期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 6期 页码：2764~2764～2773
关键词：旅游废弃物；旅游生态足迹；旅游生态效率；九寨沟；黄山；
Keywords:tourist wastes, tourist ecological footprint, eco-efficiency of tourism, Jiuzhaigou National Park, Huangshan National Park,
摘 要 ：从旅游生态系统物质与能量循环的特点出发，提出旅游废弃物的概念，构建基于生态足迹的旅游废弃物生态影响评价模型，并以九寨沟、黄山风景区为例进行实证比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）2004年九寨沟旅游废弃物生态足迹总量为469605678hm2，是黄山总量22331.4490hm2的2.1倍，人均0.024560966hm2是黄山人均0.01394088 hm2的1.76倍。（2）显性生态因子的废水、粪便、固体垃圾、废弃物处理设施的生态足迹很小，4类合计仅占总量的0.16%（九寨沟）与0.3%（黄山），而隐性生态因子CO2排放的生态足迹则占总量的99.84%（九寨沟）与99.70%（黄山）。（3）2004年九寨沟与黄山旅游业的CO2排放量分别高达309455.66t与146947.84t，游客人均CO2排放量分别为161.85kg、91.74kg，旅游业的CO2排放对全球气候变化与生态影响的特征明显。（4）旅游废弃物生态足迹中游客占1%，居民占0.26%，而相关企业（交通、饭店）占98.74%。（5）旅游废弃物对九寨沟风景区、成都-九寨沟沿途区域、成都—九寨沟沿途区域以外地区不同空间尺度的生态影响分别为1.26%、34.8%、63.94%；对黄山风景区、黄山市区域、黄山市区域以外地区的生态影响分别为14.6%、31.97%、53.43%。（6）2004年九寨沟、黄山旅游业的生态效率分别为2.53kgCO2-e/US$、1.67kgCO2-e/US$，生态效率值偏大，对生态环境的影响深远。（7）由于风景区规模、性质、游客构成以及游客选择交通工具的差异，旅游废弃物对不同旅游地生态影响的程度与方向不同，而降低游客规模、缩短旅行距离、减少飞机旅行方式等是降低旅游废弃物生态影响的关键。
Abstract:Ecological impact assessment of tourism is basis for enacting and implementing a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection. This paper gives the definition of tourist wastes from the characters of tourism ecosystem cycle of substances and energy. Based on the theory and method of ecological footprint, the paper puts forward the ecological impact measuring model of tourist waste and takes the Jiuzhaigou and Huangshan national park for examples, calculates and analyses the ecological impact index and its internal and external ecological impact on Jiuzhaigou and Huangshan National Park in 2004. Seven characteristics have been summarized: (1) The total tourist waste ecological footprint of Jiuzhaigou National Park reaches to 46960.5678hm2 in 2004, which is 2.1 times of Huangshan′s 22331.4490hm2 in 2004. The per capita tourist waste ecological footprint is 0.024560966hm2 of Jiuzhaigou in 2004, 1.76 times of Huangshan′s 0.01394088 hm2. (2) The ecological footprint of apparent ecological factors is very small. Ecological footprint of all waste water, human dejection, solid rubbish, waste treatment facilities amount to only 0.16 percent of total tourist waste ecological footprint in Jiuzhaigou, and 0.3 percent in Huangshan. However, the ecological footprint of recessive ecological factors is very big, the ecological footprint of CO2 emission is 99.84 percent of the total tourist waste ecological footprint in Jiuzhaigou and 99.70 percent in Huangshan. (3) The total amount of CO2 emission by tourism development is 309455.66t in Jiuzhaigou and 146947.84t in Huangshan. The per capita CO2 emission by tourism is 16185kg in Jiuzhaigou and 91.74kg in Huangshan. This indicates that tourism development has high ecological impact on global climate change. Air travel needs to be seen as the most problematic global environmental impact of tourism, which has about 40 percent of total amount of CO2 emission by tourism development in Jiuzhaigou and Huangshan.(4) A comparison of the ecological footprint of tourist, local residents and tourism correlation industries shows that tourism correlation industries(transport, accommodation) have the most ecological footprint about 98.74 percent of total, whereas it is about 1 percent for tourists and 0.26 percent for local residents. (5) Our analysis reveals that tourist wastes have different ecological impact between internal and external regions of tourist destination. Among the total tourist waste ecological footprint of Jiuzhaigou, there has only 1.26% impact for Jiuzhaigou National Park itself, while 34.8% for the region on the way from Jiuzhaigou to Chengdu City 、63.94% for the region out of Chengdu City. As for Huangshan, there has only 14.6% impact for Huangshan National Park itself, while 31.97% for the region of Huangshan City 、53.43% for the region out of Huangshan City. (6) Eco-efficiency of tourism for Jiuzhaigou National Park is 2.53kgCO2-e/US$, while for Huangshan National Park, it is 1.67kgCO2-e/US$. (7) Due to the differences among scale, character, source of tourist market and mode of transport, the tourist waste has different ecological impact on different tourist destination. In generally, reducing the number of tourist, shortening travel distances, avoiding traveling by air are key to reducing the ecological impacts of tourist waste and the most important precondition for tourism sustainability.
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