小麦体系氮肥损失的主要途径；不同肥料配比和长期不同肥料配比造成土壤特性的变化是7种施氮肥处理氨挥发差异的主要原因。
Abstract:Ammonia volatilization loss of nitrogenous fertilizers in Grey Desert soil Field of Xinjiang were monitored in situ by the method of phosphoric acid and glycerol-sponge venting chamber. Ammonia volatilization loss Characteristics were measured under different fertilization-cropping systems in the oasis of Xingjiang.The fertilizer treatments were CK (without fertilizer), N alone, N+P, N+P+K, N+P+K+M1(M1- manure at increased application rate), N+P+K+M2 (manure at normal application rate), and N+P+K+S (S-plant residue returned to field). The obtained results are summarized as follows: (1) In the long-term spring wheat cropping system, with a typical fertilization mode of “field ploughed deeply after basal fertilizer application and irrigation conducted immediately after topdressing application”, ammonia volatilization loss was 0.27-2.48kg hm-2 with the N fertilizer application rates of 84.97-241.5kg?hm-2,and the loss represented 0.39%-1.23% of the total applied fertilizer N, The ammonia volatilization loss from basal fertilizers was higher than that from topdressing. (2)At the same N rate, the accumulated N loss by ammonia volatilization was 1.02, 0.94, 1.99, and 2.44 kg?hm-2, respectively for N, N+P, N+K, and N+P+K treatment and significantly correlated with available K in the soils (r=0.951, P<0.05, n=4). (3) the accumulated volatilization N loss was 1.40, 1.04, and 1.58 kg?hm-2, respectively for the N+P+K+M1, N+P+K+M2, and N+P+K+S treatment and significantly correlated with N fertilizer rate (r=0.581, P<0.05, n=18). These results indicate that ammonia volatilization loss from N fertilizers was not the major pathway of N losses under the current dominant cropping system (spring wheat). The differences in volatilization N loss in the green belt of Xinjiang are mainly caused by various combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, which change soil properties in the long run.
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